TEDGlobal 2010
Iain Hutchison: Saving faces: A facial surgeon's craft
Iain Hutchison: Spašavanje lica
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
660,758 views
Facijalni kirurg Iain Hutchison radi s ljudima čija su lica teško izobličena. Pritiskom na poboljšanje kirurških tehnika, pomaže u poboljšanju njihovih života; i ponovnim korištenjem njihovih portreta, slavi njihovu ljudskost. NAPOMENA: Ovaj govor sadrži slike izobličenih i teško ozlijeđenih lica koje mogu biti uznemiravajuće – i Hutschison daje obazrive odgovore o tome zašto nas unakažena lica mogu toliko jako šokirati. Gadljivi? Prekrijte svoj zaslon od 12:10 do 13:19, ali nastavite slušati. Portreti prikazani u ovom razgovoru dolaze od Marka Gilberta.
Iain Hutchison - Facial surgeon
Iain Hutchison is a pioneering oral and facial surgeon; his foundation, Saving Faces, explores the nature of our expressions. Full bio
Iain Hutchison is a pioneering oral and facial surgeon; his foundation, Saving Faces, explores the nature of our expressions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Our face is hugely important
0
0
3000
Naše je lice veoma važno
00:18
because it's the external, visual part
1
3000
2000
jer je to vanjski, vizualni dio
00:20
that everybody else sees.
2
5000
2000
koji svatko vidi.
00:22
Let's not forget it's a functional entity.
3
7000
2000
Ne zaboravimo da je i funkcionalni entitet.
00:24
We have strong skull bones
4
9000
2000
Imamo snažne kosti lubanje
00:26
that protect the most important organ in our body: the brain.
5
11000
3000
koje štite najvažniji organ našega tijela: mozak.
00:29
It's where our senses are located, our special senses --
6
14000
3000
Tamo su smještena naša osjetila, naša posebna osjetila –-
00:32
our vision, our speech,
7
17000
2000
naš vid, naš govor,
00:34
our hearing, our smell, our taste.
8
19000
2000
naš sluh, naš miris, naš okus.
00:36
And this bone
9
21000
2000
I ova je kost
00:38
is peppered, as you can see, with the light shining through the skull
10
23000
3000
posuta, kao što možete vidjeti, svjetlom koje sja kroz lubanju
00:41
with cavities, the sinuses,
11
26000
2000
kroz šupljine, sinuse,
00:43
which warm and moisten the air we breathe.
12
28000
3000
koji griju i vlaže zrak koji udišemo.
00:46
But also imagine if they were filled with solid bone --
13
31000
3000
Također zamislite, kad bi bili ispunjeni čvrstom kosti,
00:49
our head would be dead weight,
14
34000
2000
naša glava bi bila preteška,
00:51
we wouldn't be able to hold it erect,
15
36000
2000
ne bismo je mogli držati uspravno,
00:53
we wouldn't be able to look at the world around us.
16
38000
3000
ne bismo mogli gledati svijet oko nas.
01:02
This woman is slowly dying
17
47000
2000
Ova žena polako umire
01:04
because the benign tumors in her facial bones
18
49000
3000
jer su dobroćudni tumori u njezinim facijalnim kostima
01:07
have completely obliterated her mouth and her nose
19
52000
3000
potpuno uništili njezina usta i njezin nos
01:10
so she can't breathe and eat.
20
55000
2000
pa ne može disati ni jesti.
01:12
Attached to the facial bones
21
57000
2000
Pripojeni kostima lica
01:14
that define our face's structure
22
59000
4000
koje definiraju strukturu našega lica
01:18
are the muscles that deliver our facial expression,
23
63000
3000
mišići su koji tvore naš izraz lica,
01:21
our universal language of expression,
24
66000
3000
naš jedinstveni jezik izraza,
01:24
our social-signaling system.
25
69000
2000
naš socijalni sistem signalizacije.
01:26
And overlying this is the skin drape,
26
71000
3000
Preko toga je položena naša koža
01:29
which is a hugely complex
27
74000
2000
koja je izrazito složena
01:31
three-dimensional structure --
28
76000
2000
trodimenzionalna struktura –-
01:33
taking right-angled bends here and there,
29
78000
2000
uz pravokutna savijanja tu i tamo,
01:35
having thin areas like the eyelids,
30
80000
3000
uz tanka područja poput kapaka,
01:38
thick areas like the cheek, different colors.
31
83000
3000
debelih područja poput obraza, razne boje.
01:41
And then we have the sensual factor of the face.
32
86000
3000
Onda imamo senzualni faktor lica.
01:44
Where do we like to kiss people?
33
89000
2000
Gdje mi volimo ljubiti ljude?
01:46
On the lips. Nibble the ears maybe.
34
91000
3000
U usne. Možda volimo grickati uši.
01:49
It's the face where we're attracted to with that.
35
94000
3000
Time smo privučeni licu.
01:52
But let's not forget the hair.
36
97000
2000
Ali ne zaboravimo dlake.
01:54
You're looking at the image on your left-hand side --
37
99000
2000
Gledate sliku na svojoj lijevoj strani –-
01:56
that's my son with his eyebrows present.
