TED2011
Jack Horner: Building a dinosaur from a chicken
Jack Horner: Ako z kuraťa vytvoríme dinosaura
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Uznávaný paleontológ Jack Horner strávil svoju kariéru pokusmi o rekonštrukciu dinosaura. Našiel fosílie s mimoriadne dobre zachovalými cievami a mäkkými tkanivami, ale nikdy nie zachovalú DNA. Našiel nový prístup a využíva žijúcich potomkov dinosaurov, kurence, a genetické inžinierstvo, aby oživil ich pôvodne dinosaurie znaky – vrátane zubov, chvosta a dokonca ruky – a stvoril tak „kurosaura“.
Jack Horner - Dinosaur digger
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Jack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I was growing up in Montana,
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Keď som vyrastal v Montane,
00:19
I had two dreams.
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mal som dva sny.
00:22
I wanted to be a paleontologist,
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Chcel som sa stať paleontológom,
00:24
a dinosaur paleontologist,
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dinosaurím paleontológom,
00:26
and I wanted to have a pet dinosaur.
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a chcel som mať domáceho dinosaura.
00:29
And so that's what I've been striving for
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A o to som sa celý
00:32
all of my life.
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svoj život usiloval.
00:35
I was very fortunate
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Na začiatku kariéry som mal veľké šťastie.
00:37
early in my career.
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00:39
I was fortunate
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Šťastie na nachádzanie vecí.
00:41
in finding things.
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00:43
I wasn't very good at reading things.
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Čítanie mi veľmi nešlo.
00:45
In fact, I don't read much of anything.
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Vlastne ani veľa nečítam.
00:48
I am extremely dyslexic,
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Mám totiž ťažkú dyslexiu,
00:50
and so reading is the hardest thing I do.
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a tak je pre mňa čítanie tá najťažšia vec.
00:53
But instead, I go out and I find things.
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Ale miesto toho som vonku
a nachádzam veci.
a nachádzam veci.
00:56
Then I just pick things up.
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A potom tie veci zoberiem.
00:58
I basically practice for finding money on the street.
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Je to cvičenie na hľadanie
peňazí na ulici.
peňazí na ulici.
01:01
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:03
And I wander about the hills,
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A pri túlaní sa po kopcoch
01:05
and I have found a few things.
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som našiel niekoľko vecí.
01:08
And I have been fortunate enough
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Mal som toľko šťastia,
01:11
to find things like the first eggs in the Western hemisphere
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že som našiel veci ako prvé vajce
na západnej pologuli,
na západnej pologuli,
01:16
and the first baby dinosaurs in nests,
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prvé dinosaurie mláďatá v hniezdach,
01:20
the first dinosaur embryos
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prvé dinosaurie embryá
01:22
and massive accumulations of bones.
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a obrovské kopy kostí.
01:26
And it happened to be at a time
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A to sa stalo v dobe,
01:28
when people were just starting to begin to realize
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keď si ľudia len začínali uvedomovať,
01:32
that dinosaurs weren't the big, stupid, green reptiles
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že dinosaury neboli
žiadne veľké hlúpe zelené plazy,
žiadne veľké hlúpe zelené plazy,
01:36
that people had thought for so many years.
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ako sa myslelo dlhé roky predtým.
01:39
People were starting to get an idea
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Ľudia začínali tušiť,
01:41
that dinosaurs were special.
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že dinosaury boli výnimočné.
01:43
And so, at that time,
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A tak v tej dobe som
01:46
I was able to make some interesting hypotheses
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spolu so svojimi kolegami
01:49
along with my colleagues.
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vytvoril zopár zaujímavých hypotéz.
01:51
We were able to actually say
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Boli sme schopní povedať,
01:53
that dinosaurs -- based on the evidence we had --
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že dinosaury – na základe dôkazov,
ktoré sme mali –
ktoré sme mali –
01:56
that dinosaurs built nests
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že dinosaury stavali hniezda
01:59
and lived in colonies
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a žili v kolóniách
02:02
and cared for their young,
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a starali sa o svoje mláďatá,
02:04
brought food to their babies
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prinášali im potravu
02:06
and traveled in gigantic herds.
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a presúvali sa v gigantických stádach.
02:09
So it was pretty interesting stuff.
