ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com
TED2011

Jack Horner: Building a dinosaur from a chicken

Jack Horner: Stvaranje dinosaura od pileta

Filmed:
3,387,976 views

Poznati paleontolog Jack Horner svoju je karijeru proveo pokušavajući rekonstruirati dinosaura. Pronašao je fosile s iznimno dobro očuvanim krvnim žilama i mekim tkivom, ali nikada očuvanu DNK. U novom pristupu, uzima žive potomke dinosaura (piliće) i genetskim inženjeringom dovodi do reaktivacije svojstva predaka – uključujući zube, repove te također i ruke – da bi napravio “Pilesaurusa”.
- Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
When I was growingrastući up in MontanaMontana,
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Dok sam odrastao u Montani,
00:19
I had two dreamssnovi.
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imao sam dva sna.
00:22
I wanted to be a paleontologistPaleontolog,
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Želio sam biti paleontolog,
00:24
a dinosaurdinosaur paleontologistPaleontolog,
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paleontolog za dinaosaure
00:26
and I wanted to have a petljubimac dinosaurdinosaur.
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i želio sam imati dinosaura kao kućnog ljubimca.
00:29
And so that's what I've been strivingnastoji for
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I to je ono za čime sam težio
00:32
all of my life.
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cijeli svoj život.
00:35
I was very fortunateSretan
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Bio sam veoma uspješan
00:37
earlyrano in my careerkarijera.
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u svojoj ranoj karijeri.
00:39
I was fortunateSretan
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Imao sam sreće
00:41
in findingnalaz things.
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u pronalaženju stvari.
00:43
I wasn'tnije very good at readingčitanje things.
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Nisam bio dobar u čitanju stvari.
00:45
In factčinjenica, I don't readčitati much of anything.
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Ustvari, gotovo ništa ne čitam.
00:48
I am extremelykrajnje dyslexicdisleksijom,
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Iznimno sam disleksičan
00:50
and so readingčitanje is the hardestnajteži thing I do.
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pa mi je čitanje najteža stvar koju radim.
00:53
But insteadumjesto, I go out and I find things.
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Ali umjesto toga, odem van i pronađem stvari.
00:56
Then I just pickodabrati things up.
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Zatim samo pokupim stvari.
00:58
I basicallyu osnovi practicepraksa for findingnalaz moneynovac on the streetulica.
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Gotovo sam ispraksiran za pronalaženje novca na ulici.
01:01
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
01:03
And I wanderlutati about the hillsbrda,
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I lutam brdima.
01:05
and I have foundpronađeno a fewnekoliko things.
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I pronašao sam par stvari.
01:08
And I have been fortunateSretan enoughdovoljno
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I bio sam dovoljno sretan
01:11
to find things like the first eggsjaja in the WesternZapadni hemispherehemisfera
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da pronađem stvari poput prvih jaja na zapadnoj hemisferi
01:16
and the first babydijete dinosaursdinosauri in nestsgnijezda,
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i prve bebe dinosaura u gnijezdima,
01:20
the first dinosaurdinosaur embryosembrija
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prve embrije dinosaura
01:22
and massivemasivan accumulationsakumulacije of boneskosti.
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i masivne akumulacije kosti.
01:26
And it happeneddogodilo to be at a time
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I to se dogodilo baš u vrijeme
01:28
when people were just startingpolazeći to beginpočeti to realizeostvariti
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kada su ljudi počeli shvaćati
01:32
that dinosaursdinosauri weren'tnisu the bigvelika, stupidglup, greenzelena reptilesgmazovi
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da dinosauri nisu bili veliki, glupi, zeleni reptili
01:36
that people had thought for so manymnogi yearsgodina.
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kao što su ljudi mislili mnogo godina.
01:39
People were startingpolazeći to get an ideaideja
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Ljudi su počeli shvaćati
01:41
that dinosaursdinosauri were specialposeban.
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da su dinosauri bili posebni.
01:43
And so, at that time,
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I tako sam u to vrijeme
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I was ableu stanju to make some interestingzanimljiv hypotheseshipoteze
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bio u mogućnosti sastaviti nekoliko zanimljivih hipoteza
01:49
alonguz with my colleagueskolege.
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sa svojim kolegama.
01:51
We were ableu stanju to actuallyzapravo say
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Bili smo u mogućnosti reći
01:53
that dinosaursdinosauri -- basedzasnovan on the evidencedokaz we had --
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da su dinosauri -- na temelju dokaza koje smo imali --
01:56
that dinosaursdinosauri builtizgrađen nestsgnijezda
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da su dinosauri radili skrovišta
01:59
and livedživjeli in colonieskolonije
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i živjeli u kolonijama
02:02
and caredmario for theirnjihov youngmladi,
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i brinuli se za svoju mladunčad,
02:04
broughtdonio foodhrana to theirnjihov babiesbebe
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nosili hranu bebama
02:06
and traveledputovao in giganticgigantski herdsstada.