38
101000
2000
to je moj sin sa svojim obrvama.
01:58
Look how odd he looks with the eyebrows missing.
39
103000
3000
Progledajte kako čudno izgleda kada nema obrve.
02:01
There's a definite difference.
40
106000
2000
Postoji velika razlika.
02:03
And imagine if he had hair sprouting from the middle of his nose,
41
108000
2000
I zamislite da ima dlake koje rastu po sredini njegova nosa,
02:05
he'd look even odder still.
42
110000
2000
izgledao bi čak još čudnije.
02:07
Dysmorphophobia
43
112000
2000
Dismorfofobija
02:09
is an extreme version
44
114000
2000
je ekstremna verzija
02:11
of the fact that we don't see ourselves
45
116000
2000
činjenice da se ne vidimo onako
02:13
as others see us.
46
118000
2000
kako nas drugi vide.
02:15
It's a shocking truth
47
120000
2000
Šokantna je istina
02:17
that we only see mirror images of ourselves,
48
122000
3000
da mi vidimo samo svoje zrcalne slike,
02:20
and we only see ourselves
49
125000
2000
a vidimo se samo
02:22
in freeze-frame photographic images
50
127000
2000
u zamrznutim fotografijama
02:24
that capture a mere fraction of the time that we live.
51
129000
3000
koje prikazuju tek dijelić vremena koji živimo.
02:27
Dysmorphophobia
52
132000
2000
Dismorfofobija
02:29
is a perversion of this
53
134000
2000
je izopačenost
02:31
where people who may be very good looking
54
136000
2000
pri kojoj ljudi koji možda odlično izgledaju
02:33
regard themselves as hideously ugly
55
138000
2000
vide sebe kao odvratno ružne
02:35
and are constantly seeking surgery
56
140000
2000
i konstantno traže operacije
02:37
to correct their facial appearance.
57
142000
3000
kako bi popravili izgled svoga lica.
02:40
They don't need this. They need psychiatric help.
58
145000
3000
Nije im ovo potrebno, njima treba psihijatrijska pomoć.
02:43
Max has kindly donated his photograph to me.
59
148000
2000
Max mi je ljubazno poklonio ovu fotografiju.
02:45
He doesn't have dysmorphophobia, but I'm using his photograph
60
150000
3000
On nema dismorfofobiju, ali ipak koristim ovu fotografiju
02:48
to illustrate the fact that he looks exactly like a dysmorphophobic.
61
153000
2000
kako bih ilustrirao činjenicu da on izgleda baš kao dismorfofobična osoba.
02:50
In other words, he looks entirely normal.
62
155000
3000
Drugim riječima, izgleda potpuno normalno.
02:53
Age is another thing
63
158000
3000
Dob je još jedna stvar
02:56
when our attitude toward our appearance changes.
64
161000
2000
pri kojoj se naš stav prema našem izgledu mijenja.
02:58
So children judge themselves, learn to judge themselves,
65
163000
3000
Djeca se osuđuju, uče kako se osuđivati
03:01
by the behavior of adults around them.
66
166000
3000
iz ponašanja odraslih u njhovoj blizini.
03:04
Here's a classic example: Rebecca has a benign blood vessel tumor
67
169000
3000
Evo klasičnog primjera: Rebbecca ima dobroćudni tumor krvnih žila
03:07
that's growing out through her skull, has obliterated her nose,
68
172000
3000
koji se širi kroz njezinu lubanju, koji joj je uništio nos
03:10
and she's having difficulty seeing.
69
175000
2000
i ima poteškoća s vidom.
03:12
As you can see, it's blocking her vision.
70
177000
2000
Kao što možete vidjeti, blokira joj vid.
03:14
She's also in danger, when she damages this,
71
179000
2000
Također je u opasnosti da, kada ošteti ovo,
03:16
of bleeding profusely.
72
181000
2000
dođe do obilnog krvarenja.
03:18
Our research has shown
73
183000
2000
Naše je istraživanje pokazalo
03:20
that the parents and close loved ones of these children
74
185000
3000
da ih roditelji i bliske voljene osobe ove djece
03:23
adore them.
75
188000
2000
obožavaju.
03:25
They've grown used to their face; they think they're special.
76
190000
3000
Navikli su se na njihova lica; misle da su oni posebni.
03:28
Actually, sometimes the parents argue
77
193000
2000
Zapravo, ponekad se roditelji svađaju
03:30
about whether these children should have the lesion removed.
78
195000
3000
oko toga treba li ukloniti leziju.
03:33
And occasionally they suffer intense grief reactions
79
198000
2000
Ponekad se bore s teškim osjećajem tuge
03:35
because the child they've grown to love
80
200000
2000
jer se dijete koje su naučili voljeti
03:37
has changed so dramatically and they don't recognize them.
81
202000
3000
promijeni toliko dramatično da ih ne prepoznaju.
03:40
But other adults
82
205000
2000
Ali ostali odrasli
03:42
say incredibly painful things.
83
207000
2000
govore strašno bolne stvari.
03:44
They say, "How dare you take this child out of the house
84
209000
2000
Govore ''Kako se usuđujete izvesti ovo dijete iz kuće
03:46
and terrify other people.