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Takže celkom zaujímavé materiály.
02:12
I have gone on to find more things
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Pokračoval som v nachádzaní ďalších vecí,
02:15
and discover that dinosaurs really were very social.
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a zistil som, že dinosaury boli
naozaj veľmi spoločenské.
naozaj veľmi spoločenské.
02:19
We have found a lot of evidence
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Našli sme množstvo dôkazov o tom,
02:22
that dinosaurs changed
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že dinosaury sa menili
02:24
from when they were juveniles to when they were adults.
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od mladých rokov až po dospelosť.
02:26
The appearance of them would have been different --
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Ich vzhľad sa menil –
02:29
which it is in all social animals.
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čo platí pre všetky spoločenské zvieratá.
02:31
In social groups of animals,
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V spoločenských skupinách zvierat
02:33
the juveniles always look different than the adults.
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vyzerajú mláďatá vždy inak ako dospelí.
02:36
The adults can recognize the juveniles;
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Dospelí poznajú svoje mláďatá,
02:38
the juveniles can recognize the adults.
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mláďatá poznajú svojich rodičov.
02:40
And so we're making a better picture
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Takže si vytvárame lepší obraz o tom,
ako vyzeral dinosaurus.
ako vyzeral dinosaurus.
02:43
of what a dinosaur looks like.
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02:45
And they didn't just all chase Jeeps around.
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A že všetky len nenaháňali
džípy po parkoch.
džípy po parkoch.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
02:50
But it is that social thing
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Ale práve táto spoločenskosť
02:53
that I guess attracted Michael Crichton.
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zrejme priťahovala Michaela Crichtona.
02:57
And in his book, he talked about the social animals.
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Vo svojej knihe hovoril
o spoločenských tvoroch.
o spoločenských tvoroch.
03:01
And then Steven Spielberg, of course,
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A potom samozrejme Steven Spielberg
03:03
depicts these dinosaurs
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zobrazuje dinosaury
03:05
as being very social creatures.
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ako vysoko spoločenské tvory.
03:08
The theme of this story is building a dinosaur,
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Našou témou je vytvorenie dinosaura,
03:10
and so we come to that part of "Jurassic Park."
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a tak sme sa dostali k scéne
z Jurského parku.
z Jurského parku.
03:14
Michael Crichton really was one of the first people
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Michael Crichton bol
naozaj jedným z prvých,
naozaj jedným z prvých,
03:17
to talk about bringing dinosaurs back to life.
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ktorí hovorili o vzkriesení dinosaurov.
03:21
You all know the story, right.
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Všetci ten príbeh poznáte, však.
03:23
I mean, I assume everyone here has seen "Jurassic Park."
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Predpokladám,
že ste všetci videli Jurský park.
že ste všetci videli Jurský park.
03:26
If you want to make a dinosaur,
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Ak si chcete vyrobiť dinosaura,
03:28
you go out, you find yourself a piece of petrified tree sap --
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idete von, nájdete si
kúsok skamenelej miazgy
kúsok skamenelej miazgy
03:32
otherwise known as amber --
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– inak známej tiež ako jantár –
03:34
that has some blood-sucking insects in it,
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ktorá v sebe ukrýva
nejaký krv sajúci hmyz,
nejaký krv sajúci hmyz,
03:37
good ones,
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dobre zachovaný,
03:39
and you get your insect and you drill into it
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a vy si ten hmyz vytiahnete,
navŕtate sa doň,
navŕtate sa doň,
03:42
and you suck out some DNA,
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vysajete trochu DNA,
03:44
because obviously all insects that sucked blood in those days
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pretože je jasné, že všetok hmyz,
ktorý vtedy vysával krv,
ktorý vtedy vysával krv,
03:47
sucked dinosaur DNA out.
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vysával dinosauriu DNA.
03:50
And you take your DNA back to the laboratory
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A túto DNA odnesiete späť do laboratória
03:53
and you clone it.
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a naklonujete ju.
03:56
And I guess you inject it into maybe an ostrich egg,
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A myslím, že ju potom vstreknete
napríklad do pštrosieho vajca
napríklad do pštrosieho vajca
03:59
or something like that,
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alebo niečoho podobného,
04:01
and then you wait,
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a potom čakáte,
04:03
and, lo and behold, out pops a little baby dinosaur.