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i putovali u golemim krdima.
02:09
So it was prettyprilično interestingzanimljiv stuffstvari.
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Bile su to prilično zanimljive stvari.
02:12
I have goneotišao on to find more things
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Otišao sam potražiti još stvari
02:15
and discoverotkriti that dinosaursdinosauri really were very socialsocijalni.
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i otkrio da su dinosauri bili vrlo društveni.
02:19
We have foundpronađeno a lot of evidencedokaz
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Pronašli smo mnogo dokaza
02:22
that dinosaursdinosauri changedpromijenjen
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da su se dinosauri promijenili
02:24
from when they were juvenilesmaloljetnici to when they were adultsodrasli.
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otkad su bili mladi do toga kad su postali odrasli.
02:26
The appearanceizgled of them would have been differentdrugačiji --
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Izgled bi im bio drugačiji --
02:29
whichkoji it is in all socialsocijalni animalsživotinje.
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kao što i je kod svih društvenih životinja.
02:31
In socialsocijalni groupsgrupe of animalsživotinje,
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U socijalnim grupama životinja,
02:33
the juvenilesmaloljetnici always look differentdrugačiji than the adultsodrasli.
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mladi uvijek izgledaju drugačije od odraslih.
02:36
The adultsodrasli can recognizeprepoznati the juvenilesmaloljetnici;
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Odrasli mogu prepoznati mlade,
02:38
the juvenilesmaloljetnici can recognizeprepoznati the adultsodrasli.
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mladi mogu prepoznati odrasle.
02:40
And so we're makingizrađivanje a better pictureslika
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I tako imamo bolju sliku .
02:43
of what a dinosaurdinosaur looksizgled like.
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toga kako su dinosauri izgledali.
02:45
And they didn't just all chaseChase JeepsDžipovima around.
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I nisu svi samo ganjali džipove nakolo.
02:48
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
02:50
But it is that socialsocijalni thing
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Ali ta je socijalna stvar
02:53
that I guessnagađati attractedprivukla je MichaelMichael CrichtonCrichton.
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pretpostavljam privukla Michaela Crichtona.
02:57
And in his bookrezervirati, he talkedRazgovarao about the socialsocijalni animalsživotinje.
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U svojoj knjizi, on govori o društvenim životinjama.
03:01
And then StevenSteven SpielbergSpielberg, of coursenaravno,
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I zatim Steven Spielberg, naravno,
03:03
depictsprikazuje these dinosaursdinosauri
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prikazuje te dinosaure
03:05
as beingbiće very socialsocijalni creaturesstvorenja.
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kao veoma socijalna bića.
03:08
The themetema of this storypriča is buildingzgrada a dinosaurdinosaur,
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Tema ove priče je stvaranje dinosaura
03:10
and so we come to that partdio of "JurassicJure ParkPark."
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i tu dolazimo do dijela “Jurskog parka”.
03:14
MichaelMichael CrichtonCrichton really was one of the first people
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Michael Crichton je zaista bio jedan od prvih ljudi
03:17
to talk about bringingdonošenje dinosaursdinosauri back to life.
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koji je govorio o oživljavanju dinosaura.
03:21
You all know the storypriča, right.
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Svi znate priču, zar ne?
03:23
I mean, I assumepretpostaviti everyonesvatko here has seenvidio "JurassicJure ParkPark."
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Hoću reći, pretpostavljam da ste svi ovdje gledali “Jurski park".
03:26
If you want to make a dinosaurdinosaur,
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Ako želite napraviti dinosaura,
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you go out, you find yourselfsami a piecekomad of petrifiedokamenjen treedrvo sapSAP --
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izađete van, nađete si komad biljnog soka okamenjenog drveta --
03:32
otherwiseinače knownznan as amberAmber --
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poznatiji kao jantar --
03:34
that has some blood-suckingkrv-sisa insectsinsekata in it,
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koji u sebi ima insekte koji piju krv,
03:37
good onesone,
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one dobre
03:39
and you get your insectinsekt and you drillbušilica into it
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i dobijete svog insekta, izbušite ga
03:42
and you sucksisati out some DNADNK,
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i izvučete nešto DNK,
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because obviouslyočito all insectsinsekata that suckedisisan bloodkrv in those daysdana
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zato što su očito svi insekti koji su pili krv u tim danima,
03:47
suckedisisan dinosaurdinosaur DNADNK out.
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usisali i dinosaursku DNK.
03:50
And you take your DNADNK back to the laboratorylaboratorija
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I uzmete DNK u laboratorij
03:53
and you cloneklon it.
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te ga klonirate.
03:56
And I guessnagađati you injectubrizgati it into maybe an ostrichnoj eggjaje,
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I pretpostavljam da ga ubrizgate u nojevo jaje
03:59
or something like that,
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ili tako nešto.
04:01
and then you wait,
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I nakon toga čekate,
04:03
and, logle and beholdpogledati, out popsStari a little babydijete dinosaurdinosaur.
