ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com
TED2016

John McWhorter: 4 reasons to learn a new language

John McWhorter: Catro razóns para aprender unha lingua nova

Filmed:
4,156,451 views

O inglés estase convertendo na lingua universal e a tecnoloxía de tradución automática mellora cada ano. Entón, por que molestarse en aprender unha lingua estranxeira? O lingüista e profesor de Columbia John McWhorter comparte catro atractivos beneficios de aprender unha lingua descoñecida.
- Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The language I'm speaking right now
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A lingua que estou falando agora
00:15
is on its way to becoming
the world's universal language,
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está en camiño de converterse
na lingua universal,
00:19
for better or for worse.
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para ben ou para mal.
00:22
Let's face it,
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Afrontémolo,
00:23
it's the language of the internet,
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é a lingua da Internet,
00:25
it's the language of finance,
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é a lingua das finanzas
00:27
it's the language of air traffic control,
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é a lingua do control de tráfico aéreo
00:29
of popular music,
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da música popular,
00:31
diplomacy --
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da diplomacia...
O inglés está por todos os lados.
00:32
English is everywhere.
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00:34
Now, Mandarin Chinese
is spoken by more people,
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O chinés mandarín fálao máis xente,
00:38
but more Chinese people
are learning English
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pero hai máis xente chinesa
aprendendo inglés
00:40
than English speakers
are learning Chinese.
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que falantes de inglés aprendendo chinés.
00:43
Last I heard,
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Segundo o último que escoitei,
00:45
there are two dozen universities
in China right now
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actualmente hai dúas ducias
de universidades en China
00:48
teaching all in English.
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que ensinan todo en inglés.
00:51
English is taking over.
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O inglés está tomando o poder.
00:53
And in addition to that,
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E ademais,
00:55
it's been predicted
that at the end of the century
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prevese que a finais de século
00:58
almost all of the languages
that exist now --
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case todas as linguas que existen hoxe,
01:01
there are about 6,000 --
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hai ao redor de 6000,
01:02
will no longer be spoken.
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deixarán de falarse.
01:04
There will only be some hundreds left.
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Quedarán só algúns centos.
01:07
And on top of that,
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E por riba,
01:09
it's at the point where
instant translation of live speech
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estamos nun momento en que
a tradución instantánea en directo
01:13
is not only possible,
but it gets better every year.
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non só é posible
senón que mellora cada ano.
01:17
The reason I'm reciting
those things to you
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A razón por que estou dicindo estas cousas
01:20
is because I can tell
that we're getting to the point
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é porque creo que
estamos chegando a un punto
01:23
where a question
is going to start being asked,
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en que vai empezar a xurdir unha pregunta:
01:25
which is: Why should we
learn foreign languages --
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Por que deberiamos
aprender linguas estranxeiras,
01:29
other than if English
happens to be foreign to one?
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á parte do inglés no caso dos que
non a teñen como lingua materna?
01:33
Why bother to learn another one
when it's getting to the point
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Por que aprender outra
cando estamos chegando a un punto
01:36
where almost everybody in the world
will be able to communicate in one?
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en que case todas as persoas no mundo
serán capaces de comunicarse nunha soa?
01:42
I think there are a lot of reasons,
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Penso que hai moitas razóns,
01:44
but I first want to address
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pero primeiro quero nomear
01:46
the one that you're probably
most likely to have heard of,
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aquela da que probablemente
escoitastes falar máis
01:49
because actually it's more
dangerous than you might think.
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porque, en realidade, é máis
perigosa do que se pensa.
01:54
And that is the idea
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Trátase da idea
01:55
that a language channels your thoughts,
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de que a lingua canaliza os pensamentos,
01:58
that the vocabulary
and the grammar of different languages
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que o vocabulario e a gramática
de linguas diferentes
02:02
gives everybody
a different kind of acid trip,
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dálle a todos un tipo diferente
de "viaxe alucinóxeno",
02:06
so to speak.
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para entendérmonos.
02:08
That is a marvelously enticing idea,
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Esa é unha idea marabillosa,
02:12
but it's kind of fraught.
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pero ten riscos.
02:13
So it's not that it's untrue completely.
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Non é que sexa completamente falsa.
02:17
So for example, in French and Spanish
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Por exemplo, en francés e en español
02:20
the word for table is,
for some reason, marked as feminine.
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a palabra "mesa" é,
por algunha razón, feminina.
02:25
So, "la table," "la mesa,"
you just have to deal with it.
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Entón, "la table", "la mesa"
é así e punto.
02:29
It has been shown
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Demostrouse que
02:30
that if you are a speaker
of one of those languages
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se sodes falantes dunha desas linguas
02:33
and you happen to be asked
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e vos preguntan
02:35
how you would imagine a table talking,
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como imaxinariades unha mesa falar,
02:39
then much more often
than could possibly be an accident,
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moito máis a miúdo
do que podería ser por coincidencia,
02:43
a French or a Spanish speaker
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un falante de francés ou de español
02:45
says that the table would talk
with a high and feminine voice.