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a pozrime sa, už sa nám
liahne dinosaurie mláďatko.
liahne dinosaurie mláďatko.
04:06
And everybody's happy about that.
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A všetci sa z toho tešia.
04:09
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
04:12
And they're happy over and over again.
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A tešia sa znova a znova.
04:14
They keep doing it; they just keep making these things.
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Takto to pokračuje;
jednoducho ich vytvárajú.
jednoducho ich vytvárajú.
04:17
And then, then, then, and then ...
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A potom, potom...
04:21
Then the dinosaurs, being social,
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Potom tieto spoločenské dinosaury
04:24
act out their socialness,
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predvádzajú svoju spoločenskosť,
04:27
and they get together,
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dajú sa dohromady
04:29
and they conspire.
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a konšpirujú.
04:32
And, of course, that's what makes Steven Spielberg's movie --
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A toto je zárukou úspechu
filmu Stevena Spielberga –
filmu Stevena Spielberga –
04:36
conspiring dinosaurs chasing people around.
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konšpirujúce dinosaury prenasledujú ľudí.
04:39
So I assume everybody knows
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Všetci, dúfam, vedia,
04:41
that if you actually had a piece of amber and it had an insect in it,
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že ak by ste naozaj mali kus jantáru,
ktorý v sebe ukrýva hmyz,
ktorý v sebe ukrýva hmyz,
04:44
and you drilled into it,
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a navŕtali by ste sa doň
04:47
and you got something out of that insect,
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a získali niečo z toho hmyzu,
04:49
and you cloned it, and you did it over and over and over again,
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naklonovali to a toto robili stále dokola,
04:52
you'd have a room full of mosquitos.
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mali by ste miestnosť plnú komárov.
04:54
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
04:56
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
05:01
And probably a whole bunch of trees as well.
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A zrejme aj lesík stromčekov.
05:04
Now if you want dinosaur DNA,
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Ale ak chcete dinosauriu DNA,
05:06
I say go to the dinosaur.
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hovorím vám, bežte za dinosaurom.
05:09
So that's what we've done.
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To sme urobili.
05:11
Back in 1993 when the movie came out,
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Keď bol v roku 1993 uvedený tento film,
05:13
we actually had a grant from the National Science Foundation
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naozaj sme dostali grant
od National Science Foundation,
od National Science Foundation,
05:16
to attempt to extract DNA from a dinosaur,
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aby sme sa pokúsili získať DNA z dinosaura
05:19
and we chose the dinosaur on the left,
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a my sme si vybrali toho naľavo,
05:22
a Tyrannosaurus rex, which was a very nice specimen.
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Tyranosaura rex,
čo bol naozaj skvelý exemplár.
čo bol naozaj skvelý exemplár.
05:25
And one of my former doctoral students,
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A jedna z mojich bývalých doktorandiek,
05:27
Dr. Mary Schweitzer,
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Dr. Mary Schweitzer,
05:29
actually had the background
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mala vtedy výborné zázemie
na tieto veci.
na tieto veci.
05:31
to do this sort of thing.
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05:33
And so she looked into the bone of this T. rex,
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A tak preskúmala kostru
tohto T. rexa,
tohto T. rexa,
05:36
one of the thigh bones,
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jednu z jeho stehenných kostí,
05:38
and she actually found
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a naozaj tam našla
05:40
some very interesting structures in there.
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niekoľko veľmi zaujímavých štruktúr.
05:43
They found these red circular-looking objects,
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Našli tam tieto červené guľaté objekty,
05:47
and they looked, for all the world,
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ktoré vyzerali takmer
ako červené krvinky.
ako červené krvinky.
05:49
like red blood cells.
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05:51
And they're in
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Boli v niečom,
05:53
what appear to be the blood channels
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čo vyzeralo ako krvné kanáliky,
05:55
that go through the bone.
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ktoré prechádzajú kosťou.
05:57
And so she thought, well, what the heck.
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A tak si pomyslela –
hm, ale čo s tým?
hm, ale čo s tým?
06:00
So she sampled some material out of it.
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Odobrala z nich nejaký materiál.
06:03
Now it wasn't DNA; she didn't find DNA.
