TED Fellows 2015
Patrícia Medici: The coolest animal you know nothing about ... and how we can save it
Patricia Medici: Det sejeste dyr du ikke ved noget om... og hvordan vi kan redde det
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Selvom tapiren er et af verdens største landpattedyr, er livet for disse enlige, nataktive dyr stadig et mysterie. Kendt som "Det levende fossil," kom den tapir der nu er i skovene og på engene i Sydamerika i dag, ind på den evolutionære scene for mere end 5 millioner år siden. Trusler fra krybskytter, skovfældning og forurening, især i det hurtigt voksende Brasilien, truer tapirens liv. I denne indsigtsfulde TEDtalk, deler bevaringsbiologen, tapir eksperten og TED Fellow Patricia Medici hendes arbejde med disse fantastiske dyr, og udfordrer os med et spørgsmål : Vil vi være ansvarlige for deres uddøen?
Patrícia Medici - Wildlife conservationist
Patrícia Medici leads the longest running conservation project to protect the threatened lowland tapir. Full bio
Patrícia Medici leads the longest running conservation project to protect the threatened lowland tapir. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is one of the most amazing animals
on the face of the Earth.
on the face of the Earth.
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Her er et af verdens mest fantastiske dyr.
Det her er en tapir.
00:18
This is a tapir.
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00:20
Now this, this is a baby tapir,
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Her er en tapir unge
00:24
the cutest animal offspring
in the animal kingdom.
in the animal kingdom.
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Den sødeste dyreunge der findes.
00:28
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
00:30
By far.
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overhovedet,
der er ingen konkurrence.
00:31
There is no competition here.
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Jeg har brugt 20 år af mit liv,
00:35
I have dedicated
the past 20 years of my life
the past 20 years of my life
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på at studere og bevare tapiren
i Brasilien
i Brasilien
00:38
to the research and conservation
of tapirs in Brazil,
of tapirs in Brazil,
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og det har været fantastisk.
00:41
and it has been absolutely amazing.
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På det sidste har jeg tænkt meget over,
00:45
But at the moment,
I've been thinking really, really hard
I've been thinking really, really hard
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effekten af mit arbejde.
00:48
about the impact of my work.
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Jeg har tvivlet på den virkelige effekt
00:51
I've been questioning myself
about the real contributions I have made
about the real contributions I have made
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af mit arbejde for at bevare
mine elskede tapirer.
mine elskede tapirer.
00:55
for the conservation
of these animals I love so much.
of these animals I love so much.
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Er jeg god nok
00:58
Am I being effective
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til at sørge for deres overlevelse?
01:00
in safeguarding their survival?
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Gør jeg nok?
01:03
Am I doing enough?
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Det største spørgsmål er nok,
01:06
I guess the big question here is,
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studerer jeg tapirer,
og bidrager til bevarelsen
og bidrager til bevarelsen
01:08
am I studying tapirs
and contributing to their conservation,
and contributing to their conservation,
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eller dokumenterer jeg deres udryddelse?
01:13
or am I just documenting their extinction?
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Der er så mange bevarelseskriser i verden,
01:17
The world is facing
so many different conservation crises.
so many different conservation crises.
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det ved vi alle,
det er i de daglige nyheder.
det er i de daglige nyheder.
01:21
We all know that.
It's all over the news every day.
It's all over the news every day.
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Tropiske regnskove
og andre økosystemer ødelægges,
og andre økosystemer ødelægges,
01:25
Tropical forests and other ecosystems
are being destroyed,
are being destroyed,
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Klimaforandringer, så
mange arter er tæt på at uddø:
mange arter er tæt på at uddø:
01:29
climate change, so many species
on the brink of extinction:
on the brink of extinction:
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tigere, løver, elefanter,
næsehorn, tapirer.
næsehorn, tapirer.
01:33
tigers, lions, elephants, rhinos, tapirs.
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Det her er lavlandstapiren,
som jeg arbejder med.
som jeg arbejder med.
01:40
This is the lowland tapir,
the tapir species I work with,
the tapir species I work with,
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Det største landpattedyr i Sydamerika.
01:43
the largest terrestrial mammal
of South America.
of South America.
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De er store, de er kraftfulde.
01:47
They're massive. They're powerful.
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Voksne tapirer kan veje 300 kilo.