85
211000
2000
i strašiti druge ljude.
03:48
Shouldn't you be doing something about this? Why haven't you had it removed?"
86
213000
3000
Ne biste li trebali učini nešto oko toga? Zašto niste to uklonili?''
03:51
And other children in curiosity come up and poke the lesion,
87
216000
3000
i druga djeca iz znatiželje dođu i bodu leziju
03:54
because -- a natural curiosity.
88
219000
2000
zbog –- prirodne znatiželje.
03:56
And that obviously alerts the child
89
221000
2000
I to očito upozorava dijete
03:58
to their unusual nature.
90
223000
2000
na njegovu neuobičajenu prirodu.
04:00
After surgery, everything normalizes.
91
225000
3000
Nakon operacije, sve dolazi u normalu.
04:03
The adults behave more naturally,
92
228000
2000
Odrasli se ponašaju prirodnije
04:05
and the children play more readily with other children.
93
230000
3000
i djeca se spremnije igraju s drugom djecom.
04:08
As teenagers --
94
233000
3000
Kao tinejdžeri –-
04:11
just think back to your teenage years --
95
236000
2000
samo se sjetite svojih tinejdžerskih godina –-
04:13
we're going through a dramatic
96
238000
2000
prolazimo kroz dramatičnu
04:15
and often disproportionate change
97
240000
2000
i često neproporcionalnu promjenu
04:17
in our facial appearance.
98
242000
2000
u našem izgledu lica.
04:19
We're trying to struggle to find our identity.
99
244000
2000
Pokušavamo se boriti i pronaći svoj identitet.
04:21
We crave the approval of our peers.
100
246000
2000
Žudimo za odobrenjem vršnjaka.
04:23
So our facial appearance is vital to us
101
248000
3000
Tako nam je naš izgled lica iznimno bitan
04:26
as we're trying to project ourselves to the world.
102
251000
2000
jer se pokušavamo projicirati svijetu.
04:28
Just remember that single acne spot
103
253000
2000
Samo se sjetite tog prištića
04:30
that crippled you for several days.
104
255000
3000
koji vas je onesposobio na nekoliko dana.
04:34
How long did you spend looking in the mirror every day,
105
259000
3000
Koliko ste vremena proveli gledajući se u ogledalu svakog dana,
04:37
practicing your sardonic look, practicing your serious look,
106
262000
3000
vježbajući svoj podrugljiv pogled, vježbajući svoj ozbiljan pogled,
04:40
trying to look like Sean Connery, as I did,
107
265000
2000
pokušavajući izgledati kao Sean Connery, kao što sam ja,
04:42
trying to raise one eyebrow?
108
267000
2000
pokušavajući podići jednu obrvu.
04:44
It's a crippling time.
109
269000
2000
To je vrijeme invalidnosti.
04:46
I've chosen to show this profile view of Sue
110
271000
4000
Odlučio sam vam pokazati ovaj Suein profil
04:50
because what it shows is her lower jaw jutting forward
111
275000
3000
jer ono što pokazuje je njezina donja čeljust kako strši van
04:53
and her lower lip jutting forward.
112
278000
2000
i njezina donja usna kako strši naprijed.
04:55
I'd like you all in the audience now to push your lower jaw forward.
113
280000
3000
Sada bih volio kada biste vi svi u publici izbacili donju čeljust van,
04:58
Turn to the person next to you,
114
283000
2000
okrenuli se prema osobi do vas,
05:00
push your lower jaws forward. Turn to the person next to you
115
285000
2000
izbacili donju čeljust van, okrenuli se osobi do sebe
05:02
and look at them -- they look miserable.
116
287000
2000
i pogledali ih –- izgledaju jadno.
05:04
That's exactly what people used to say to Sue.
117
289000
3000
To je točno ono što su ljudi govorili Sue.
05:07
She wasn't miserable at all.
118
292000
2000
Ona nije uopće bila jadna.
05:09
But people used to say to her, "Why are you so miserable?"
119
294000
3000
Ali ljudi su joj govorili ''Zašto si tako jadna?''
05:13
People were making misjudgments all the time
120
298000
3000
Ljudi su stalno krivo tumačili
05:16
on her mood.
121
301000
2000
njezino raspoloženje.
05:18
Teachers and peers were underestimating her; she was teased at school.
122
303000
3000
Učitelji i vršnjaci su je podcjenjivali, zadirkivali su je u školi.
05:21
So she chose to have facial surgery.
123
306000
2000
Zato se odlučila na operaciju lica.
05:23
After the facial surgery,
124
308000
2000
Nakon operacije
05:25
she said, "My face now reflects my personality.
125
310000
3000
je rekla ''Moje lice sada reflektira moju osobnost.
05:28
People know now that I'm enthusiastic,
126
313000
3000
Ljudi sada znaju da sam entuzijastična,
05:31
that I'm a happy person."
127
316000
2000
da sam sretna osoba.''
05:33
And that's the change that can be achieved for teenagers.
128
318000
4000
I to je promjena koja se može učiniti za tinejdžere.