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Ale nebola to DNA, nenašla sa DNA.
06:06
But she did find heme,
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Určite však našla hém,
06:09
which is the biological foundation
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čo je biologický základ hemoglobínu.
06:11
of hemoglobin.
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06:13
And that was really cool.
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A toto bola fakt bomba.
06:15
That was interesting.
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Bolo to zaujímavé.
Mali sme 65 miliónov rokov starý hém.
06:17
That was -- here we have 65-million-year-old heme.
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06:22
Well we tried and tried
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Skúšali sme to stále znova,
06:24
and we couldn't really get anything else out of it.
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ale už sme z toho nedostali nič iné.
06:26
So a few years went by,
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Ubehlo pár rokov
06:28
and then we started the Hell Creek Project.
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a my sme zahájili projekt Hell Creek.
06:30
And the Hell Creek Project was this massive undertaking
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Projekt Hell Creek bol obrovský počin,
06:33
to get as many dinosaurs as we could possibly find,
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zhromaždiť toľko dinosaurov,
koľko sme len vedeli nájsť
koľko sme len vedeli nájsť
06:36
and hopefully find some dinosaurs
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a hádam aj nejaké dinosaury,
06:38
that had more material in them.
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ktoré v sebe majú viac materiálu.
A tam vo východnej Montane
06:41
And out in eastern Montana
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je veľa miesta, samá pustatina
06:44
there's a lot of space, a lot of badlands,
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06:46
and not very many people,
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a málo ľudí,
06:48
and so you can go out there and find a lot of stuff.
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takže sa tam dá ísť
a nájsť mnoho vecí.
a nájsť mnoho vecí.
06:50
And we did find a lot of stuff.
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A my sme teda našli dosť vecí.
06:52
We found a lot of Tyrannosaurs,
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Našli sme dosť tyranosaurov
06:54
but we found one special Tyrannosaur,
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a medzi nimi bol jeden výnimočný,
06:56
and we called it B-rex.
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ktorého sme pomenovali B-rex.
06:58
And B-rex was found
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B-rexa sme našli
07:00
under a thousand cubic yards of rock.
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pod tisíckami kubických metrov skaly.
07:02
It wasn't a very complete T. rex,
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Nebol to úplne kompletný T. rex,
07:05
and it wasn't a very big T. rex,
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a nebol to ani veľký T. rex,
bol to však veľmi výnimočný B-rex.
07:08
but it was a very special B-rex.
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07:11
And I and my colleagues cut into it,
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Spolu s kolegami sme doň zarezali
07:13
and we were able to determine,
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a podarilo sa nám určiť
07:15
by looking at lines of arrested growth, some lines in it,
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podľa niektorých rysov
pozastaveného rastu,
pozastaveného rastu,
že B-rex zahynul vo veku 16 rokov.
07:18
that B-rex had died at the age of 16.
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07:21
We don't really know how long dinosaurs lived,
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Zatiaľ nevieme, ako dlho žili dinosaury,
07:24
because we haven't found the oldest one yet.
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keďže sme ešte nenašli toho najstaršieho.
07:26
But this one died at the age of 16.
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Ale tento zahynul vo veku 16 rokov.
07:29
We gave samples to Mary Schweitzer,
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Vzorky sme poskytli Mary Schweitzerovej
07:31
and she was actually able to determine
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a jej sa podarilo určiť,
07:33
that B-rex was a female
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že B-rex bola samica,
07:35
based on medullary tissue
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a to na základe tkaniva z drene,
07:37
found on the inside of the bone.
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čo sme našli vo vnútri kosti.
07:39
Medullary tissue is the calcium build-up,
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Dreňové tkanivo je nahromadený vápnik,
07:42
the calcium storage basically,
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skladisko vápnika
07:44
when an animal is pregnant,
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pre tehotné samice,
07:46
when a bird is pregnant.
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pre vtáčie tehotné samičky.
07:48
So here was the character
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Čiže to bol znak,
07:50
that linked birds and dinosaurs.
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ktorý spájal vtáky a dinosaury.
07:52
But Mary went further.
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Ale Mary šla ešte ďalej.
07:54
She took the bone, and she dumped it into acid.
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Vzala kosť a vložila ju do kyseliny.