01:49
Adults can weigh up to 300 kilos.
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Det er halvdelen af en hest.
01:52
That's half the size of a horse.
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De er flotte.
01:54
They're gorgeous.
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Tapirer findes oftest
i tropiske regnskove, som Amazonas.
i tropiske regnskove, som Amazonas.
01:56
Tapirs are mostly found
in tropical forests such as the Amazon,
in tropical forests such as the Amazon,
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Store områder er nødvendige for dem
02:01
and they absolutely need
large patches of habitat
large patches of habitat
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for at de kan finde hvad de har brug for,
for at formere sig og overleve
for at formere sig og overleve
02:05
in order to find all the resources
they need to reproduce and survive.
they need to reproduce and survive.
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men deres leveområder ødelægges.
02:11
But their habitat is being destroyed,
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og de er blevet jagtet væk
fra mange af deres områder.
fra mange af deres områder.
02:14
and they have been hunted out of several
parts of their geographic distribution.
parts of their geographic distribution.
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Det er meget uheldigt.
02:19
And you see, this is
very, very unfortunate
very, very unfortunate
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Tapirer er meget vigtige
i de områder de lever.
i de områder de lever.
02:23
because tapirs are extremely important
for the habitats where they are found.
for the habitats where they are found.
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De er planteædere,
02:27
They're herbivores.
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50 procent af deres kost er frugter,
02:29
Fifty percent of their diet
consists of fruit,
consists of fruit,
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og når de spiser frugten, sluger de frø,
02:32
and when they eat the fruit,
they swallow the seeds,
they swallow the seeds,
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som de spreder igennem deres områder
02:35
which they disperse throughout
the habitat through their feces.
the habitat through their feces.
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De spiller en stor rolle
i at forme og holde
i at forme og holde
02:39
They play this major role
in shaping and maintaining
in shaping and maintaining
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02:43
the structure and diversity of the forest,
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strukturen og forskelligheden i skoven,
og de er derfor kendt
som skovens gartnere.
som skovens gartnere.
02:47
and for that reason, tapirs are known
as gardeners of the forest.
as gardeners of the forest.
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Er det ikke fantastisk?
02:53
Isn't that amazing?
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Hvis du tænker over det,
02:55
If you think about it,
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udryddelsen af tapirer ville påvirke
02:56
the extinction of tapirs
would seriously affect
would seriously affect
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biodiversiteten alvorligt.
03:00
biodiversity as a whole.
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Jeg startede mit tapir arbejde i 1996,
jeg kom lige fra universitetet
jeg kom lige fra universitetet
03:02
I started my tapir work in 1996,
still very young, fresh out of college,
still very young, fresh out of college,
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Det var grundforskning
og bevaringsarbejde.
og bevaringsarbejde.
03:08
and it was a pioneer research
and conservation program.
and conservation program.
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03:12
At that point, we had nearly
zero information about tapirs,
zero information about tapirs,
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På det tidspunkt
vidste vi intet om tapirer,
vidste vi intet om tapirer,
mest fordi de er så svære at studere.
03:15
mostly because they're
so difficult to study.
so difficult to study.
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De er nataktive, enlige, meget sky dyr.
03:18
They're nocturnal, solitary,
very elusive animals,
very elusive animals,
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Vi begyndte at få en basal viden om dem.
03:23
and we got started getting
very basic data about these animals.
very basic data about these animals.
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Men hvad gør man for at bevare et dyr?
03:28
But what is it
that a conservationist does?
that a conservationist does?
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Først har man brug for data,
03:32
Well, first, we need data.
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man har brug for feltforskning.
03:34
We need field research.
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Man har brug for langtidsdata
til at støtte sit arbejde.
til at støtte sit arbejde.
03:36
We need those long-term datasets
to support conservation action,
to support conservation action,
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Jeg fortalte jer lige
at tapirer er svære at studere,
at tapirer er svære at studere,
03:41
and I told you tapirs
are very hard to study,
are very hard to study,
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så vi måtte bruge indirekte metoder.
03:44
so we have to rely
on indirect methods to study them.
on indirect methods to study them.
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Vi måtte fange og bedøve dem,
03:48
We have to capture and anesthetize them
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Så vi kunne sætte gps halsbånd på dem,
03:50
so that we can install GPS collars
around their necks
around their necks
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og følge deres bevægelser.