05:37
Is this change, though, a real change,
129
322000
2000
Je li ova promjena uistinu prava promjena
05:39
or is it a figment of the imagination
130
324000
3000
ili je samo izmišljotina mašte
05:42
of the patient themselves?
131
327000
2000
samoga pacijenta?
05:44
Well we studied teenagers' attitudes
132
329000
2000
Proučavali smo stavove tinejdžera
05:46
to photographs of patients having this corrective facial surgery.
133
331000
2000
o fotografijama pacijenata koji su imali ove korekcijske operacije lica.
05:48
And what we found was --
134
333000
3000
Ono što smo otkrili je --
05:51
we jumbled up the photographs
135
336000
2000
izmiješali smo fotografije
05:53
so they couldn't recognize the before and after --
136
338000
2000
tako da ne bi mogli prepoznati 'prije' i 'poslije' –-
05:55
what we found was that the patients were regarded
137
340000
2000
ono što smo otkrili je da su pacijenti smatrani
05:57
as being more attractive after the surgery.
138
342000
2000
privlačnijima nakon operacije.
05:59
Well that's not surprising, but we also asked them to judge them
139
344000
3000
To i nije iznenađujuće, ali smo ih također pitali da ih procijene
06:02
on honesty, intelligence,
140
347000
2000
prema iskrenosti, inteligenciji,
06:04
friendliness, violence.
141
349000
3000
ljubaznosti, nasilju.
06:07
They were all perceived as being
142
352000
2000
Svi su doživljeni
06:09
less than normal in all those characteristics --
143
354000
2000
kao ispodprosječni u svim tim karakteristikama --
06:11
more violent, etc. -- before the surgery.
144
356000
3000
nasilniji, itd. -- prije operacije.
06:14
After the surgery,
145
359000
2000
Nakon operacije,
06:16
they were perceived as being more intelligent,
146
361000
2000
doživljeni su kao inteligentniji,
06:18
more friendly, more honest, less violent --
147
363000
3000
srdačniji, pošteniji, manje nasilni --
06:21
and yet we hadn't operated on their intellect
148
366000
2000
a ipak im nismo operirali intelekt
06:23
or their character.
149
368000
2000
ni karakter.
06:25
When people get older,
150
370000
2000
Kada ljudi ostare,
06:27
they don't necessarily choose to follow this kind of surgery.
151
372000
3000
ne odabiru nužno ovu vrstu operacije.
06:30
Their presence in the consultation suite
152
375000
2000
Njihova prisutnost u konzultacijskoj sobi
06:32
is a result of the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune.
153
377000
3000
rezultat je bešćutne igre sudbine.
06:35
What happens to them
154
380000
2000
Ono što im se događa
06:37
is that they may have suffered cancer or trauma.
155
382000
2000
je da su možda preživjeli rak ili traumu.
06:39
So this is a photograph of Henry,
156
384000
2000
Ovo je fotografija Henryja
06:41
two weeks after he had a malignant cancer removed
157
386000
3000
dva tjedna nakon što mu je uklonjen zloćudan tumor
06:44
from the left side of his face -- his cheekbone,
158
389000
3000
iz lijeve strane lica -- njegova jagodična kost,
06:47
his upper jaw, his eye-socket.
159
392000
2000
njegova gornja čeljust, njegova očna duplja.
06:49
He looks pretty good at this stage.
160
394000
2000
U ovoj fazi izgleda prilično dobro.
06:51
But over the course of the next 15 years he had 14 more operations,
161
396000
3000
Ali tijekom sljedećih 15 godina imao je još 14 operacija
06:54
as the disease ravaged his face
162
399000
2000
jer je bolest opustošila njegovo lice
06:56
and destroyed my reconstruction regularly.
163
401000
2000
i redovito uništavala moju rekonstrukciju.
06:58
I learned a huge amount from Henry.
164
403000
2000
Henry me naučio mnogo toga.
07:00
Henry taught me
165
405000
2000
Henry me naučio
07:02
that you can carry on working.
166
407000
2000
da možeš nastaviti s poslom.
07:04
He worked as an advocate. He continued to play cricket.
167
409000
3000
Radio je kao pravnik. Nastavio je igrati kriket.
07:07
He enjoyed life to the full,
168
412000
2000
U potpunosti je uživao u životu.
07:09
and this was probably because he had a successful, fulfilling job
169
414000
2000
I to je vjerojatno razlog što je imao uspješan, ispunjavajući posao
07:11
and a caring family
170
416000
2000
i brižnu obitelj
07:13
and was able to participate socially.
171
418000
2000
i što je mogao društveno sudjelovati.
07:15
He maintained a calm insouciance.
172
420000
3000
Održavao je smirenu bezbrižnost.
07:18
I don't say he overcame this; he didn't overcome it.
173
423000
3000
Ne kažem da je savladao ovo; nije pobijedio.
07:21
This was something more than that. He ignored it.
174
426000
3000
Ovo je bilo nešto više od toga. Ignorirao je to.
07:24
He ignored the disfigurement that was happening in his life
175
429000
3000
Ignorirao je unakaženost koja se događala u njegovu životu
07:27
and carried on oblivious to it.
176
432000
3000
i nastavio nesvjestan toga.
