TED2011
Jack Horner: Building a dinosaur from a chicken
Jack Horner: Om at skabe en dinosaur fra en kylling
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Den kendte palæontolog Jack Horner har brugt sin karriere på at rekonstruere en dinosaur. Han har fundet fossiler med ekstraordinært velbevarede blodkar og blødvæv; men aldrig noget intakt DNA. Så, som en ny angrebsvinkel, tager han levende afkom af dinosaure (kyllinger) og modificerer dem genetisk for at reaktivere forfædres træk - deriblandt tænder, haler og endog hænder - for at skabe en "kylligesaurus".
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I was growing up in Montana,
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Da jeg var barn i Montana
00:19
I had two dreams.
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havde jeg to drømme.
00:22
I wanted to be a paleontologist,
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Jeg ville gerne være palæontolog -
00:24
a dinosaur paleontologist,
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en dinosaur-palæontolog -
00:26
and I wanted to have a pet dinosaur.
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og jeg ville have en dinosaur som kæledyr.
00:29
And so that's what I've been striving for
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Så det stræbte jeg efter
00:32
all of my life.
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hele mit liv.
00:35
I was very fortunate
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Jeg havde meget helt
00:37
early in my career.
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i starten af min karriere.
00:39
I was fortunate
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Jeg var heldig
00:41
in finding things.
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med at finde ting.
00:43
I wasn't very good at reading things.
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Jeg var ikke god til at læse.
00:45
In fact, I don't read much of anything.
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Faktisk læste jeg ikke meget.
00:48
I am extremely dyslexic,
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Jeg er stærkt ordblind,
00:50
and so reading is the hardest thing I do.
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så læsning er det vanskeligste jeg gør.
00:53
But instead, I go out and I find things.
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I stedet for, går jeg ud og finder ting.
00:56
Then I just pick things up.
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Så samler jeg bare tingene op
00:58
I basically practice for finding money on the street.
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I grunden øver jeg mig i at finde penge på gaden.
01:01
(Laughter)
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(latter)
01:03
And I wander about the hills,
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Jeg vandrer rundt omkring bakkerne
01:05
and I have found a few things.
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og jeg har fundet en del ting.
01:08
And I have been fortunate enough
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Jeg har været heldig nok
01:11
to find things like the first eggs in the Western hemisphere
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til at finde ting, såsom de første æg
på den vestlige halvkugle
på den vestlige halvkugle
01:16
and the first baby dinosaurs in nests,
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og de første baby-dinosaurer i reder,
01:20
the first dinosaur embryos
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de første dinosaur embryoer
01:22
and massive accumulations of bones.
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og stakkevis af ben.
01:26
And it happened to be at a time
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Det skete tilfældigvis da
01:28
when people were just starting to begin to realize
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man begyndte at forstå
01:32
that dinosaurs weren't the big, stupid, green reptiles
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at dinosaurer ikke var de store, dumme, grønne reptiler,
01:36
that people had thought for so many years.
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som man havde troet i mange år.
01:39
People were starting to get an idea
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Man begynde at forstå,
01:41
that dinosaurs were special.
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at dinosaurer var noget særligt.
01:43
And so, at that time,
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Så dengang var jeg i stand til
01:46
I was able to make some interesting hypotheses
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at danne nogle interessante hypoteser
01:49
along with my colleagues.
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sammen med mine kolleger.
01:51
We were able to actually say
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Vi var i stand til konkret at sige
01:53
that dinosaurs -- based on the evidence we had --
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at dinosaurerne - baseret på de beviser vi havde -
01:56
that dinosaurs built nests
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at dinosaurerne byggede reder,
01:59
and lived in colonies
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levede i kolonier,
02:02
and cared for their young,
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passede på deres afkom,
02:04
brought food to their babies
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bragte føde til deres babier,
02:06
and traveled in gigantic herds.
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og vandrede i kæmpe-flokke.
02:09
So it was pretty interesting stuff.
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Det var yderst interessant.
02:12
I have gone on to find more things
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Jeg fandt herefter flere ting,
02:15
and discover that dinosaurs really were very social.
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og opdagede at dinosaurerne
i virkeligheden var meget sociale.
i virkeligheden var meget sociale.
02:19
We have found a lot of evidence
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Vi fandt masser af beviser på
02:22
that dinosaurs changed
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at dinosaurerne ændrede sig
02:24
from when they were juveniles to when they were adults.