Všetci vieme, že kosti sú skamenelé,
07:57
Now we all know that bones are fossilized,
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08:00
and so if you dump it into acid,
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takže keď ich ponoríte do kyseliny,
08:02
there shouldn't be anything left.
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nemalo by z nich nič ostať.
08:04
But there was something left.
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Ale tu niečo ostalo.
08:06
There were blood vessels left.
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Zostali krvné cievy.
Boli to pružné čisté krvné cievy.
08:09
There were flexible, clear blood vessels.
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08:13
And so here was the first soft tissue from a dinosaur.
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Takže sme mali prvé
mäkké tkanivo z dinosaura.
mäkké tkanivo z dinosaura.
08:16
It was extraordinary.
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Bolo to niečo mimoriadne.
08:18
But she also found osteocytes,
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Ale našla aj osteocyty,
08:21
which are the cells that laid down the bones.
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čo sú bunky,
z ktorých sa skladajú kosti.
z ktorých sa skladajú kosti.
Napriek snahe sme nemohli nájsť DNA,
08:24
And try and try, we could not find DNA,
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08:28
but she did find evidence of proteins.
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ale ona našla stopu proteínov.
08:31
But we thought maybe --
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Ale mysleli sme si možno –
mysleli sme si, že možno sa
08:34
well, we thought maybe
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08:36
that the material was breaking down after it was coming out of the ground.
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materiál rozložil, keď sme ho vykopali.
08:39
We thought maybe it was deteriorating very fast.
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Možno sa príliš rýchlo zničil.
08:41
And so we built a laboratory
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Tak sme si postavili laboratórium
08:43
in the back of an 18-wheeler trailer,
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na korbe 18-kolesového prívesu
08:46
and actually took the laboratory to the field
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a doslova sme si vzali
laboratórium do terénu,
laboratórium do terénu,
08:49
where we could get better samples.
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kde sa dali získať lepšie vzorky.
08:51
And we did. We got better material.
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A naozaj sme lepší materiál získali.
08:54
The cells looked better.
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Bunky vyzerali lepšie.
08:56
The vessels looked better.
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Cievy vyzerali lepšie.
08:58
Found the protein collagen.
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Našli sme proteínový kolagén.
09:00
I mean, it was wonderful stuff.
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Bol to krásny materiál.
09:03
But it's not dinosaur DNA.
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Ale nie je to DNA dinosaura.
Tak sme zistili,
09:07
So we have discovered
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09:09
that dinosaur DNA, and all DNA,
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že dinosauria DNA a akákoľvek DNA
09:11
just breaks down too fast.
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sa jednoducho rozkladá prirýchlo.
09:13
We're just not going to be able
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Nikdy jednoducho nedokážeme to,
09:15
to do what they did in "Jurassic Park."
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čo urobili v „Jurskom parku“.
09:18
We're not going to be able to make a dinosaur
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Nebudeme vedieť vytvoriť dinosaura
09:21
based on a dinosaur.
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z jeho vlastných kostí.
09:24
But birds are dinosaurs.
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Ale vtáky sú dinosaury.
Vtáky sú žijúce dinosaury.
09:29
Birds are living dinosaurs.
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Naozaj ich klasifikujeme ako dinosaury.
09:32
We actually classify them
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09:34
as dinosaurs.
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Rozdeľujeme ich na nevtáčie
09:36
We now call them non-avian dinosaurs
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09:38
and avian dinosaurs.
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a vtáčie dinosaury.
09:40
So the non-avian dinosaurs
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Takže nevtáčie dinosaury
09:42
are the big clunky ones that went extinct.
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sú tie obrovské, neohrabané, vyhynuté.
09:44
Avian dinosaurs are our modern birds.
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Vtáčie dinosaury sú naše novodobé vtáky.
09:47
So we don't have to make a dinosaur
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Takže ani nemusíme vytvárať dinosaura,
09:49
because we already have them.
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keďže ho už vlastne máme.
09:54
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
09:58
I know, you're as bad as the sixth-graders.
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Ja viem, že ste zlomyseľní ako šiestaci.
10:02
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:04
The sixth-graders look at it and they say, "No."
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Šiestaci sa na to pozrú
a povedia: „Nie“.
a povedia: „Nie“.