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gledate i promatrate, a van iskoči mala beba dinosaura.
04:06
And everybody'ssvatko je happysretan about that.
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I svi su sretni zbog toga.
04:09
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
04:12
And they're happysretan over and over again.
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I oni su sretni i sretni i sretni.
04:14
They keep doing it; they just keep makingizrađivanje these things.
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Nastavljaju to raditi; jednostavno izmišljaju te stvari.
04:17
And then, then, then, and then ...
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I onda, i onda, i onda i onda ...
04:21
Then the dinosaursdinosauri, beingbiće socialsocijalni,
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Onda dinosauri, koji su socijalni,
04:24
actčin out theirnjihov socialnesssocialness,
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pokazuju tu svoju društvenost.
04:27
and they get togetherzajedno,
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I druže se
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and they conspirekovati zavjeru.
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i kuju zavjere.
04:32
And, of coursenaravno, that's what makesmarke StevenSteven Spielberg'sSpielberg je moviefilm --
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I naravno, to je ono što čini film Stevena Spielberga --
04:36
conspiringurotu dinosaursdinosauri chasingjurnjava people around.
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dinosauri koji kuju zavjere jure ljude naokolo.
04:39
So I assumepretpostaviti everybodysvi knowszna
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Pretpostavljam da svi znaju
04:41
that if you actuallyzapravo had a piecekomad of amberAmber and it had an insectinsekt in it,
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da kada bi zaista imali komadić jantara u kojem bi unutra bio insekt
04:44
and you drilledbušenih into it,
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i kad bi ga izbušili
04:47
and you got something out of that insectinsekt,
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i izvadili nešto iz tog insekta
04:49
and you clonedklonirane it, and you did it over and over and over again,
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i klonirali i kad bi to učinili mnogo puta,
04:52
you'dti bi have a roomsoba fullpuni of mosquitoskomaraca.
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imali bi sobu punu komaraca.
04:54
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
04:56
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Pljesak)
05:01
And probablyvjerojatno a wholečitav bunchmnogo of treesstabla as well.
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I vrlo vjerojatno hrpu stabala.
05:04
Now if you want dinosaurdinosaur DNADNK,
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A sada, ako želite DNK dinosaura,
05:06
I say go to the dinosaurdinosaur.
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predlažem da odete do dinosaura.
05:09
So that's what we'veimamo doneučinio.
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I to je ono što sam učinio.
05:11
Back in 1993 when the moviefilm camedošao out,
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1993. godine kada je film izašao
05:13
we actuallyzapravo had a grantodobriti from the NationalNacionalne ScienceZnanost FoundationZaklada
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dobili smo odobrenje od Fundacije Nacionalne Znanosti
05:16
to attemptpokušaj to extractekstrakt DNADNK from a dinosaurdinosaur,
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da pokušamo izvaditi DNK iz dinosaura.
05:19
and we choseizabrati the dinosaurdinosaur on the left,
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Izabrali smo dinosaura s lijeve strane,
05:22
a TyrannosaurusTyrannosaurus rexRex, whichkoji was a very nicelijepo specimenprimjerak.
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Tyrannosaurusa Rexa, koji je bio veoma lijep primjerak.
05:25
And one of my formerprijašnji doctoralPoslijediplomski studij studentsstudenti,
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Jedna od mojih bivših doktorskih studenata,
05:27
DrDr. MaryMarija SchweitzerSchweitzer,
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Dr. Mary Schweitzer
05:29
actuallyzapravo had the backgroundpozadina
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je zapravo imala pozadinu
05:31
to do this sortvrsta of thing.
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za rad s ovakvim stvarima.
05:33
And so she lookedgledao into the bonekost of this T. rexRex,
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Pa je pogledala u kost ovog T-rexa,
05:36
one of the thighbutina boneskosti,
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jednu od bedrenih kosti,
05:38
and she actuallyzapravo foundpronađeno
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i zapravo je pronašla
05:40
some very interestingzanimljiv structuresstrukture in there.
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neke veoma zanimljive strukture unutra.
05:43
They foundpronađeno these redcrvena circular-lookingKružna izgleda objectsobjekti,
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Pronašli su te crvene stvari koje izgledaju kao krug.
05:47
and they lookedgledao, for all the worldsvijet,
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Izgledale su
05:49
like redcrvena bloodkrv cellsStanice.
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kao crvene krvne stanice.
05:51
And they're in
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I nalaze se u
05:53
what appearpojaviti to be the bloodkrv channelskanali
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nečemu što se čini da su krvni kanali
05:55
that go throughkroz the bonekost.
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koji idu kroz kost.
05:57
And so she thought, well, what the heckpakao.
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Pa je pomislila, zašto ne?
06:00
So she sampleduzorkovani some materialmaterijal out of it.
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Pa je uzorkovala nešto materijala iz toga.
06:03
Now it wasn'tnije DNADNK; she didn't find DNADNK.
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To nije bila DNK; nije pronašla DNK.