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fra at være unge over til at være voksne.
02:26
The appearance of them would have been different --
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Deres udseende blev anderledes,
02:29
which it is in all social animals.
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som det bliver for alle sociale dyr.
02:31
In social groups of animals,
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I sociale dyregrupper
02:33
the juveniles always look different than the adults.
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ser unge altid anderledes ud en de voksne.
02:36
The adults can recognize the juveniles;
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De voksne kan identificere de unge,
02:38
the juveniles can recognize the adults.
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de unge kan identificere de voksne.
02:40
And so we're making a better picture
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Så vi laver et smukkere billede
02:43
of what a dinosaur looks like.
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af hvordan en dinosaur ser ud.
02:45
And they didn't just all chase Jeeps around.
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De jagter ikke alle Jeeps.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(latter)
02:50
But it is that social thing
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Men det der sociale
02:53
that I guess attracted Michael Crichton.
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tror jeg, tiltrak Michael Crichton
02:57
And in his book, he talked about the social animals.
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I sin bog talte han om de sociale dyr.
03:01
And then Steven Spielberg, of course,
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Og Steven Spielberg, ikke at forglemme,
03:03
depicts these dinosaurs
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fremstiller disse dinosaurer
03:05
as being very social creatures.
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som meget sociale væsener.
03:08
The theme of this story is building a dinosaur,
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Temaet i denne film drejer sig om at
frembringe en dinosaur,
frembringe en dinosaur,
03:10
and so we come to that part of "Jurassic Park."
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og så er vi fremme ved "Jurassic Park"-delen.
03:14
Michael Crichton really was one of the first people
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Michel Crichton var faktisk blandt de første,
03:17
to talk about bringing dinosaurs back to life.
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som talte om at bringe dinosaurerne tilbage til livet.
03:21
You all know the story, right.
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I kender alle historien, ikke?
03:23
I mean, I assume everyone here has seen "Jurassic Park."
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Jeg antager alle her har set "Jurassic Park".
03:26
If you want to make a dinosaur,
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Hvis man vil skabe en dinosaur
03:28
you go out, you find yourself a piece of petrified tree sap --
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så må man finde noget forstenet træsaft,
03:32
otherwise known as amber --
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også kendt som rav,
03:34
that has some blood-sucking insects in it,
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som indeholder nogle blodsugende insekter
03:37
good ones,
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nogle gode,
03:39
and you get your insect and you drill into it
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og man borer et hul
03:42
and you suck out some DNA,
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og suger noget DNA ud.
03:44
because obviously all insects that sucked blood in those days
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Selvfølgelig sugede alle insekter blod dengang
03:47
sucked dinosaur DNA out.
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sugede dinosaur DNA.
03:50
And you take your DNA back to the laboratory
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Så tager man DNA'et til laboratoriet
03:53
and you clone it.
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og kloner det.
03:56
And I guess you inject it into maybe an ostrich egg,
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Jeg tror man injicerer det i et strudse-æg
03:59
or something like that,
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eller sådan noget.
04:01
and then you wait,
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Så venter man,
04:03
and, lo and behold, out pops a little baby dinosaur.
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og - minsandten - ud kommer en lille baby-dinosaur.
04:06
And everybody's happy about that.
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Og alle er glade.
04:09
(Laughter)
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(latter)
04:12
And they're happy over and over again.
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Og de er glade gang på gang.
04:14
They keep doing it; they just keep making these things.
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De bliver ved med at lave det.
04:17
And then, then, then, and then ...
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Så, så, så ....
04:21
Then the dinosaurs, being social,
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da dinosaurerne er sociale,
04:24
act out their socialness,
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udlever deres sociale natur,
04:27
and they get together,
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kommer de sammen
04:29
and they conspire.
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og de rotter sig sammen.
04:32
And, of course, that's what makes Steven Spielberg's movie --
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Selvfølgelig er det dette som udgør Steven Spielbergs film
04:36
conspiring dinosaurs chasing people around.
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konspirerende dinosaurer, som jager folk rundt.
04:39
So I assume everybody knows
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Jeg antager at alle ved
04:41
that if you actually had a piece of amber and it had an insect in it,
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at hvis man faktisk havde et stykke rav med et insekt
04:44
and you drilled into it,
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og man borede ind i det,
04:47
and you got something out of that insect,
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og man fik noget ud af dette insekt, og klonede det.