10:07
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:09
"You can call it a dinosaur,
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„Môžeme to nazývať dinosaurom,
10:11
but look at the velociraptor: the velociraptor is cool."
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ale pozrite na velociraptora:
velociraptory sú drsné.“
velociraptory sú drsné.“
10:14
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:16
"The chicken is not."
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„Kurence nie sú.“
10:18
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:20
So this is our problem,
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Tak to je náš problém,
10:22
as you can imagine.
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ako si iste viete predstaviť.
10:25
The chicken is a dinosaur.
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Kura je dinosaurus.
10:27
I mean it really is.
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Myslím to vážne.
10:29
You can't argue with it
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Nemôžete to poprieť,
10:31
because we're the classifiers and we've classified it that way.
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lebo my sme klasifikátori
a my ich tak klasifikujeme.
a my ich tak klasifikujeme.
10:34
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:36
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
10:41
But the sixth-graders demand it.
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Ale šiestaci sú dotieraví.
10:43
"Fix the chicken."
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„Opravte to kura.“
10:45
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
10:47
So that's what I'm here to tell you about:
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Takže o tom vám poviem:
10:49
how we are going to fix a chicken.
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ako chceme opraviť kura.
10:52
So we have a number of ways
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Je mnoho spôsobov,
10:55
that we actually can fix the chicken.
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ako sa dajú opraviť kurence.
11:00
Because evolution works,
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Pretože funguje evolúcia,
11:02
we actually have some evolutionary tools.
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máme niektoré evolučné nástroje.
11:05
We'll call them biological modification tools.
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Hovoríme im biologické
modifikačné nástroje.
modifikačné nástroje.
11:08
We have selection.
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Máme selekciu.
11:10
And we know selection works.
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A vieme, že selekcia funguje.
11:12
We started out with a wolf-like creature
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Začínali sme stvorením,
ktoré vyzerá ako vlk,
ktoré vyzerá ako vlk,
11:15
and we ended up with a Maltese.
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a skončili sme maltezáčikom.
Chcem tým povedať, že...
11:18
I mean, that's --
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11:21
that's definitely genetic modification.
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je to určite genetická modifikácia.
11:25
Or any of the other funny-looking little dogs.
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Alebo ktorýkoľvek z tých smiešne
vyzerajúcich psíkov.
vyzerajúcich psíkov.
11:30
We also have transgenesis.
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Máme aj transgenózu.
11:32
Transgenesis is really cool too.
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Transgenóza je tiež dosť drsná.
11:34
That's where you take a gene out of one animal and stick it in another one.
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Vyberiete gén z jedného zvieraťa
a strčíte ho do iného.
a strčíte ho do iného.
11:37
That's how people make GloFish.
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Ľudia takto vyrábajú GloFish.
11:40
You take a glow gene
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Vezmete fosforeskujúci gén
11:43
out of a coral or a jellyfish
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z koralu či medúzy,
11:47
and you stick it in a zebrafish,
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vrazíte ho do rybky zebričky
11:49
and, puff, they glow.
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a aha, oni svetielkujú.
11:51
And that's pretty cool.
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A to je fakt drsné.
11:53
And they obviously make a lot of money off of them.
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A zjavne na tom zarábajú kopu peňazí.
11:56
And now they're making Glow-rabbits
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A teraz vyrábajú aj svietiace králiky
11:58
and Glow-all-sorts-of-things.
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a všetko, čo môže svietiť.
12:00
I guess we could make a glow chicken.
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Možno sa dajú urobiť aj svietiace kurence.
12:03
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
12:05
But I don't think that'll satisfy the sixth-graders either.
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Ale myslím, že ani toto
šiestakov neuspokojí.
šiestakov neuspokojí.
12:08
But there's another thing.
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Ale je tu ďalšia vec,
12:10
There's what we call atavism activation.
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ktorú nazývame aktivácia atavizmu.
12:13
And atavism activation
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Aktivácia atavizmu
12:15
is basically --
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je v podstate –
12:17
an atavism is an ancestral characteristic.
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atavizmus je znak po predkoch.
12:21
You heard
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Už ste asi počuli,
12:23
that occasionally children are born with tails,
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že sem-tam sa rodia deti s chvostom,
12:26
and it's because it's an ancestral characteristic.