06:06
But she did find hemeodredišnu temu,
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Ali je pronašla hem
06:09
whichkoji is the biologicalbiološki foundationtemelj
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koji je biološka osnova
06:11
of hemoglobinhemoglobina.
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hemoglobina.
06:13
And that was really coolsvjež.
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I to je bilo zaista sjajno.
06:15
That was interestingzanimljiv.
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To je bilo zanimljivo.
06:17
That was -- here we have 65-million-year-old-milijun-godina-star hemeodredišnu temu.
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To je bio -- ovdje imamo 65 milijuna godina star hem.
06:22
Well we triedpokušala and triedpokušala
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Pa smo pokušavali i pokušavali
06:24
and we couldn'tne mogu really get anything elsedrugo out of it.
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no nismo mogli dobiti ništa drugo iz toga.
06:26
So a fewnekoliko yearsgodina wentotišao by,
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Tako je prošlo nekoliko godina
06:28
and then we startedpočeo the HellPakao CreekPotok ProjectProjekt.
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dok nismo započeli projekt Hell Creek.
06:30
And the HellPakao CreekPotok ProjectProjekt was this massivemasivan undertakingpoduzetnik
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Projekt Hell Creek je bio masivno poduzimanje
06:33
to get as manymnogi dinosaursdinosauri as we could possiblymožda find,
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da bi dobili što više dinosaura koje smo mogli naći
06:36
and hopefullynadajmo se find some dinosaursdinosauri
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i nadali smo se da ćemo naći neke dinosaure
06:38
that had more materialmaterijal in them.
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koji su imali više materijala u sebi.
06:41
And out in easternistočni MontanaMontana
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Vani, u istočnoj Montani
06:44
there's a lot of spaceprostor, a lot of badlandspustinje,
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ima mnogo prostora, mnogo pustinjskih predjela,
06:46
and not very manymnogi people,
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a nema mnogo ljudi.
06:48
and so you can go out there and find a lot of stuffstvari.
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Odete tamo i nađete puno toga.
06:50
And we did find a lot of stuffstvari.
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I našli smo puno toga.
06:52
We foundpronađeno a lot of TyrannosaursTyrannosaurs,
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Pronašli smo mnogo Tyrannosaurusa,
06:54
but we foundpronađeno one specialposeban TyrannosaurTiranosaur,
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ali smo pronašli i jednog posebnog Tyrannosaurusa
06:56
and we calledzvao it B-rexB-rex.
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i nazvali ga B-rex.
06:58
And B-rexB-rex was foundpronađeno
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B-rex je pronađen
07:00
underpod a thousandtisuću cubicprostornih yardsdvorišta of rockstijena.
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ispod tisuću kubičnih metara kamenja.
07:02
It wasn'tnije a very completepotpun T. rexRex,
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To nije bio potpuni T - rex
07:05
and it wasn'tnije a very bigvelika T. rexRex,
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i nije bio veoma veliki T - rex,
07:08
but it was a very specialposeban B-rexB-rex.
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ali je bio veoma poseban B-rex.
07:11
And I and my colleagueskolege cutrez into it,
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Pa smo moje kolege i ja zarezali u njega
07:13
and we were ableu stanju to determineodrediti,
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i bili smo u mogućnosti odrediti
07:15
by looking at lineslinije of arresteduhićen growthrast, some lineslinije in it,
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gledajući linije spriječenog rasta, neke linije unutar toga,
07:18
that B-rexB-rex had diedumro at the agedob of 16.
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da je B-rex uginuo sa 16 godina.
07:21
We don't really know how long dinosaursdinosauri livedživjeli,
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Nismo znali koliko su dinosauri dugo živjeli,
07:24
because we haven'tnisu foundpronađeno the oldestnajstariji one yetjoš.
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zato što još nismo pronašli najstarijeg.
07:26
But this one diedumro at the agedob of 16.
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Ali ovaj je uginuo sa 16 godina.
07:29
We gavedali samplesuzorci to MaryMarija SchweitzerSchweitzer,
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Dali smo uzorke Mary Schweitzer
07:31
and she was actuallyzapravo ableu stanju to determineodrediti
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i ona je zapravo mogla odrediti
07:33
that B-rexB-rex was a femaležena
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da je B-rex bio ženka
07:35
basedzasnovan on medullarymedularni tissuetkivo
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zbog moždanskog tkiva
07:37
foundpronađeno on the insideiznutra of the bonekost.
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koje je našla unutar kosti.
07:39
MedullaryMedularni tissuetkivo is the calciumkalcijum build-upizgraditi,
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Moždansko tkivo je izgrađeno od kalcija,
07:42
the calciumkalcijum storageskladištenje basicallyu osnovi,
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u osnovi je skladište kalcija,
07:44
when an animalživotinja is pregnanttrudna,
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kada je životinja trudna,
07:46
when a birdptica is pregnanttrudna.
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kada je ptica trudna.