03:54
and follow their movements,
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Det er en teknik brugt af mange i verden.
03:55
which is a technique used by many
other conservationists around the world.
other conservationists around the world.
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Så kan vi samle informationen
om hvordan de bruger plads,
om hvordan de bruger plads,
04:00
And then we can gather information
about how they use space,
about how they use space,
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hvordan de bevæger sig i landskabet,
04:04
how they move through the landscape,
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hvad er deres vigtigste områder,
04:06
what are their priority habitats,
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og meget mere.
04:08
and so much more.
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Bagefter, skal vi sprede det vi har lært,
04:10
Next, we must disseminate what we learn.
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vi må lære folk om tapirer,
04:14
We have to educate people about tapirs
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04:17
and how important these animals are.
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og hvor vigtige de er.
Det er utroligt hvor mange der ikke ved,
04:19
And it's amazing
how many people around the world
how many people around the world
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hvad en tapir er.
04:23
do not know what a tapir is.
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Faktisk tror mange at det her er en tapir.
04:26
In fact, many people think
this is a tapir.
this is a tapir.
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og det er ikke en tapir.
04:30
Let me tell you, this is not a tapir.
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04:33
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:34
This is a giant anteater.
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Det er en kæmpemyresluger.
04:36
Tapirs do not eat ants. Never. Ever.
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Tapirer spiser aldrig myrer.
Så skal vi uddanne, udbygge kapacitet,
04:42
And then next we have to provide
training, capacity building.
training, capacity building.
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det er vores ansvar
at sørge for de næste kan bevare dyrene.
at sørge for de næste kan bevare dyrene.
04:47
It is our responsibility to prepare
the conservationists of the future.
the conservationists of the future.
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Vi er ved at tabe mange kampe imod uddøen.
04:51
We are losing several
conservation battles,
conservation battles,
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Vi har brug for flere folk der gør som os,
04:54
and we need more people doing what we do,
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og de har brug for evnerne
og lysten til at gøre det.
og lysten til at gøre det.
04:57
and they need the skills,
and they need the passion to do that.
and they need the passion to do that.
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i sidste ende
05:01
Ultimately, we conservationists,
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skal vi kunne bruge vores data,
05:04
we must be able to apply our data,
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bruge vores samlede viden
05:06
to apply our accumulated knowledge
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til at støtte faktiske handlinger.
05:09
to support actual conservation action.
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Vores første tapir program,
05:13
Our first tapir program
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foregik i den atlantiske skov
05:15
took place in the Atlantic Forest
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i det østlige Brasilien.
05:17
in the eastern part of Brazil,
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At af de mest truede økosystemer i verden.
05:19
one of the most threatened
biomes in the world.
biomes in the world.
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Ødelæggelsen af den atlantiske skov
05:22
The destruction of the Atlantic Forest
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begyndte i 1500 tallet,
05:25
began in the early 1500s,
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Da portugeserne først ankom til Brasilien,
05:27
when the Portuguese
first arrived in Brazil,
first arrived in Brazil,
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og begyndte koloniseringen
af det østlige Sydamerika.
af det østlige Sydamerika.
05:30
beginning European colonization
in the eastern part of South America.
in the eastern part of South America.
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Skoven blev næsten fældet helt,
05:34
This forest was almost completely cleared
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for at få tømmer, landbrug, kvæg
og plads til byer,
og plads til byer,
05:37
for timber, agriculture, cattle ranching
and the construction of cities,
and the construction of cities,
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idag er der kun 7 procent
05:43
and today only seven percent
of the Atlantic forest
of the Atlantic forest
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tilbage af den atlantiske skov.
05:46
is still left standing.
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Tapirer findes i meget små,
isolerede grupper.
isolerede grupper.
05:48
And tapirs are found in very, very small,
isolated, disconnected populations.
isolated, disconnected populations.
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I den atlantiske skov, lærte vi
at de går igennem åbne områder
at de går igennem åbne områder
05:55
In the Atlantic Forest, we found out
that tapirs move through open areas
that tapirs move through open areas
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af overdrev og marker.
05:59
of pastureland and agriculture
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fra en lille skov til en anden lille skov.
06:02
going from one patch of forest
to patch of forest.
to patch of forest.