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a práve to je znak po predkoch.
12:30
And so there are a number of atavisms
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Existuje mnoho atavizmov,
12:33
that can happen.
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ktoré sa môžu objaviť.
12:35
Snakes are occasionally born with legs.
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Hady sa občas rodia s nohami.
12:38
And here's an example.
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A tu je jeden príklad.
12:40
This is a chicken with teeth.
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Toto je kura so zubami.
12:43
A fellow by the name of Matthew Harris
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Kolega Matthew Harris
12:45
at the University of Wisconsin in Madison
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z univerzity v Madisone v štáte Wisconsin
12:48
actually figured out a way to stimulate
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objavil spôsob, ako aktivovať
12:51
the gene for teeth,
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zubný gén,
12:54
and so was able to actually turn the tooth gene on
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a dokázal ho skutočne prebudiť
12:57
and produce teeth in chickens.
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a vyvolať u kuriat rast zubov.
13:00
Now that's a good characteristic.
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Toto je dobrý znak.
13:03
We can save that one.
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Ten si môžeme uchovať.
13:06
We know we can use that.
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Vieme, že ho môžeme použiť.
13:08
We can make a chicken with teeth.
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Môžeme vytvoriť kurence so zubami.
13:12
That's getting closer.
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Už sa k tomu blížime.
13:14
That's better than a glowing chicken.
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Je to lepšie ako svetielkujúce kura.
13:16
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
13:18
A friend of mine, a colleague of mine,
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Môj priateľ a kolega
13:20
Dr. Hans Larsson at McGill University,
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Dr. Hans Larsson z McGill University
13:22
is actually looking at atavisms.
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sa zameriava na atavizmy.
13:24
And he's looking at them
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Zaoberá sa tým,
13:26
by looking at the embryo genesis of birds
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že skúma pôvod embryí vtákov
13:29
and actually looking at how they develop,
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a sleduje, ako sa embryá vyvíjajú.
Zaujíma sa tiež o to,
ako vlastne vtáky prišli o chvost.
ako vlastne vtáky prišli o chvost.
13:32
and he's interested in how birds actually lost their tail.
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13:36
He's also interested in the transformation
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Zaujíma sa tiež o premenu
13:38
of the arm, the hand, to the wing.
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končatiny, ruky na krídlo.
13:41
He's looking for those genes as well.
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A hľadá zodpovedajúce gény.
13:43
And I said, "Well, if you can find those,
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Povedal som: „Ak ich nájdeš,
13:46
I can just reverse them
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môžem ich zameniť
13:48
and make what I need to make for the sixth-graders."
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a vytvoriť to, čo
potrebujem pre šiestakov.“
potrebujem pre šiestakov.“
13:51
And so he agreed.
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Tak súhlasil.
13:53
And so that's what we're looking into.
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A teraz to preverujeme.
13:55
If you look at dinosaur hands,
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Ak sa pozriete na dinosaurie ruky,
13:57
a velociraptor
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velociraptor
13:59
has that cool-looking hand with the claws on it.
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mal drsne vyzerajúcu ruku s pazúrmi.
14:01
Archaeopteryx, which is a bird, a primitive bird,
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Archaeopteryx, čo je primitívny vták,
14:04
still has that very primitive hand.
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mal ruku ešte veľmi zaostalú.
14:07
But as you can see, the pigeon,
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Ale ako vidíte, holub,
14:09
or a chicken or anything else, another bird,
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kura alebo akýkoľvek iný vták
14:11
has kind of a weird-looking hand,
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má čudne vyzerajúcu ruku,
pretože z ruky sa stalo krídlo.
14:14
because the hand is a wing.
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14:16
But the cool thing is
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Ale drsná vec je,
14:18
that, if you look in the embryo,
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že ak sa pozriete
na vývoj embrya,
14:21
as the embryo is developing
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ruka vyzerá
14:23
the hand actually looks
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takmer ako ruka Archaeopteryxa.
14:26
pretty much like the archaeopteryx hand.
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14:28
It has the three fingers, the three digits.
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Na ruke má tri prsty, tri články.
14:31
But a gene turns on that actually fuses those together.
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Ale potom sa aktivuje gén,
ktorý ich spojí.
ktorý ich spojí.