04:49
and you cloned it, and you did it over and over and over again,
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Og man gjorde det igen og igen,
04:52
you'd have a room full of mosquitos.
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så ville man få rummet fuldt af moskitoer.
04:54
(Laughter)
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(latter)
04:56
(Applause)
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(applaus)
05:01
And probably a whole bunch of trees as well.
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Og måske en mindre skov også.
05:04
Now if you want dinosaur DNA,
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Hvis man ønsker sig dinosaur-DNA
05:06
I say go to the dinosaur.
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synes jeg, man skal gå til dinosauren.
05:09
So that's what we've done.
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Det er det, vi har gjort.
05:11
Back in 1993 when the movie came out,
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I 1993, da filmen kom ud,
05:13
we actually had a grant from the National Science Foundation
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fik vi en pose penge fra "National Science Foundation"
05:16
to attempt to extract DNA from a dinosaur,
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for at uddrage DNA fra en dinosaur.
05:19
and we chose the dinosaur on the left,
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Vi valgte dinosauren til venstre,
05:22
a Tyrannosaurus rex, which was a very nice specimen.
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en Tyrannosaurus rex, som var rigtig god.
05:25
And one of my former doctoral students,
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Én af mine tidligere PhD-studerende
05:27
Dr. Mary Schweitzer,
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Dr. Mary Schweitzer,
05:29
actually had the background
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havde erfaring
05:31
to do this sort of thing.
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med at gøre sådan noget.
05:33
And so she looked into the bone of this T. rex,
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Så hun kiggede på knoglerne fra denne T.rex
05:36
one of the thigh bones,
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én af hofte-knoglerne
05:38
and she actually found
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og hun fandt faktisk
05:40
some very interesting structures in there.
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nogle meget interessante strukturer i den.
05:43
They found these red circular-looking objects,
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De fandt disse røde cirkulært udseende objekter,
05:47
and they looked, for all the world,
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som umiskendeligt lignede
05:49
like red blood cells.
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røde blodceller.
05:51
And they're in
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Og de er i
05:53
what appear to be the blood channels
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hvad der ligner de blodkanaler
05:55
that go through the bone.
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som løber igennem knoglen.
05:57
And so she thought, well, what the heck.
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Så vi tænkte, hvad pokker.
06:00
So she sampled some material out of it.
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Så hun udtog en prøve fra den.
06:03
Now it wasn't DNA; she didn't find DNA.
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Det var ikke DNA - hun fandt ikke DNA.
06:06
But she did find heme,
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Men hun fandt heme,
06:09
which is the biological foundation
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som er det biologiske grundlag for
06:11
of hemoglobin.
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hæmoglobin.
06:13
And that was really cool.
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Det var ikke så ringe endda.
06:15
That was interesting.
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Det var interessant.
06:17
That was -- here we have 65-million-year-old heme.
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Det var vi 65-million år gammel heme.
06:22
Well we tried and tried
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Vi prøvede og prøvede
06:24
and we couldn't really get anything else out of it.
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men vi kunne ikke rigtig få noget som helst ud af det.
06:26
So a few years went by,
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Så nogle år gik,
06:28
and then we started the Hell Creek Project.
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og vi startede "Hell Creek Project"
06:30
And the Hell Creek Project was this massive undertaking
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"Hell Creek Project" var et massivt forsøg på
06:33
to get as many dinosaurs as we could possibly find,
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at få så mange dinosaurer som overhovedet muligt
06:36
and hopefully find some dinosaurs
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og forhåbentligt finde nogle dinosaur
06:38
that had more material in them.
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som havde mere materiale i sig.
06:41
And out in eastern Montana
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Og ude i det østlige Montana
06:44
there's a lot of space, a lot of badlands,
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er masser af plads og øde områder
06:46
and not very many people,
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men ikke mange mennesker.
06:48
and so you can go out there and find a lot of stuff.
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Så du kan gå derude og finde en masse sager.
06:50
And we did find a lot of stuff.
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Vi fandt en masse sager.
06:52
We found a lot of Tyrannosaurs,
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Vi fandt en masse Tyrannosaurus,
06:54
but we found one special Tyrannosaur,
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men vi fandt én særlig Tyrannosaurus,
06:56
and we called it B-rex.
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som vi kaldte B-rex
06:58
And B-rex was found
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og B-rex blev fundet
07:00
under a thousand cubic yards of rock.