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Så vores indgangsvinkel her
06:06
So our main approach in this region
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var at bruge vores viden,
til at finde de steder
til at finde de steder
06:09
was to use our tapir data
to identify the potential places
to identify the potential places
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hvor en dyrekorridor kan laves
06:13
for the establishment
of wildlife corridors
of wildlife corridors
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imellem de små skove,
06:16
in between those patches of forest,
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og samle leveområderne,
06:19
reconnecting the habitat
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Så tapirer og mange andre dyr
nemt kan krydse landskabet.
nemt kan krydse landskabet.
06:21
so that tapirs and many other animals
could cross the landscape safely.
could cross the landscape safely.
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Efter 12 år i den Atlantiske skov
06:25
After 12 years in the Atlantic Forest,
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udvidede vi i 2008
vores abejde til Pantanal
vores abejde til Pantanal
06:28
in 2008, we expanded our tapir
conservation efforts to the Pantanal
conservation efforts to the Pantanal
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i det vestlige Brasilien
06:33
in the western part of Brazil
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ved grænsen til Bolivia og Paraguay.
06:35
near the border with Bolivia and Paraguay.
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Det er den største ferskvands-
flodslette i verden,
flodslette i verden,
06:39
This is the largest continuous
freshwater floodplain in the world,
freshwater floodplain in the world,
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et helt fantastisk sted,
06:44
an incredible place
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06:46
and one of the most important strongholds
for lowland tapirs in South America.
for lowland tapirs in South America.
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og et af de vigtigste steder
for lavlandstapirer.
for lavlandstapirer.
At arbejde i Pantanal
har været forfriskende,
har været forfriskende,
06:50
And working in the Pantanal
has been extremely refreshing
has been extremely refreshing
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for vi fandt store tapirgrupper i området,
06:55
because we found large,
healthy tapir populations in the area,
healthy tapir populations in the area,
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og vi har kunnet studere tapirer
06:59
and we have been able to study tapirs
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07:01
in the most natural conditions
we'll ever find,
we'll ever find,
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i de mest naturlige omgivelser
man kan finde,
man kan finde,
de er uden nogen trusler.
07:05
very much free of threats.
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07:08
In the Pantanal, besides the GPS collars,
we are using another technique:
we are using another technique:
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Udover gps halsbånd bruger vi i Pantanal
kamerafælder.
07:13
camera traps.
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Kameraet er udstyret med en
bevægelsessensor
bevægelsessensor
07:14
This camera is equipped
with a movement sensor
with a movement sensor
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og fotograferer dyr
når de går ind foran.
når de går ind foran.
07:17
and it photographs animals
when they walk in front of it.
when they walk in front of it.
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Takket være det fantastiske udstyr,
07:20
So thanks to these amazing devices,
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07:22
we have been able
to gather precious information
to gather precious information
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har vi kunnet samle vigtig data
om tapirers formering og
sociale organisering
sociale organisering
07:25
about tapir reproduction
and social organization
and social organization
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hvilket er meget vigtige brikker
07:28
which are very important
pieces of the puzzle
pieces of the puzzle
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når du prøver at udvikle
bevaringsstrategier
bevaringsstrategier
07:31
when you're trying to develop
those conservation strategies.
those conservation strategies.
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og lige nu, i 2015,
udvider vi igen vores arbejde
udvider vi igen vores arbejde
07:35
And right now, 2015,
we are expanding our work once again
we are expanding our work once again
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til det Brasilianske Cerrado,
07:40
to the Brazilian Cerrado,
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græsmarkerne og de lave skove
i det centrale Brasilien.
i det centrale Brasilien.
07:42
the open grasslands and shrub forests
in the central part of Brazil.
in the central part of Brazil.
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Idag er det centrum
for den økonomiske udvikling.
for den økonomiske udvikling.
07:46
Today this region is the very epicenter
of economic development in my country,
of economic development in my country,
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Natur og dyreliv
07:53
where natural habitat
and wildlife populations
and wildlife populations
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bliver hurtigt udryddet af flere trusler,
07:56
are rapidly being eradicated
by several different threats,
by several different threats,
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inklusiv, igen, kvægbrug,
08:00
including once again cattle ranching,
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store sukkerrør- og sojabønneplantager,
08:02
large sugarcane and soybean plantations,
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krybskytteri, biler,
for at nævne nogle få.
for at nævne nogle få.