07:48
So here was the characterlik
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Ovdje je bio lik
07:50
that linkedpovezan birdsptice and dinosaursdinosauri.
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koji je povezivao ptice i dinosaure.
07:52
But MaryMarija wentotišao furtherunaprijediti.
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Ali Mary je otišla dalje.
07:54
She tookuzeo the bonekost, and she dumpedbačena it into acidkiselina.
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Uzela je kost i stavila ju u kiselinu.
07:57
Now we all know that boneskosti are fossilizedfosilizirani,
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Svi znamo da su te kosti fosilizirane
08:00
and so if you dumpistovariti it into acidkiselina,
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i ako je bacite u kiselinu,
08:02
there shouldn'tne treba be anything left.
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ne bi trebalo ostati ništa.
08:04
But there was something left.
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Ali ovdje je nešto ostalo.
08:06
There were bloodkrv vesselsposuđe left.
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Ostale su krvne žile.
08:09
There were flexiblefleksibilno, clearčisto bloodkrv vesselsposuđe.
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Fleksibilne, čiste krvne žile.
08:13
And so here was the first softmekan tissuetkivo from a dinosaurdinosaur.
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I ovdje je bilo prvo meko tkivo dinosaura.
08:16
It was extraordinaryizvanredan.
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Bilo je izvanredno.
08:18
But she alsotakođer foundpronađeno osteocytesosteocita,
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Također je našla i osteocite,
08:21
whichkoji are the cellsStanice that laidlaid down the boneskosti.
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stanice od kojih su sačinjene kosti.
08:24
And try and try, we could not find DNADNK,
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Pokušaj za pokušajem, no nismo mogli pronaći DNK,
08:28
but she did find evidencedokaz of proteinsproteini.
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ali je pronašla dokaz proteina.
08:31
But we thought maybe --
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Mislili smo da možda --
08:34
well, we thought maybe
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pa mislili smo da se materijal možda
08:36
that the materialmaterijal was breakinglom down after it was comingdolazak out of the groundtlo.
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raspao nakon što smo ga pokupili sa zemlje.
08:39
We thought maybe it was deterioratingpogoršava very fastbrzo.
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Mislili smo da je možda veoma brzo propadao.
08:41
And so we builtizgrađen a laboratorylaboratorija
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Pa smo napravili laboratorij
08:43
in the back of an 18-wheeler-wheeler trailerprikolica,
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na kamionu
08:46
and actuallyzapravo tookuzeo the laboratorylaboratorija to the fieldpolje
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i vozili laboratorij na polje
08:49
where we could get better samplesuzorci.
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kako bismo dobili bolje uzorke.
08:51
And we did. We got better materialmaterijal.
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I jesmo. Dobili smo bolje uzorke.
08:54
The cellsStanice lookedgledao better.
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Stanice su izgledale bolje.
08:56
The vesselsposuđe lookedgledao better.
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Žile su izgledale bolje.
08:58
FoundNašao the proteinprotein collagenkolagena.
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Zatim kolagen.
09:00
I mean, it was wonderfulpredivan stuffstvari.
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Mislim, bile su to fantastične stvari.
09:03
But it's not dinosaurdinosaur DNADNK.
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Ali to nije DNK dinosaura.
09:07
So we have discoveredotkriven
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Pa smo otkrili
09:09
that dinosaurdinosaur DNADNK, and all DNADNK,
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da se DNK dinosaura, kao i sva DNK
09:11
just breakspauze down too fastbrzo.
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jednostavno prebrzo raspada.
09:13
We're just not going to be ableu stanju
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Jednostavno nećemo moći
09:15
to do what they did in "JurassicJure ParkPark."
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učiniti ono što su oni učinili u “Jurskom parku”.
09:18
We're not going to be ableu stanju to make a dinosaurdinosaur
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Nećemo moći napraviti dinosaura
09:21
basedzasnovan on a dinosaurdinosaur.
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na temelju dinosaura.
09:24
But birdsptice are dinosaursdinosauri.
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Ali ptice su dinosauri.
09:29
BirdsPtice are livingživot dinosaursdinosauri.
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Ptice su živi dinosauri.
09:32
We actuallyzapravo classifyrazvrstati them
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Zapravo ih klasificiramo
09:34
as dinosaursdinosauri.
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kao dinosaure.
09:36
We now call them non-avianptica dinosaursdinosauri
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Sada ih zovemo ne-ptičji dinosauri
09:38
and avianptičja dinosaursdinosauri.
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i ptičji dinosauri.
09:40
So the non-avianptica dinosaursdinosauri
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Ne-ptičji dinosauri
09:42
are the bigvelika clunkynezgrapnih onesone that wentotišao extinctizumro.
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su oni veliki nezgrapni koji su izumrli.
09:44
AvianPtičje dinosaursdinosauri are our modernmoderan birdsptice.
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Ptičji dinosauri su naše moderne ptice.
09:47
So we don't have to make a dinosaurdinosaur
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Dakle, ne moramo napraviti dinosaura
09:49
because we alreadyveć have them.