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under tusind kubik-meter sten.
07:02
It wasn't a very complete T. rex,
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Det var ikke en komplet T-rex,
07:05
and it wasn't a very big T. rex,
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og det var ikke en stor T-rex,
07:08
but it was a very special B-rex.
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men det var en ganske særlig B-rex.
07:11
And I and my colleagues cut into it,
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Jeg og mine kolleger skar i den
07:13
and we were able to determine,
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og var i stand til at fastslå,
07:15
by looking at lines of arrested growth, some lines in it,
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ved at se på stregerne ved vækstens ophør,
07:18
that B-rex had died at the age of 16.
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at B-rex døde i en alder af 16.
07:21
We don't really know how long dinosaurs lived,
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Vi ved ikke rigtig hvor længe dinosaurerne levede,
07:24
because we haven't found the oldest one yet.
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for vi har ikke fundet den ældste endnu.
07:26
But this one died at the age of 16.
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Men denne døde i en alder af 16.
07:29
We gave samples to Mary Schweitzer,
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Vi gav prøver til Mary Schweitzer,
07:31
and she was actually able to determine
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og hun kunne fastslå
07:33
that B-rex was a female
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at B-rex var hunkøn
07:35
based on medullary tissue
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baseret på væv fra den øvre rygmarv,
07:37
found on the inside of the bone.
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som blev fundet i knoglen
07:39
Medullary tissue is the calcium build-up,
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Væv fra den øvre rygmarv består af
den kalcium-dannelse,
den kalcium-dannelse,
07:42
the calcium storage basically,
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i grunden et kalcium lager,
07:44
when an animal is pregnant,
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der sker, når et dyr er gravid
07:46
when a bird is pregnant.
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Når en fugl er gravid.
07:48
So here was the character
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Så her var den egenskab
07:50
that linked birds and dinosaurs.
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som forbandt fugle og dinosaure.
07:52
But Mary went further.
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Men Mary gik videre.
07:54
She took the bone, and she dumped it into acid.
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Hun tog knoglen og lagde den i syre.
07:57
Now we all know that bones are fossilized,
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Vi ved alle, at knogler er forstenede,
08:00
and so if you dump it into acid,
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så hvis du lægger den i syre,
08:02
there shouldn't be anything left.
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så burde der ikke være noget tilbage.
08:04
But there was something left.
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Men det var der.
08:06
There were blood vessels left.
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Der var blodkar.
08:09
There were flexible, clear blood vessels.
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Der var bøjelige, klare blodkar.
08:13
And so here was the first soft tissue from a dinosaur.
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Så her var det første væv fra en dinosaur.
08:16
It was extraordinary.
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Det var helt udsædvanligt.
08:18
But she also found osteocytes,
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Men hun fandt også osteocytter,
08:21
which are the cells that laid down the bones.
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som er de celler som danner knoglerne.
08:24
And try and try, we could not find DNA,
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Og vi prøvede og prøvede, men fandt ingen DNA,
08:28
but she did find evidence of proteins.
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men hun fandt spor af proteiner.
08:31
But we thought maybe --
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Men vi tænkte at måske --
08:34
well, we thought maybe
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at måske --
08:36
that the material was breaking down after it was coming out of the ground.
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at materialet blev nedbrudt efter at det kom ud af jorden
08:39
We thought maybe it was deteriorating very fast.
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Vi tænkte, at måske blev det nedbrudt meget hurtigt.
08:41
And so we built a laboratory
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Så vi byggede t laboratorium
08:43
in the back of an 18-wheeler trailer,
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bagerst i en 18-hjulet trailer,
08:46
and actually took the laboratory to the field
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og bragte laboratoriet ud i marken,
08:49
where we could get better samples.
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hvor vi kunne få bedre prøver.
08:51
And we did. We got better material.
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Det fik vi. Vi fik et bedre materiale.
08:54
The cells looked better.
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Cellerne så bedre ud.
08:56
The vessels looked better.
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Blodkarrene så bedre ud.
08:58
Found the protein collagen.
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Fandt collagen-proteinet.
09:00
I mean, it was wonderful stuff.
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Det var herligt.
09:03
But it's not dinosaur DNA.
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Men det er ikke dinosauer DNA.
09:07
So we have discovered
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Men vi opdagede at
09:09
that dinosaur DNA, and all DNA,
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dinosaur DNA, og al DNA
09:11
just breaks down too fast.