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di que a mesa falaría
cunha voz aguda e feminina.
02:50
So if you're French or Spanish,
to you, a table is kind of a girl,
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Así que se sodes franceses ou españois,
para vós, unha mesa é como unha rapaza,
02:54
as opposed to if you
are an English speaker.
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ao revés do que ocorre
se sodes falantes de inglés.
É difícil non apreciar este tipo de datos,
02:57
It's hard not to love data like that,
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02:59
and many people
will tell you that that means
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e moita xente dirá que iso significa
03:01
that there's a worldview that you have
if you speak one of those languages.
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que hai unha visión do mundo que tes
se falas unha desas linguas.
03:06
But you have to watch out,
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Pero hai que ter coidado,
03:07
because imagine if somebody
put us under the microscope,
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imaxinade se alguén
nos pon debaixo dun microscopio,
con "nós" refírome aos que
falamos inglés como nativos.
03:12
the us being those of us
who speak English natively.
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03:14
What is the worldview from English?
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Cal é a visión do mundo desde o inglés?
03:18
So for example,
let's take an English speaker.
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Por exemplo, collamos
un falante nativo de inglés.
03:21
Up on the screen, that is Bono.
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O da pantalla é Bono.
03:24
He speaks English.
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Fala inglés.
03:26
I presume he has a worldview.
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Supoño que ten unha visión do mundo.
03:29
Now, that is Donald Trump.
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Agora, este é Donald Trump.
03:33
In his way,
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Á súa maneira
03:34
he speaks English as well.
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tamén fala inglés.
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
03:39
And here is Ms. Kardashian,
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E aquí está a Sra. Kardashian,
03:42
and she is an English speaker, too.
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que tamén é falante de inglés.
03:44
So here are three speakers
of the English language.
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Aquí hai tres falantes da lingua inglesa.
03:47
What worldview do those
three people have in common?
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Que visión do mundo
teñen estas tres persoas en común?
03:51
What worldview is shaped through
the English language that unites them?
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Que visión do mundo se formou
a través da lingua que as une?
03:56
It's a highly fraught concept.
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É un concepto moi perigoso.
03:58
And so gradual consensus is becoming
that language can shape thought,
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Estase chegando a un consenso de que
a lingua pode modelar o pensamento,
04:03
but it tends to be in rather darling,
obscure psychological flutters.
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pero non se trata máis que de lixeiras
e escuras variacións psicolóxicas.
04:09
It's not a matter of giving you
a different pair of glasses on the world.
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Non é cuestión de darvos outro par
de lentes para ver o mundo.
04:14
Now, if that's the case,
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Entón, se é así,
04:17
then why learn languages?
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por que aprender linguas?
04:19
If it isn't going to change
the way you think,
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Se non vai cambiar a forma en que penso,
04:21
what would the other reasons be?
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cales serían as razóns?
04:23
There are some.
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Hai unhas cantas.
04:25
One of them is that if you
want to imbibe a culture,
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Unha delas é que se queredes
empaparvos dunha cultura,
04:31
if you want to drink it in,
if you want to become part of it,
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se queredes absorbela,
se queredes ser parte dela,
04:34
then whether or not
the language channels the culture --
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entón canalice esa cultura ou non,
04:38
and that seems doubtful --
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--e iso parece dubidoso--
04:40
if you want to imbibe the culture,
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se queredes empaparvos da cultura,
04:41
you have to control to some degree
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tedes que controlar ata certo punto
04:44
the language that the culture
happens to be conducted in.
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a lingua a través da que se
vehicula esa cultura.
04:47
There's no other way.
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Non hai outra.
04:49
There's an interesting
illustration of this.
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Hai unha ilustración
interesante sobre isto.
04:51
I have to go slightly obscure,
but really you should seek it out.
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Teño que poñerme un pouco escuro
pero, de verdade, deberiades velo.
04:55
There's a movie by the Canadian
film director Denys Arcand --
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Hai unha película
do director canadense Denys Arcand,
05:00
read out in English on the page,
"Dennis Ar-cand,"
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pronunciado en inglés "Dennis Ar-cand",
05:02
if you want to look him up.
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se queredes buscalo.
05:04
He did a film called "Jesus of Montreal."
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Fixo unha película chamada
"Xesús de Montreal".
05:07
And many of the characters
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Moitas das personaxes
05:09
are vibrant, funny, passionate,
interesting French-Canadian,
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son franco-canadenses vibrantes,
graciosas, apaixonadas e interesantes,
05:14
French-speaking women.
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mulleres que falan francés.