14:34
And so what we're looking for is that gene.
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Takže my vlastne hľadáme ten gén.
14:37
We want to stop that gene from turning on,
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Chceme mu zabrániť, aby sa aktivoval
a spojil tie prsty.
a spojil tie prsty.
14:39
fusing those hands together,
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Tak môžeme získať kura,
ktoré sa vyliahne s tromi prstami,
ktoré sa vyliahne s tromi prstami,
14:41
so we can get a chicken that hatches out with a three-fingered hand,
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14:44
like the archaeopteryx.
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ako má Archaeopteryx.
14:46
And the same goes for the tails.
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A to platí rovnako pre chvosty.
14:49
Birds have basically
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Vtáky majú v podstate
zakrpatené chvosty.
14:52
rudimentary tails.
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14:54
And so we know
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A my vieme,
14:57
that in embryo,
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že v embryu,
14:59
as the animal is developing,
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keď sa zviera vyvíja,
15:01
it actually has a relatively long tail.
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má chvost pomerne dlhý.
15:04
But a gene turns on
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Ale s aktiváciou génu
15:06
and resorbs the tail, gets rid of it.
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sa chvost vstrebe, zviera sa ho zbaví.
15:09
So that's the other gene we're looking for.
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To je ďalší gén, ktorý hľadáme.
15:12
We want to stop that tail from resorbing.
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Chceme zachrániť chvost pred pohltením.
15:16
So what we're trying to do really
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Takže sa veľmi snažíme
15:19
is take our chicken,
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zobrať naše kura,
15:22
modify it
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pozmeniť ho
15:24
and make the chickenosaurus.
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a vytvoriť kurosaura.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
15:29
It's a cooler-looking chicken.
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Je to kura s drsnejším výzorom.
15:32
But it's just the very basics.
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Ale to je iba začiatok.
15:35
So that really is what we're doing.
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Tak to naozaj robíme.
15:37
And people always say, "Why do that?
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Ľudia sa vždy pýtajú: „Prečo to robíte?
15:39
Why make this thing?
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Na čo vytvárať niečo také?
15:41
What good is it?"
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Na čo je to dobré?“
15:43
Well, that's a good question.
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To je dobrá otázka.
15:45
Actually, I think it's a great way to teach kids
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Myslím, že to je skvelý spôsob,
ako učiť deti
ako učiť deti
15:47
about evolutionary biology
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evolučnú biológiu, vývojovú biológiu
15:49
and developmental biology
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15:51
and all sorts of things.
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a podobné záležitosti.
15:53
And quite frankly, I think
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A myslím si,
že ak by sa Colonel Sanders
(zakladateľ KFC)
(zakladateľ KFC)
15:56
if Colonel Sanders
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15:58
was to be careful how he worded it,
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vyjadroval prezieravejšie,
16:01
he could actually advertise an extra piece.
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mohol robiť reklamu aj na extra kus.
16:04
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
16:08
Anyway --
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V každom prípade...
16:12
When our dino-chicken hatches,
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Ak sa naše dino-kura vyliahne,
16:16
it will be, obviously, the poster child,
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bude to iste zaujímavý reklamný pútač,
16:19
or what you might call a poster chick,
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alebo možno by sme mali
povedať reklamný vtáčik
povedať reklamný vtáčik
16:22
for technology, entertainment and design.
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na technológiu, zábavu a dizajn.
16:25
Thank you.
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Ďakujem vám.
16:27
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Horner - Dinosaur diggerJack Horner and his dig teams have discovered the first evidence of parental care in dinosaurs, extensive nesting grounds, evidence of dinosaur herds, and the world’s first dinosaur embryos. He's now exploring how to build a dinosaur.
Why you should listen
Paleontologist Jack Horner discovered the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first evidence of dinosaur colonial nesting, the first evidence of parental care among dinosaurs, and the first dinosaur embryos.
Horner's research covers a wide range of topics about dinosaurs, including their behavior, physiology, ecology and evolution. Due to struggles with the learning disability, dyslexia, Horner does not hold a formal college degree but was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Montana in 1986. Also in 1986 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.
He's the Curator of Paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, and is widely acknowledged to be the inspiration for the main character in the book and film Jurassic Park.
Jack Horner | Speaker | TED.com