07:30
And that's what these people can do.
177
435000
2000
I to je ono što ovi ljudi mogu učiniti.
07:32
Henriapi illustrates this phenomenon as well.
178
437000
2000
Henriapi također ilustrira ovaj fenomen.
07:34
This is a man in his 20s
179
439000
2000
Ovo je čovjek u dvadesetima
07:36
whose first visit out of Nigeria was with this malignant cancer
180
441000
3000
čiji je prvi posjet izvan Nigerije i to zbog ovog zloćudnog tumora
07:39
that he came to the United Kingdom to have operated on.
181
444000
2000
bio posjet Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu kako bi bio operiran.
07:41
It was my longest operation.
182
446000
2000
To je bila moja najdulja operacija.
07:43
It took 23 hours. I did it with my neurosurgeon.
183
448000
3000
Trajala je 23 sata. Odradio sam je sa svojim neurokirurgom.
07:46
We removed all the bones at the right side of his face --
184
451000
2000
Uklonili smo sve kosti desne strane njegova lica --
07:48
his eye, his nose,
185
453000
2000
njegovo oko, njegov nos,
07:50
the skull bones, the facial skin --
186
455000
2000
kosti lubanje, kožu s lica –
07:52
and reconstructed him with tissue from the back.
187
457000
3000
i rekonstruirali ga tkivom s leđa.
07:55
He continued to work as a psychiatric nurse.
188
460000
2000
Nastavio je raditi kao psihijatrijski medicinski tehničar.
07:57
He got married. He had a son called Jeremiah.
189
462000
3000
Oženio se. Dobio je sina, Jeremiaha.
08:00
And again, he said,
190
465000
2000
I ponovno, rekao je
08:02
"This painting of me with my son Jeremiah
191
467000
3000
''Ova slika mene s mojim sinom Jeremiahom
08:05
shows me as the successful man that I feel that I am."
192
470000
3000
pokazuje me kao uspješnog muškarca kakav osjećam da jesam.''
08:08
His facial disfigurement
193
473000
2000
Njegova izobličenost lica
08:10
did not affect him
194
475000
2000
nije utjecala na njega
08:12
because he had the support of a family;
195
477000
2000
jer je imao podršku obitelji,
08:14
he had a successful, fulfilling job.
196
479000
2000
imao je uspješan, ispunjavajući posao.
08:16
So we've seen that we can change people's faces.
197
481000
3000
Vidjeli smo da možemo mijenjati ljudska lica.
08:19
But when we change people's faces,
198
484000
2000
Ali kada promijenimo lica ljudi,
08:21
are we changing their identity --
199
486000
2000
mijenjamo li i njihov identitet,
08:23
for better or for worse?
200
488000
3000
na bolje ili na gore?
08:26
For instance,
201
491000
2000
Na primjer,
08:28
there are two different types of facial surgery.
202
493000
2000
postoje dvije različite vrste operacija lica.
08:30
We can categorize it like that.
203
495000
2000
Možemo ih kategorizirati tako.
08:32
We can say there are patients who choose to have facial surgery --
204
497000
2000
Možemo reći da postoje pacijenti koji izaberu podvrgnuti se operaciji lica --
08:34
like Sue.
205
499000
2000
poput Sue.
08:36
When they have facial surgery,
206
501000
2000
Kada imaju operaciju lica,
08:38
they feel their lives have changed
207
503000
2000
osjećaju kako su im se životi promijenili
08:40
because other people perceive them
208
505000
3000
jer ih drugi ljudi vide
08:43
as better people.
209
508000
2000
kao bolje ljude.
08:45
They don't feel different.
210
510000
2000
Ne osjećaju se drugačije.
08:47
They feel that they've actually gained
211
512000
2000
Osjećaju da su zapravo dobili
08:49
what they never had,
212
514000
2000
nešto što nikada nisu imali,
08:51
that their face now reflects their personality.
213
516000
2000
da njihovo lice sada odražava njihovu osobnost.
08:53
And actually that's probably the difference between cosmetic surgery
214
518000
3000
I zapravo to je vjerojatno razlika između kozmetične kirurgije
08:56
and this kind of surgery.
215
521000
2000
i ove vrste operacija.
08:58
Because you might say, "Well, this type of surgery
216
523000
3000
Jer mogli biste reći ''Pa, ova vrsta operacije
09:01
might be regarded as cosmetic."
217
526000
2000
mogla bi biti viđena kao kozmetična.''
09:03
If you do cosmetic surgery, patients are often less happy.
218
528000
3000
Ako odu na plastičnu operaciju, pacijenti su često manje sretni.
09:06
They're trying to achieve difference in their lives.
219
531000
3000
Pokušavaju postići razliku u svojim životima.
09:12
Sue wasn't trying to achieve difference in her life.
220
537000
2000
Sue nije pokušavala postići razliku u svojem životu,
09:14
She was just trying to achieve the face
221
539000
2000
jednostavno je pokušavala dobiti lice
09:16
that matched her personality.
222
541000
2000
koje će odgovarati njezinoj osobnosti.
09:18
But then we have other people
223
543000
2000
Ali s druge strane imamo ljude
09:20
who don't choose to have facial surgery.