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jer ga već imamo.
09:54
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
09:58
I know, you're as badloše as the sixth-gradersšestim razredima.
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Znam da ste grozni poput klinaca iz šestog razreda.
10:02
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
10:04
The sixth-gradersšestim razredima look at it and they say, "No."
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Klinci iz šestog razreda gledaju i govore, “Ne”.
10:07
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
10:09
"You can call it a dinosaurdinosaur,
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“Možete to zvati dinosaurom,
10:11
but look at the velociraptorVelociraptor: the velociraptorVelociraptor is coolsvjež."
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ali pogledajte velociraptora: velociraptor je super”.
10:14
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
10:16
"The chickenpiletina is not."
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“Kokoš nije”.
10:18
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
10:20
So this is our problemproblem,
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Dakle, to je naš problem,
10:22
as you can imaginezamisliti.
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kao što možete zamisliti.
10:25
The chickenpiletina is a dinosaurdinosaur.
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Pile je dinosaur.
10:27
I mean it really is.
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Hoću reći da zaista je.
10:29
You can't argueraspravljati with it
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Ne možete se prepirati oko toga
10:31
because we're the classifiersclassifiers and we'veimamo classifiedklasificiran it that way.
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jer smo mi klasifikatori i tako smo to klasificirali.
10:34
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
10:36
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Pljesak)
10:41
But the sixth-gradersšestim razredima demandzahtijevajte it.
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Ali klinci iz šestog razreda zahtijevaju.
10:43
"FixPopraviti the chickenpiletina."
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“Popravi kokoš”.
10:45
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
10:47
So that's what I'm here to tell you about:
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I ovdje sam da bih vam rekao:
10:49
how we are going to fixpopraviti a chickenpiletina.
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kako ćemo popraviti kokoš.
10:52
So we have a numberbroj of waysnačine
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Dakle, imamo brojne načine
10:55
that we actuallyzapravo can fixpopraviti the chickenpiletina.
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na koje možemo popraviti kokoš.
11:00
Because evolutionevolucija worksdjela,
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Jer evolucija stvarno djeluje,
11:02
we actuallyzapravo have some evolutionaryevolucioni toolsalat.
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zaista imamo neke alate za evoluciju.
11:05
We'llMi ćemo call them biologicalbiološki modificationmodifikacija toolsalat.
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Zvat ćemo ih alatima biološke modifikacije.
11:08
We have selectionizbor.
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Imamo selekciju.
11:10
And we know selectionizbor worksdjela.
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I znamo kako selekcija uspijeva.
11:12
We startedpočeo out with a wolf-likeVuk kao creaturestvorenje
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Počeli smo sa stvorenjima nalik na vukove
11:15
and we endedzavršeno up with a Maltesemalteški.
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i završili s malteškim psima.
11:18
I mean, that's --
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Mislim, to je --
11:21
that's definitelydefinitivno geneticgenetski modificationmodifikacija.
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to je definitivno genetska modifikacija.
11:25
Or any of the other funny-lookingsmiješno izgleda little dogspsi.
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Ili bilo koji drugi mali pas smiješnog izgleda.
11:30
We alsotakođer have transgenesistransgeneza.
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Također imamo i transgenezu.
11:32
TransgenesisTransgeneza is really coolsvjež too.
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Transgeneza je također super.
11:34
That's where you take a genegen out of one animalživotinja and stickštap it in anotherjoš one.
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Njome izvadite gen iz jedne životinje i ubacite ga u drugu.
11:37
That's how people make GloFishGloFish.
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Tako su ljudi napravili fluorescentnu ribu.
11:40
You take a glowsjaj genegen
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Izvadite fluorescentni gen
11:43
out of a coralkoraljni or a jellyfishMeduza
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iz koralja ili meduze
11:47
and you stickštap it in a zebrafishzebrafish,
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i stavite ga u ribu zebricu
11:49
and, pufflisnato, they glowsjaj.
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i hopa -- one svijetle.
11:51
And that's prettyprilično coolsvjež.
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I to je super.
11:53
And they obviouslyočito make a lot of moneynovac off of them.
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I očito su zaradili mnogo novaca na tome.
11:56
And now they're makingizrađivanje Glow-rabbitsSjaj-zečevi
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Sada rade fluorescentne zečeve
11:58
and Glow-all-sorts-of-thingsSjaj-sve-svašta-od-stvari.
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i fluoresciraju razne stvari.
12:00
I guessnagađati we could make a glowsjaj chickenpiletina.
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Pretpostavljam da bismo mogli napraviti fluorescentnu kokoš.
12:03
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
12:05
But I don't think that'llto će satisfyzadovoljiti the sixth-gradersšestim razredima eitherili.
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Ali sumnjam da će to zadovoljiti šestaše.
12:08
But there's anotherjoš thing.
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Ali postoji još jedna stvar.
12:10
There's what we call atavismatavizam activationAktivacija.