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nedbrydes for hurtigt.
09:13
We're just not going to be able
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Vi vil bare ikke kunne gøre det,
09:15
to do what they did in "Jurassic Park."
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som de gjorde i "Jurassic Park."
09:18
We're not going to be able to make a dinosaur
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Vi vil ikke være i stand til at lave en dinosaur
09:21
based on a dinosaur.
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baseret på en dinosaur.
09:24
But birds are dinosaurs.
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Men fugle er dinosaurere.
09:29
Birds are living dinosaurs.
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Fugle er levende dinosaurere.
09:32
We actually classify them
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Vi klassificerer dem faktisk
09:34
as dinosaurs.
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som dinosaure.
09:36
We now call them non-avian dinosaurs
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Nu kaldes de non-avian ("ikke fugle") dinosaure.
09:38
and avian dinosaurs.
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og avian ("fugle") dinosaure.
09:40
So the non-avian dinosaurs
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Så de non-avian dinosaure
09:42
are the big clunky ones that went extinct.
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er de store klodsede, som uddøde.
09:44
Avian dinosaurs are our modern birds.
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Avian dinosaurer er vore nulevende fugle.
09:47
So we don't have to make a dinosaur
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Så vi behøver ikke at skabe en dinosaur
09:49
because we already have them.
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for vi har dem allerede.
09:54
(Laughter)
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(latter)
09:58
I know, you're as bad as the sixth-graders.
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Jeg ved I er bedre end skolebørn!
10:02
(Laughter)
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(latter)
10:04
The sixth-graders look at it and they say, "No."
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Skolebørn ser på det og siger "Nej".
10:07
(Laughter)
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(latter)
10:09
"You can call it a dinosaur,
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"Du kan kalde det en dinosaur,
10:11
but look at the velociraptor: the velociraptor is cool."
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men se på velociraptor - velociraptor er sej."
10:14
(Laughter)
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(latter)
10:16
"The chicken is not."
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"Der er kyllingen ikke."
10:18
(Laughter)
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(latter)
10:20
So this is our problem,
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Så dette er vores problem
10:22
as you can imagine.
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som du forstår.
10:25
The chicken is a dinosaur.
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Kyllingen er en dinosaur.
10:27
I mean it really is.
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Jeg mener det virkelig.
10:29
You can't argue with it
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Der er ingen diskussion
10:31
because we're the classifiers and we've classified it that way.
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for vi er dem der har klassificeret det sådan.
10:34
(Laughter)
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(latter)
10:36
(Applause)
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(applaus)
10:41
But the sixth-graders demand it.
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Men skolebarnet forlanger det.
10:43
"Fix the chicken."
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"Fix kyllingen."
10:45
(Laughter)
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(latter)
10:47
So that's what I'm here to tell you about:
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Så det, er hvad jeg vil tale om:
10:49
how we are going to fix a chicken.
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hvordan vi vil fixe en kylling.
10:52
So we have a number of ways
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Vi har en del måder,
10:55
that we actually can fix the chicken.
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hvorpå vi faktisk kan fixe kyllingen
11:00
Because evolution works,
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Fordi evolutionen virker,
11:02
we actually have some evolutionary tools.
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har vi faktisk nogle evolutions-værktøjer.
11:05
We'll call them biological modification tools.
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Vi kalder dem biologisk modificerende værktøjer.
11:08
We have selection.
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Vi har udvælgelse.
11:10
And we know selection works.
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Vi ved hvordan udvælgelse virker.
11:12
We started out with a wolf-like creature
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Vi begynte med et ulve-lignende kreatur.
11:15
and we ended up with a Maltese.
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og endte med en Malteserhund.
11:18
I mean, that's --
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Det er --
11:21
that's definitely genetic modification.
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det er bestemt en genetisk modifikation.
11:25
Or any of the other funny-looking little dogs.
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Eller andre sjovt udseende hunde.
11:30
We also have transgenesis.
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Vi har også transgenese
(overførsel af genetisk materiale fra én art til en anden)
(overførsel af genetisk materiale fra én art til en anden)
11:32
Transgenesis is really cool too.
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Transgenese er rigtig sejt.
11:34
That's where you take a gene out of one animal and stick it in another one.
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Det sker, når du tager et gen fra et dyr
og indsætter det i et andet.
og indsætter det i et andet.
11:37
That's how people make GloFish.