224
545000
2000
koji ne izabiru sami operaciju lica.
09:22
They're people who have their face shot off.
225
547000
2000
Postoje ljudi kojima je lice propucano.
09:24
I'll move it off, and we'll have a blank slide for those who are squeamish amongst you.
226
549000
3000
Ja ću ga odstraniti pa ćemo imati praznu stranicu za one među vama koji su gadljivi.
09:27
They have it forced upon them.
227
552000
2000
Njima je to nametnuto.
09:29
And again, as I told you,
228
554000
2000
I ponovno, kao što sam vam rekao,
09:31
if they have a caring family
229
556000
2000
ako imaju brižnu obitelj
09:33
and good work life,
230
558000
3000
i dobar poslovni život,
09:36
then they can lead normal and fulfilled lives.
231
561000
3000
mogu voditi normalan i ispunjen život. .
09:39
Their identity doesn't change.
232
564000
2000
Njihov se identitet ne mijenja.
09:41
Is this business
233
566000
2000
Je li ova strka
09:43
about appearance and preoccupation with it
234
568000
2000
oko izgleda i preokupiranosti njime
09:45
a Western phenomenon?
235
570000
2000
zapadnjački fenomen?
09:47
Muzetta's family give the lie to this.
236
572000
3000
Muzettina obitelj opovrgava ovo.
09:50
This is a little Bangladeshi girl from the east end of London
237
575000
3000
Ovo je mala djevojčica iz Bangladeša iz istočne četvrti Londona
09:53
who's got a huge malignant tumor on the right side of her face,
238
578000
3000
koja ima zloćudni tumor na desnoj strani lica
09:56
which has already made her blind
239
581000
2000
koji ju je već oslijepio
09:58
and which is rapidly growing and is going to kill her shortly.
240
583000
2000
i koji brzo raste i ubrzo će je ubiti.
10:00
After she had surgery to remove the tumor,
241
585000
3000
Nakon što je operirana kako bi joj se odstranio tumor,
10:03
her parents dressed her in this beautiful green velvet dress,
242
588000
3000
njezini su je obukli u ovu prekrasnu baršunastu zelenu haljinu,
10:06
a pink ribbon in her hair,
243
591000
2000
roza mašna u njezinoj kosi,
10:08
and they wanted the painting to be shown around the world,
244
593000
2000
i htjeli su da se slika pokaže diljem svijeta,
10:10
despite the fact that they were orthodox Muslims
245
595000
3000
unatoč činjenici da su ortodoksni muslimani
10:13
and the mother wore a full burqa.
246
598000
2000
i da je majka nosila cjelokupnu burku.
10:15
So it's not simply a Western phenomenon.
247
600000
3000
Dakle, nije isključivo zapadnjački fenomen.
10:20
We make judgments on people's faces
248
605000
2000
Sudimo o licima drugih ljudi
10:22
all the time.
249
607000
2000
i to činimo stalno.
10:24
It's been going on since we can think of Lombroso
250
609000
3000
To se događa od Lambrossa
10:27
and the way he would define criminal faces.
251
612000
2000
i načina na koji bi on opisao lica kriminalaca.
10:29
He said you could see criminal faces,
252
614000
2000
Rekao je da se mogu prepoznati lica kriminalaca,
10:31
judging them just on the photographs that were showed.
253
616000
3000
sudeći ih samo prema njihovim fotografijama koje su prikazane.
10:34
Good-looking people
254
619000
2000
Ljudi koji dobro izgledaju
10:36
are always judged as being more friendly.
255
621000
2000
uvijek su smatrani ljubaznijima.
10:38
We look at O.J. --
256
623000
2000
Vidimo O.J.a --
10:40
he's a good-looking guy.
257
625000
2000
on je dečko koji dobro izgleda.
10:42
We'd like to spend time with him. He looks friendly.
258
627000
3000
Htjeli bismo provesti vrijeme s njim. Izgleda ljubazno.
10:45
Now we know that he's a convicted wife-batterer,
259
630000
3000
Sada znamo da je osuđen za nasilje nad ženom
10:48
and actually he's not the good guy.
260
633000
2000
i zapravo nije dobar dečko.
10:50
And beauty doesn't equate to goodness,
261
635000
4000
A ljepota se ne ravna prema dobroti
10:54
and certainly doesn't equate to contentment.
262
639000
3000
i definitivno se ne ravna prema zadovoljstvu.
10:57
So we've talked about the static face
263
642000
2000
Pričali smo o statičnom licu
10:59
and judging the static face,
264
644000
2000
i o suđenju statičkih lica,
11:01
but actually, we're more comfortable
265
646000
2000
ali zapravo, ugodnije nam je
11:03
with judging the moving face.
266
648000
2000
suditi lice u pokretu.
11:05
We think we can judge people on their expressions.
267
650000
3000
Mislimo da možemo donijeti sud o ljudima prema njihovim izrazima.
11:08
U.K. jurors in the U.K. justice system
268
653000
3000
Porotnici u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, u pravnom sustavu UK-a
11:11
like to see a live witness
269
656000
2000
vole vidjeti svjedoke uživo
11:13
to see whether they can pick up the telltale signs of mendacity --
270
658000
3000
kako bi mogli opaziti izdajničke znakove laganja --
11:16
the blink, the hesitation.