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To zovemo aktivacijom atavizma.
12:13
And atavismatavizam activationAktivacija
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Aktivacija atavizma
12:15
is basicallyu osnovi --
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je u principu --
12:17
an atavismatavizam is an ancestralpredaka characteristicsvojstvo.
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atavizam je nasljedna karakteristika.
12:21
You heardčuo
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Čuli ste
12:23
that occasionallypovremeno childrendjeca are bornrođen with tailspismo,
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da su ponekad djeca rođena s repovima
12:26
and it's because it's an ancestralpredaka characteristicsvojstvo.
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i to je zato što je to nasljedna osobina.
12:30
And so there are a numberbroj of atavismsatavisms
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Tako dakle postoje brojni atavizmi
12:33
that can happendogoditi se.
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koji se mogu dogoditi.
12:35
SnakesZmije are occasionallypovremeno bornrođen with legsnoge.
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Zmije se ponekad izlegu s nogama.
12:38
And here'sevo an exampleprimjer.
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I ovdje imamo jedan primjer.
12:40
This is a chickenpiletina with teethzubi.
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Ovo je pile sa zubima.
12:43
A fellowkolega by the nameime of MatthewMatej HarrisHarris
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Kolega imenom Mattew Harris
12:45
at the UniversitySveučilište of WisconsinWisconsin in MadisonMadison
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s Fakulteta Winsconsin u Madisonu
12:48
actuallyzapravo figuredshvaćen out a way to stimulatestimulirati
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je zapravo shvatio način na koji se može potaknuti
12:51
the genegen for teethzubi,
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gen za zube
12:54
and so was ableu stanju to actuallyzapravo turnskretanje the toothzub genegen on
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pa je u principu bio u mogućnosti „upaliti“ gen za zube
12:57
and produceproizvoditi teethzubi in chickenskokoši.
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i stvoriti zube kod kokoši.
13:00
Now that's a good characteristicsvojstvo.
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To je dobra karakteristika.
13:03
We can saveuštedjeti that one.
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Tu možemo zadržati.
13:06
We know we can use that.
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Znamo da to možemo iskoristiti.
13:08
We can make a chickenpiletina with teethzubi.
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Sada možemo stvoriti kokoš sa zubima.
13:12
That's gettinguzimajući closerbliže.
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To je približavanje.
13:14
That's better than a glowingužaren chickenpiletina.
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To je bolje od fluorescentne kokoši.
13:16
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
13:18
A friendprijatelj of minerudnik, a colleaguekolega of minerudnik,
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Moj prijatelj i kolega,
13:20
DrDr. HansHans LarssonLarsson at McGillMcGill UniversitySveučilište,
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doktor Hans Larsson na McGill sveučilištu
13:22
is actuallyzapravo looking at atavismsatavisms.
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zapravo proučava atavizme.
13:24
And he's looking at them
300
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Proučava ih
13:26
by looking at the embryozametak genesisgeneza of birdsptice
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na način da proučava ptičju embriogenezu
13:29
and actuallyzapravo looking at how they developrazviti,
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i zaista gleda kako se razvijaju.
13:32
and he's interestedzainteresiran in how birdsptice actuallyzapravo lostizgubljen theirnjihov tailrep.
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Zainteresiran je za to kako su ptice zapravo izgubile svoj rep.
13:36
He's alsotakođer interestedzainteresiran in the transformationtransformacija
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Također je zainteresiran za transformaciju
13:38
of the armruka, the handruka, to the wingkrilo.
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ruke, šake u krilo.
13:41
He's looking for those genesgeni as well.
306
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Proučava i te gene.
13:43
And I said, "Well, if you can find those,
307
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I ja sam mu rekao, „Pa ako možeš naći te,
13:46
I can just reversepreokrenuti them
308
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ja ih mogu samo preokrenuti
13:48
and make what I need to make for the sixth-gradersšestim razredima."
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i pretvoriti ih u ono što mi treba za šestaše“.
13:51
And so he agreeddogovoren.
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Pa se složio.
13:53
And so that's what we're looking into.
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I sada to proučavamo.
13:55
If you look at dinosaurdinosaur handsruke,
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Ako pogledate dinosaurove ruke,
13:57
a velociraptorVelociraptor
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velociraptor
13:59
has that cool-lookingsvjež obličje handruka with the clawskandže on it.
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ima ruku koja super izgleda i ima kandže.
14:01
ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx, whichkoji is a birdptica, a primitiveprimitivan birdptica,
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Archaeopteryx, koji je ptica, primitivna ptica
14:04
still has that very primitiveprimitivan handruka.
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još uvijek ima veoma primitivnu ruku.
14:07
But as you can see, the pigeongolub,
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Ali kao što možete vidjeti, golub
14:09
or a chickenpiletina or anything elsedrugo, anotherjoš birdptica,
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ili kokoš ili bilo što drugo, bilo koja druga ptica
14:11
has kindljubazan of a weird-lookingčudan handruka,
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ima ruku veoma čudnog izgleda
14:14
because the handruka is a wingkrilo.