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Det er sådan man laver GloFish.
11:40
You take a glow gene
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Man tager et gløde-gen
11:43
out of a coral or a jellyfish
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fra en koral eller en gople
11:47
and you stick it in a zebrafish,
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og indsætter det i en zebrafisk.
11:49
and, puff, they glow.
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Og - puf - de gløder.
11:51
And that's pretty cool.
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Det er ret sejt.
11:53
And they obviously make a lot of money off of them.
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De tjener åbenbart en masse på dem.
11:56
And now they're making Glow-rabbits
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Og nu laver de gløde-kaniner
11:58
and Glow-all-sorts-of-things.
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og gløde-alt-muligt.
12:00
I guess we could make a glow chicken.
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Jeg tror vi kunne lave en gløde-kylling.
12:03
(Laughter)
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(latter)
12:05
But I don't think that'll satisfy the sixth-graders either.
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Men jeg tror ikke at det vil tilfredsstille alle skolebørn.
12:08
But there's another thing.
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Men der er nogen andet.
12:10
There's what we call atavism activation.
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Der findes det vi kalder atavistisk aktivering.
12:13
And atavism activation
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Og atavitisk aktivering
12:15
is basically --
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er i grunden --
12:17
an atavism is an ancestral characteristic.
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en atavisme er en nedarvet egenskab.
12:21
You heard
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I har hørt
12:23
that occasionally children are born with tails,
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at børn undertiden fødes med haler,
12:26
and it's because it's an ancestral characteristic.
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og det skyldes en nedarvet egenskab.
12:30
And so there are a number of atavisms
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Der findes en del atavismer
12:33
that can happen.
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som kan finde sted.
12:35
Snakes are occasionally born with legs.
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Slanger fødes undertiden med ben.
12:38
And here's an example.
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Her er et eksempel:
12:40
This is a chicken with teeth.
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Dette er en kylling med tænder.
12:43
A fellow by the name of Matthew Harris
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En fyr som hed Matthew Harris
12:45
at the University of Wisconsin in Madison
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ved "University of Wisconsin" i Madison
12:48
actually figured out a way to stimulate
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udtænkte en måde til
12:51
the gene for teeth,
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at stimulere genet for tænder,
12:54
and so was able to actually turn the tooth gene on
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og var således i stand til at tænde for tænder-genet
12:57
and produce teeth in chickens.
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og frembringe tænder hos kyllinger.
13:00
Now that's a good characteristic.
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Det er en god egenskab.
13:03
We can save that one.
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Vi husker den.
13:06
We know we can use that.
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Vi ved vi kan bruge den.
13:08
We can make a chicken with teeth.
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Vi kan lave kyllinger med tænder.
13:12
That's getting closer.
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Vi kommer tættere på.
13:14
That's better than a glowing chicken.
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Det er bedre end en gløde-kylling.
13:16
(Laughter)
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(latter)
13:18
A friend of mine, a colleague of mine,
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En kollega,
13:20
Dr. Hans Larsson at McGill University,
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Dr. Hans Larsson ved McGill Universitetet
13:22
is actually looking at atavisms.
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beskæftiger sig med atavismer.
13:24
And he's looking at them
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Han ser på dem
13:26
by looking at the embryo genesis of birds
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ved at se på tilblivelsen af fugles embryoer,
13:29
and actually looking at how they develop,
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og se på udviklingen af dem.
13:32
and he's interested in how birds actually lost their tail.
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Og han er interesseret i hvordan fuglende mistede deres hale.
13:36
He's also interested in the transformation
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Han er også interesseret i forvandlingen
13:38
of the arm, the hand, to the wing.
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af armen og hånden til vingen.
13:41
He's looking for those genes as well.
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Han leder også efter disse gener.
13:43
And I said, "Well, if you can find those,
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Jeg sagde: "Hvis du kan finde dem,
13:46
I can just reverse them
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så kan jeg bare omgøre virkningen af dem
13:48
and make what I need to make for the sixth-graders."
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og gøre skolebørnene glade."
13:51
And so he agreed.
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Og han var enig.
13:53
And so that's what we're looking into.
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Så det beskæftiger vi os med for tiden.
13:55
If you look at dinosaur hands,
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Hvis man ser på dinosaur-hænder,
13:57
a velociraptor
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en velociraptor
13:59
has that cool-looking hand with the claws on it.
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har den sejt udseende hånd med kløer på den.