271
661000
3000
treptanje, oklijevanje.
11:19
And so they want to see live witnesses.
272
664000
3000
I tako žele vidjeti svjedoke uživo.
11:22
Todorov tells us that, in a tenth of a second,
273
667000
3000
Todorov nam govori da možemo u desetini sekunde
11:25
we can make a judgment on somebody's face.
274
670000
3000
procijeniti nečije lice.
11:28
Are we uncomfortable with this image? Yes, we are.
275
673000
3000
Je li nam neugodno pred ovom slikom? Da, neugodno nam je.
11:31
Would we be happy if our doctor's face, our lawyer's face,
276
676000
3000
Bismo li bili sretni kada bi lice našega doktora, odvjetnika,
11:34
our financial adviser's face was covered?
277
679000
2000
financijskog savjetnika bilo pokriveno?
11:36
We'd be pretty uncomfortable.
278
681000
2000
Bilo bi nam poprilično neugodno.
11:38
But are we good at making the judgments
279
683000
2000
Jesmo li dobri u prosuđivanju
11:40
on facial appearance and movement?
280
685000
3000
izraza lica i pokreta?
11:43
The truth is that there's a five-minute rule,
281
688000
2000
Istina je da postoji petminutno pravilo --
11:45
not the tenth-of-a-second rule like Todorov, but a five-minute rule.
282
690000
3000
ne pravilo desetine sekunde kao kod Todorova, nego petminutno pravilo.
11:48
If you spend five minutes with somebody,
283
693000
2000
Ako provedete pet minuta s nekim,
11:50
you start looking beyond their facial appearance,
284
695000
2000
počinjete gledati pored njihova izraza lica
11:52
and the people who you're initially attracted to
285
697000
2000
i ljudi koji su vas u početku privlačili
11:54
may seem boring and you lose interest in them,
286
699000
2000
mogu vam se učiniti dosadnima i mogli biste izgubiti interes,
11:56
and the people who you didn't immediately seek out,
287
701000
2000
a ljudi koje ne primjetite odmah,
11:58
because you didn't find them particularly attractive,
288
703000
2000
zato što ih ne smatrate posebno privlačnima,
12:00
become attractive people
289
705000
2000
postanu privlačni
12:02
because of their personality.
290
707000
2000
zbog svoje osobnosti.
12:05
So we've talked a lot about facial appearance.
291
710000
3000
Pričali smo puno o izrazu lica.
12:08
I now want to share
292
713000
2000
Sada bih htio podijeliti
12:10
a little bit of the surgery that we do --
293
715000
2000
mali dio operacije koju mi obavljamo --
12:12
where we're at and where we're going.
294
717000
2000
gdje smo i kamo idemo.
12:14
This is an image of Ann
295
719000
2000
Ovo je slika Ann
12:16
who's had her right jaw removed and the base of her skull removed.
296
721000
2000
čija je desna čeljust i baza lubanje odstranjena.
12:18
And you can see in the images afterward,
297
723000
2000
I možete vidjeti u kasnijim slikama,
12:20
we've managed to reconstruct her successfully.
298
725000
2000
uspješno smo je rekonstruirali.
12:22
But that's not good enough.
299
727000
2000
Ali to nije dovoljno dobro.
12:24
This is what Ann wants. She wants to be out kayaking,
300
729000
2000
Ovo je ono što Ann želi. Želi voziti kajak,
12:26
she wants to be out climbing mountains.
301
731000
2000
želi se penjati po planinama.
12:28
And that's what she achieved, and that's what we have to get to.
302
733000
2000
I to je postigla i to je ono do čega mi moramo doći.
12:30
This is a horrific image,
303
735000
2000
Ovo je grozna slika,
12:32
so I'm putting my hand up now.
304
737000
2000
pa ću sada podići ruku.
12:34
This is a photograph of Adi,
305
739000
2000
Ovo je fotografija Adija,
12:36
a Nigerian bank manager who had his face shot off
306
741000
2000
nigerijskog upravitelja banke koji je nastrijeljen u lice
12:38
in an armed robbery.
307
743000
2000
u oružanoj pljački.
12:40
And he lost his lower jaw, his lip, his chin
308
745000
2000
I on je izgubio donju čeljust, bradu,
12:42
and his upper jaw and teeth.
309
747000
2000
gornju čeljust i zube.
12:44
This is the bar that he set for us.
310
749000
2000
Ovo je letvica koju nam je postavio.
12:46
"I want to look like this. This is how I looked before."
311
751000
3000
''Želim ovako izgledati. Ovako sam prije izgledao.''
12:49
So with modern technology,
312
754000
2000
Tako, s modernom tehnologijom,
12:51
we used computers to make models.
313
756000
3000
koristili smo računala kako bismo napravili modele.
12:54
We made a model of the jaw without bone in it.
314
759000
2000
Napravili smo model čeljusti bez kosti.
12:56
We then bent a plate up to it.
315
761000
2000
Tada smo savili ploču prema tome.