320
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jer je ruka krilo.
14:16
But the coolsvjež thing is
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Ali super je
14:18
that, if you look in the embryozametak,
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to što dok pogledate embrij,
14:21
as the embryozametak is developingrazvoju
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kako se embrij razvija
14:23
the handruka actuallyzapravo looksizgled
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ruka izgleda
14:26
prettyprilično much like the archaeopteryxArchaeopteryx handruka.
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prilično isto kao i ruka archaeopteryxa.
14:28
It has the threetri fingersprsti, the threetri digitsznamenke.
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Ima tri prsta, tri prsta ruke.
14:31
But a genegen turnsokreti on that actuallyzapravo fusesosigurači those togetherzajedno.
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Ali čini se da ih gen zapravo spaja.
14:34
And so what we're looking for is that genegen.
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I ono što tražimo je taj gen.
14:37
We want to stop that genegen from turningtokarenje on,
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Želimo zaustaviti taj gen
14:39
fusingkojim se spajaju those handsruke togetherzajedno,
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prilikom spajanja tih ruku
14:41
so we can get a chickenpiletina that hatchesvratašca out with a three-fingeredtri prstiju handruka,
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tako da dobijemo kokoš koja će se izleći s rukom na kojoj su tri prsta
14:44
like the archaeopteryxArchaeopteryx.
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poput archaeopteryxa.
14:46
And the sameisti goeside for the tailspismo.
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Isto je i s repom.
14:49
BirdsPtice have basicallyu osnovi
334
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Ptice u principu
14:52
rudimentaryrudimentaran tailspismo.
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imaju rudimentarne repove.
14:54
And so we know
336
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I znamo
14:57
that in embryozametak,
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da se u embriju,
14:59
as the animalživotinja is developingrazvoju,
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kako se životinja razvija,
15:01
it actuallyzapravo has a relativelyrelativno long tailrep.
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nalazi relativno dugačak rep.
15:04
But a genegen turnsokreti on
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Ali „upali“ se gen
15:06
and resorbsresorbs the tailrep, getsdobiva ridosloboditi of it.
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i razgradi rep, riješi ga se.
15:09
So that's the other genegen we're looking for.
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To je dakle drugi gen koji tražimo.
15:12
We want to stop that tailrep from resorbingresorbing.
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Želimo zaustaviti razgradnju tog repa.
15:16
So what we're tryingtežak to do really
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Ono što zaista pokušavamo napraviti
15:19
is take our chickenpiletina,
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je uzeti svoje pile,
15:22
modifyizmijeniti it
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modificirati ga
15:24
and make the chickenosauruschickenosaurus.
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i napraviti pilesaurusa.
15:26
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
15:29
It's a cooler-lookingboljeg izgleda chickenpiletina.
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To je pile koje će bolje izgledati.
15:32
But it's just the very basicsosnove.
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Ali je to osnova.
15:35
So that really is what we're doing.
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To je ono što zaista radimo.
15:37
And people always say, "Why do that?
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I ljudi uvijek kažu, „Zašto to raditi?
15:39
Why make this thing?
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Zašto raditi takve stvari?
15:41
What good is it?"
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Koje je dobro u tome?“
15:43
Well, that's a good questionpitanje.
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Pa, to je dobro pitanje.
15:45
ActuallyZapravo, I think it's a great way to teachučiti kidsdjeca
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Zapravo, mislim da je to odličan način kako naučiti djecu
15:47
about evolutionaryevolucioni biologybiologija
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nešto o evolucijskog biologiji
15:49
and developmentalrazvojne biologybiologija
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i razvojnoj biologiji
15:51
and all sortsvrste of things.
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i raznim stvarima.
15:53
And quitedosta franklyiskreno, I think
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I sasvim iskreno, mislim
15:56
if ColonelPukovnik SandersBrusilice
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kad bi pukovnik Sanders
15:58
was to be carefulpažljiv how he wordedsročene it,
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bio pažljiv u tome kako bi to sročio,
16:01
he could actuallyzapravo advertiseoglašavanje an extraekstra piecekomad.
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mogao bi zaista reklamirati ekstra komad.
16:04
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
16:08
AnywayU svakom slučaju --
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Kako god --
16:12
When our dino-chickenDino-piletina hatchesvratašca,
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kada se izlegne naše dino-pile,
16:16
it will be, obviouslyočito, the posterposter childdijete,
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bit će očito, dijete za poster
16:19
or what you mightmoć call a posterposter chickpilić,
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ili ono što bi mogli nazvati poster komad,
16:22
for technologytehnologija, entertainmentZabava and designdizajn.
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za tehnologiju, zabavu i dizajn.
16:25
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
16:27
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Pljesak)
Translated by Senzos Osijek
Reviewed by Tilen Pigac - EFZG

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.

Why you should listen

Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.

Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.

He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.

More profile about the speaker
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com