08:05
poaching, roadkill, just to name a few.
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Mærkeligt nok, er tapiren der stadig,
08:09
And somehow, tapirs are still there,
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hvilket giver mit en masse håb
08:12
which gives me a lot of hope.
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men jeg må sige, at starte det nye program
08:15
But I have to say that starting
this new program in the Cerrado
this new program in the Cerrado
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var lidt et slag i ansigtet.
08:19
was a bit of a slap in the face.
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Når du kører rundt
08:22
When you drive around
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og finder døde tapirer
i vejkanten,
i vejkanten,
08:23
and you find dead tapirs
along the highways
along the highways
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og tegn på tapirer der går rundt i sukkerplantager
08:27
and signs of tapirs wandering around
in the middle of sugarcane plantations
in the middle of sugarcane plantations
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hvor de ikke skulle være,
08:32
where they shouldn't be,
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og du taler med børn
som ved hvordan tapir smager
som ved hvordan tapir smager
08:34
and you talk to kids and they tell you
that they know how tapir meat tastes
that they know how tapir meat tastes
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08:39
because their families poach and eat them,
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fordi deres familier fanger og spiser dem.
Så knuser det dit hjerte.
08:42
it really breaks your heart.
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Situationen i Cerrado
fik mig til at indse -
fik mig til at indse -
08:46
The situation in the Cerrado
made me realize --
made me realize --
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det gav mig en følelse af travlhed,
08:49
it gave me the sense of urgency.
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jeg svømmer imod strømmen -
08:52
I am swimming against the tide.
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Det gik mig til at indse,
at på trods af 20 års arbejde
at på trods af 20 års arbejde
08:54
It made me realize that despite
two decades of hard work
two decades of hard work
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for at redde de her dyr
mangler der stadig meget
mangler der stadig meget
08:58
trying to save these animals,
we still have so much work to do
we still have so much work to do
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09:01
if we are to prevent them
from disappearing.
from disappearing.
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hvis vi skal forhindre dem
i at forsvinde.
i at forsvinde.
Vi skal finde løsninger
på alle de her problemer
på alle de her problemer
09:04
We have to find ways
to solve all these problems.
to solve all these problems.
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og ved i hvad?
09:08
We really do, and you know what?
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Vi er nået til et punkt
09:10
We really came to a point
in the conservation world
in the conservation world
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hvor vi må tænke udenfor kassen.
09:14
where we have to think out of the box.
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Vi bliver nødt til at være mere kreative.
09:16
We'll have to be a lot more creative
than we are right now.
than we are right now.
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09:20
And I told you, roadkill is a big problem
for tapirs in the Cerrado,
for tapirs in the Cerrado,
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Jeg fortalte jer, at biler er et problem
for tapirer i Cerrado,
for tapirer i Cerrado,
09:24
so we just came up with the idea
of putting reflective stickers
of putting reflective stickers
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Så vi fandt på at sætte reflekser
på gps halsbåndene vi sætter på tapirerne
09:28
on the GPS collars we put on the tapirs.
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de samme reflekser
som bruges på lastbiler,
som bruges på lastbiler,
09:30
These are the same stickers
used on big trucks
used on big trucks
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09:33
to avoid collision.
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til at undgå uheld.
09:34
Tapirs cross the highways after dark,
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Tapirer krydser vejene om natten,
09:38
so the stickers will hopefully
help drivers see this shining thing
help drivers see this shining thing
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så reflekserne hjælper forhåbenligt
så man kan se dem krydse vejen,
09:43
crossing the highway,
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09:44
and maybe they will
slow down a little bit.
slow down a little bit.
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og måske sættes farten en smule ned.
09:48
For now, this is just a crazy idea.
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lige nu, er det bare en skør ide.
Vi ved det ikke, vi vil se om det hjælper.
09:50
We don't know. We'll see if it will
reduce the amount of tapir roadkill.
reduce the amount of tapir roadkill.
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Pointen er at måske er det sådan noget
vi må gøre.
vi må gøre.
09:55
But the point is, maybe this is
the kind of stuff that needs to be done.
the kind of stuff that needs to be done.
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Selvom jeg kæmper med de her spørgsmål
10:00
And although I'm struggling
with all these questions
with all these questions
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indeni mig lige nu,
10:04
in my mind right now,
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10:07
I have a pact with tapirs.