14:01
Archaeopteryx, which is a bird, a primitive bird,
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Archaeopteryx, som er en primitiv fugl,
14:04
still has that very primitive hand.
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har stadig den meget primitive hånd.
14:07
But as you can see, the pigeon,
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Men, som I kan se, har duen
14:09
or a chicken or anything else, another bird,
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eller en kylling eller en anden fugl
14:11
has kind of a weird-looking hand,
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har ligesom en mærkeligt udseende hånd,
14:14
because the hand is a wing.
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fordi hånden er en vinge.
14:16
But the cool thing is
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Men det seje er,
14:18
that, if you look in the embryo,
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at hvis man kigger på embryoen,
14:21
as the embryo is developing
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som embyoen udvikler sig,
14:23
the hand actually looks
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så ser hånden faktisk næsten ud
14:26
pretty much like the archaeopteryx hand.
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som en archaeopteryx-hånd.
14:28
It has the three fingers, the three digits.
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Den har de tre fingre.
14:31
But a gene turns on that actually fuses those together.
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Men et gen bliver tændt, som smelter dem sammen.
14:34
And so what we're looking for is that gene.
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Det vi leder efter, er det gen.
14:37
We want to stop that gene from turning on,
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Vi vil gerne hindre det gen i at tænde
14:39
fusing those hands together,
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og smelte de hænder sammen,
14:41
so we can get a chicken that hatches out with a three-fingered hand,
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så vi kan få en kylling med en tre-finger-hånd,
14:44
like the archaeopteryx.
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ligesom en archaeopteryx.
14:46
And the same goes for the tails.
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Det gælder også for halen.
14:49
Birds have basically
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Fugle har i grunden
14:52
rudimentary tails.
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en rudimentær hale.
14:54
And so we know
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Vi ved
14:57
that in embryo,
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at en embryo,
14:59
as the animal is developing,
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som dyret udvikler sig,
15:01
it actually has a relatively long tail.
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har den faktisk en relativ lang hale.
15:04
But a gene turns on
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Men et gen tænder
15:06
and resorbs the tail, gets rid of it.
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og skaffer sig af med halen.
15:09
So that's the other gene we're looking for.
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Det er det andet gen, som vi leder efter.
15:12
We want to stop that tail from resorbing.
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Vi ønsker at genet hindres i at halen bortskaffes.
15:16
So what we're trying to do really
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Det vi faktisk prøver på,
15:19
is take our chicken,
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er at tage vores kylling,
15:22
modify it
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modificere det,
15:24
and make the chickenosaurus.
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og lave en "kyllingsaurus".
15:26
(Laughter)
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(latter)
15:29
It's a cooler-looking chicken.
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Den ser sejere ud.
15:32
But it's just the very basics.
350
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Men vi står blot ved selve begyndelsen.
15:35
So that really is what we're doing.
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Det er faktisk det vi laver
15:37
And people always say, "Why do that?
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Folk spørger altid: "Hvorfor beskæftiger I jer med det ?
15:39
Why make this thing?
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Hvorfor lave sådan noget ?
15:41
What good is it?"
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Hvad nytte er det til ?"
15:43
Well, that's a good question.
355
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Det er et godt spørgsmål.
15:45
Actually, I think it's a great way to teach kids
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Jeg tror det er en glimrende måde at lære børn
15:47
about evolutionary biology
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om evolutionær biologi,
15:49
and developmental biology
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og udviklings biologi,
15:51
and all sorts of things.
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og den slags.
15:53
And quite frankly, I think
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Og helt ærligt, så tror jeg
15:56
if Colonel Sanders
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at hvis grundlæggeren af "Kentucky Fried Chicken"
15:58
was to be careful how he worded it,
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udtrykte det forsigtigt
16:01
he could actually advertise an extra piece.
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så kunne han reklamere med et ekstra stykke.
16:04
(Laughter)
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(latter)
16:08
Anyway --
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Men --
16:12
When our dino-chicken hatches,
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Når vores dino-kyllinger udklækkes,
16:16
it will be, obviously, the poster child,
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vil det selvfølgelig være et glansstykke
16:19
or what you might call a poster chick,
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eller snarere en glans-høne.
16:22
for technology, entertainment and design.
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for teknologi, underholdning og design.
16:25
Thank you.
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Mange tak.
16:27
(Applause)
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(applaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur diggerJack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.
Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com