05:15
There's one scene closest to the end,
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Hai unha escena cara ao final
05:18
where they have to take a friend
to an Anglophone hospital.
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na que teñen que levar un amigo
a un hospital anglófono.
05:21
In the hospital,
they have to speak English.
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No hospital, teñen que falar inglés.
05:23
Now, they speak English
but it's not their native language,
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Falan inglés pero non é
a súa lingua materna,
05:26
they'd rather not speak English.
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preferirían non falar inglés.
05:28
And they speak it more slowly,
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E fálano máis devagar,
05:30
they have accents, they're not idiomatic.
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teñen acento, non soan naturais.
05:32
Suddenly these characters
that you've fallen in love with
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De súpeto, esas personaxes
das que vos namorastes
05:35
become husks of themselves,
they're shadows of themselves.
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convértense en caricaturas,
sombras de si mesmas.
05:39
To go into a culture
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Entrar nunha cultura
05:41
and to only ever process people
through that kind of skrim curtain
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e comprender as persoas a través
dese tipo de cortina opaca
05:45
is to never truly get the culture.
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implica non chegar nunca
a entender a cultura.
05:47
And so the extent that hundreds
of languages will be left,
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Entón, na medida en que queden
centos de linguas,
05:50
one reason to learn them
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unha razón para aprendelas
05:52
is because they are tickets
to being able to participate
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é porque son billetes
que nos permiten participar
05:55
in the culture of the people
who speak them,
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na cultura da xente que a fala,
05:58
just by virtue of the fact
that it is their code.
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só polo feito de que é o seu código.
06:01
So that's one reason.
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Así que esa é unha razón.
06:03
Second reason:
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A segunda razón:
06:04
it's been shown
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Demostrouse
06:06
that if you speak two languages,
dementia is less likely to set in,
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que se falamos dúas linguas é
menos probable que suframos demencia
06:11
and that you are probably
a better multitasker.
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e que probablemente sexamos
mellores en multitarefas.
06:14
And these are factors that set in early,
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Eses son factores que se establecen axiña
06:17
and so that ought to give you some sense
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e debería darnos algunha indicación
06:19
of when to give junior or juniorette
lessons in another language.
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sobre cando darlle ao neno ou á nena
clases noutra lingua.
06:24
Bilingualism is healthy.
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O bilingüismo é saúde.
06:26
And then, third --
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E agora, a terceira:
06:28
languages are just an awful lot of fun.
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As linguas son moi divertidas.
Moito máis divertidas do que nos din.
06:32
Much more fun than we're often told.
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06:34
So for example,
Arabic: "kataba," he wrote,
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Por exemplo, en árabe:
"kataba", el escribiu,
06:37
"yaktubu," he writes, she writes.
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"yaktubu", el escribe, ela escribe.
06:41
"Uktub," write, in the imperative.
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"Uktub", escribe, no imperativo.
06:44
What do those things have in common?
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Que teñen en común?
06:46
All those things have in common
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Todos estes verbos teñen en común
06:48
the consonants sitting
in the middle like pillars.
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as consoantes postas
no medio como piares.
06:51
They stay still,
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Quedan aí,
06:53
and the vowels
dance around the consonants.
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e as vogais bailan
ao redor das consoantes.
06:56
Who wouldn't want to roll
that around in their mouths?
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Quen non querería enrolalas na boca?
06:59
You can get that from Hebrew,
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O mesmo ocorre no hebreo,
07:01
you can get that from Ethiopia's
main language, Amharic.
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o mesmo ocorre coa lingua
principal de Etiopía, o amhárico.
07:04
That's fun.
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É divertido.
07:06
Or languages have different word orders.
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Ou as linguas que ordenan as palabras
de forma diferente.
Aprender a falar cunha orde
diferente nas palabras
07:09
Learning how to speak
with different word order
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07:11
is like driving on the different side
of a street if you go to certain country,
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é como conducir polo outro carril
se ides a certo país,
07:16
or the feeling that you get when you
put Witch Hazel around your eyes
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ou a sensación cando poñemos
hamamelis ao redor dos ollos
07:21
and you feel the tingle.
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e sentimos o formigo.
07:22
A language can do that to you.
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A lingua pode darvos iso.
07:25
So for example,
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Por exemplo,
07:26
"The Cat in the Hat Comes Back,"
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"The Cat in the Hat Comes Back",
07:28
a book that I'm sure
we all often return to,
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un libro ao que estou seguro
todos volvemos,
07:31
like "Moby Dick."
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como "Moby Dick".
07:32
One phrase in it is,
"Do you know where I found him?
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Unha frase do libro di:
"Sabes onde o atopei?
07:37
Do you know where he was?
He was eating cake in the tub,
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Sabes onde estaba?
Estaba comendo torta na bañeira,
07:40
Yes he was!"
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Si, estaba!"