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har jeg en pakt med tapirerne.
jeg ved inderst inde
10:10
I know in my heart
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at tapirbevarelse er mit kald.
10:12
that tapir conservation is my cause.
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Det er min passion.
10:15
This is my passion.
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Jeg er ikke alene,
10:16
I am not alone.
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jeg har et stort netværk af støtter,
10:18
I have this huge network
of supporters behind me,
of supporters behind me,
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og der er ingen måde hvor jeg stopper.
10:22
and there is no way
I'm ever going to stop.
I'm ever going to stop.
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Jeg vil fortsætte, nok resten af mit liv.
10:25
I will continue doing this,
most probably for the rest of my life.
most probably for the rest of my life.
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10:29
And I'll keep doing this
for Patrícia, my namesake,
for Patrícia, my namesake,
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Jeg vil gøre det for Patricia,
min navnesøster,
min navnesøster,
en af de første tapirer vi fangede
og fulgte i den Atlantiske skov.
og fulgte i den Atlantiske skov.
10:33
one of the first tapirs we captured
and monitored in the Atlantic Forest
and monitored in the Atlantic Forest
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For mange, mange år siden.
10:37
many, many years ago;
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for Rita og hendes unge
Vincent i Pantanal.
Vincent i Pantanal.
10:39
for Rita and her baby Vincent
in the Pantanal.
in the Pantanal.
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og jeg vil fortsætte for Ted
en tapir unge vi fangede,
en tapir unge vi fangede,
10:44
And I'll keep doing this for Ted,
a baby tapir we captured
a baby tapir we captured
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10:48
in December last year
also in the Pantanal.
also in the Pantanal.
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i december sidste år,
også i Pantanal.
også i Pantanal.
10:51
And I will keep doing this
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og jeg vil fortsætte
for de hundreder af tapirer
som jeg har mødt
som jeg har mødt
10:54
for the hundreds of tapirs
that I've had the pleasure to meet
that I've had the pleasure to meet
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igennem årerne.
10:57
over the years
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10:59
and the many others I know
I will encounter in the future.
I will encounter in the future.
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og de mange andre jeg vil møde.
De her dyr fortjener at overleve.
11:02
These animals deserve to be cared for.
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De har brug for mig, brug for os,
11:05
They need me. They need us.
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og ved i hvad?
Vi fortjener at leve i en verden
Vi fortjener at leve i en verden
11:08
And you know? We human beings
deserve to live in a world
deserve to live in a world
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hvor vi kan gå ud og se en fordel i
11:13
where we can get out there
and see and benefit from
and see and benefit from
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ikke bare tapirer
11:17
not only tapirs
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men alle de andre smukke arter,
11:19
but all the other beautiful species,
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nu og i fremtiden.
11:22
now and in the future.
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Tusind tak.
11:25
Thank you so much.
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(Klapsalver)
11:27
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patrícia Medici - Wildlife conservationistPatrícia Medici leads the longest running conservation project to protect the threatened lowland tapir.
Why you should listen
Patrícia Medici is a Brazilian conservation biologist whose main professional interests are tapir conservation, tropical forest conservation, metapopulation management, landscape ecology and community-based conservation.
For the past 20 years, Patrícia has been working for a Brazilian non-governmental organization called IPÊ, Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (Institute for Ecological Research), of which she was one of the founding members together with Cláudio and Suzana Padua. Since 1996, Patrícia has coordinated the Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative in Brazil. Since 2000, Patrícia has been the Chairperson of the IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG), a network of over 120 tapir conservationists from 27 different countries worldwide.
Patrícia has a Bachelor’s Degree in Forestry Sciences from the São Paulo University (USP – Universidade de São Paulo), a Masters Degree in Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais), Brazil, and a Ph.D. Degree in Biodiversity Management from the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, United Kingdom.
Patrícia has been honored with three very prestigious conservation awards: Harry Messel Conservation Leadership Award from the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004, Golden Ark Award from the Golden Ark Foundation in the Netherlands in 2008, and Whitley Award from the Whitley Fund for Nature in the United Kingdom also in 2008. Patrícia received the 2011 Research Prize from the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) of the University of Kent in the United Kingdom.
Patrícia Medici | Speaker | TED.com