07:41
Fine. Now, if you learn that
in Mandarin Chinese,
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Ben, se o dicides en
chinés mandarín,
07:43
then you have to master,
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teriades que esforzarvos:
07:45
"You can know, I did where him find?
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"Podes saber, eu souben onde o atopar?
Estaba na bañeira dentro
engulindo torta,
07:47
He was tub inside gorging cake,
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07:49
No mistake gorging chewing!"
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Sen dúbida, engulindo
mastigando!"
07:51
That just feels good.
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Iso está moi ben.
07:52
Imagine being able to do that
for years and years at a time.
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Imaxinade poder facer iso
durante anos e anos.
07:56
Or, have you ever learned any Cambodian?
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Ou, algunha vez aprendestes
algo de cambodjano?
08:00
Me either, but if I did,
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Eu tampouco, pero se o fixese,
08:04
I would get to roll around in my mouth
not some baker's dozen of vowels
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enrolaría na boca
non só unha ducia de vogais
08:08
like English has,
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como o inglés,
08:09
but a good 30 different vowels
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senón unhas 30
vogais diferentes
08:12
scooching and oozing around
in the Cambodian mouth
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dando voltas na boca
cambodjana
08:16
like bees in a hive.
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como abellas nunha colmea.
08:19
That is what a language can get you.
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Iso é o que unha lingua pode darnos.
08:22
And more to the point,
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E centrándonos máis,
08:23
we live in an era when it's never been
easier to teach yourself another language.
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vivimos nunha era na que nunca foi
máis sinxelo aprender sós outra lingua.
08:27
It used to be that you had
to go to a classroom,
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2256
Antes había que ir a unha clase,
08:29
and there would be
some diligent teacher --
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onde estaría un profesor dilixente,
08:32
some genius teacher in there --
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un profesor brillante,
08:33
but that person was only
in there at certain times
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pero esa persoa estaba alí
só en certos momentos
08:36
and you had to go then,
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e tiñas que ir alí entón,
08:37
and then was not most times.
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e ás veces non era a miúdo.
08:39
You had to go to class.
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Tiñas que ir a clases.
08:40
If you didn't have that,
you had something called a record.
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Se non podías,
tiñas algo chamado gravación.
08:43
I cut my teeth on those.
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Eu aprendín o básico con elas.
08:45
There was only so much data on a record,
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Pero había demasiada información
nunha gravación,
08:48
or a cassette,
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ou nunha casete,
08:49
or even that antique object known as a CD.
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ou mesmo neses obxectos antigos
coñecidos como CD.
08:51
Other than that you had books
that didn't work,
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Ademais, había libros que non funcionaban,
08:54
that's just the way it was.
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así era a cousa.
08:55
Today you can lay down --
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Hoxe podemos tombarnos,
08:58
lie on your living room floor,
189
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deitarnos no chan no salón
09:01
sipping bourbon,
190
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bebendo whisky
09:02
and teach yourself
any language that you want to
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e aprender calquera lingua que nos apeteza
09:05
with wonderful sets
such as Rosetta Stone.
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con marabillosas leccións
como as de Rosetta Stone.
09:07
I highly recommend
the lesser known Glossika as well.
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Eu tamén recomendo
a menos coñecida Glossika.
Pódese facer en calquera momento,
09:11
You can do it any time,
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09:12
therefore you can do it more and better.
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polo tanto, pódese facer máis e mellor.
09:15
You can give yourself your morning
pleasures in various languages.
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Podemos ter os praceres matinais
en diferentes linguas.
09:19
I take some "Dilbert" in various
languages every single morning;
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Eu leo tiras cómicas de "Dilbert"
en varias linguas cada mañá,
isto pode mellorar as vosas destrezas.
09:23
it can increase your skills.
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09:24
Couldn't have done it 20 years ago
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Non o podería facer hai 20 anos
09:26
when the idea of having
any language you wanted
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cando a idea de ter calquera
lingua que desexásemos
09:30
in your pocket,
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no peto,
09:31
coming from your phone,
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saíndo do móbil,
09:33
would have sounded like science fiction
to very sophisticated people.
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soaría a ciencia ficción
para xente moi sofisticada.
09:37
So I highly recommend
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Así que recomendo moito
09:40
that you teach yourself languages
other than the one that I'm speaking,
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que estudedes pola vosa conta
linguas distintas da que estou falando,
09:44
because there's never been
a better time to do it.
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porque nunca houbo
mellor momento para facelo.
09:47
It's an awful lot of fun.
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É moi divertido.
09:49
It won't change your mind,
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Non nos vai cambiar a mente,
09:50
but it will most certainly blow your mind.
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pero con certeza vaina sorprender.
09:54
Thank you very much.
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Moitas grazas.
09:55
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
Translated by Carme Paz
Reviewed by Mario Cal

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com

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