12:58
We put it in place
316
763000
2000
Stavili smo je na mjesto
13:00
so we knew it was an accurate position.
317
765000
2000
i tako smo znali da je to točna pozicija.
13:02
We then put bone and tissue from the back.
318
767000
3000
Tada smo stavili kost i tkivo s leđa.
13:05
Here you can see the plate holding it,
319
770000
2000
Ovdje možete vidjeti ploču koja ih drži
13:07
and you can see the implants being put in --
320
772000
3000
i možete vidjeti kako se umeću implantanti --
13:10
so that in one operation
321
775000
2000
tako da u jednoj operaciji
13:12
we achieve this
322
777000
3000
postignemo ovo
13:15
and this.
323
780000
2000
i ovo.
13:17
So the patient's life is restored.
324
782000
2000
Tako da se povrati pacijentov život.
13:19
That's the good news.
325
784000
2000
To su dobre vijesti.
13:21
However, his chin skin
326
786000
2000
Međutim, njegova koža s brade
13:23
doesn't look the same as it did before.
327
788000
2000
ne izgleda isto kao što je izgledala prije.
13:25
It's skin from his back.
328
790000
2000
To je koža s njegovih leđa.
13:27
It's thicker, it's darker, it's coarser, it doesn't have the contours.
329
792000
3000
Deblja je, tamnija, grublja, nema odgovarajuće konture.
13:30
And that's where we're failing,
330
795000
2000
I tu zakazujemo.
13:32
and that's where we need the face transplant.
331
797000
2000
I tu trebamo transplantaciju lica.
13:34
The face transplant has a role
332
799000
2000
Transplatacija lica ima ulogu
13:36
probably in burns patients to replace the skin.
333
801000
3000
vjerojatno kod pacijenata s opeklinama kako bi se zamijenila koža.
13:39
We can replace the underlying skeletal structure,
334
804000
2000
Možemo zamijeniti donju strukturu kostura,
13:41
but we're still not good at replacing the facial skin.
335
806000
3000
ali još uvijek nismo dobri u zamijeni kože s lica.
13:44
So it's very valuable
336
809000
2000
Zato je veoma važno
13:46
to have that tool in our armamentarium.
337
811000
2000
imati to oružje u našem arsenalu.
13:48
But the patients are going to have to take drugs
338
813000
2000
Ali pacijenti će morati uzimati lijekove
13:50
that suppress their immune system for the rest of their lives.
339
815000
2000
koji suzbijaju njihov imunološki sustav do kraja svojih života.
13:52
What does that mean?
340
817000
2000
Što to znači?
13:54
They have an increased risk of infection, an increased risk of malignancy.
341
819000
3000
Imaju povećan rizik od infekcija i povećan rizik malignosti.
13:57
This is not a life-saving transplant --
342
822000
2000
To nije transplatacija koja spašava život --
13:59
like a heart, or liver, or lung transplant --
343
824000
3000
poput transplatacije srca, jetre ili pluća --
14:02
it is a quality-of-life transplant,
344
827000
3000
to je transplatacija kvalitete života
14:05
and as a result,
345
830000
2000
i, kao rezultat,
14:07
are the patients going to say, if they get a malignant cancer 10 or 15 years on,
346
832000
3000
hoće li pacijenti reći, ako dobiju maligni tumor za 10 ili 15 godina
14:10
"I wish I'd had conventional reconstructive techniques rather than this
347
835000
3000
''Želio bih da sam imao konvencionalne tehnike rekonstrukcije radije nego ovo
14:13
because I'm now dying of a malignant cancer"? We don't know yet.
348
838000
3000
zato što sada umirem zbog malignog tumora?'' Još uvijek ne znamo.
14:16
We also don't know what they feel
349
841000
3000
Isto tako još uvijek ne znamo što misle
14:19
about recognition and identity.
350
844000
2000
o prepoznavanju i identitetu.
14:21
Bernard Devauchelle and Sylvie Testelin, who did the first operation,
351
846000
3000
Bernard Devauchelle i Sylvie Testelin koji su obavili prvu operaciju
14:24
are studying that.
352
849000
2000
proučavaju to.
14:26
Donors are going to be short on the ground,
353
851000
3000
Donatora neće biti toliko puno ovdje,
14:29
because how many people want to have their loved one's face
354
854000
3000
jer koliko ljudi želi da se otklone lica
14:32
removed at the point of death?
355
857000
3000
njihovih voljenih na samom času smrti?
14:35
So there are going to be problems
356
860000
2000
Zbog toga će biti problema
14:37
with face transplantation.
357
862000
2000
s transplatacijom lica.
14:39
So the better news is
358
864000
2000
Bolja vijest je
14:41
the future's almost here --
359
866000
2000
da je budućnost gotovo stigla --
14:43
and the future is tissue engineering.
360
868000
2000
a budućnost je stvaranje tkiva.
14:45
Just imagine,
361
870000
2000
Zamislite samo,
14:47
I can make a biologically-degradable template.
362
872000
3000
ja mogu proizvesti biološki razgradiv predložak.
14:50
I can put it in place where it's meant to be.
363
875000
2000
Mogu ga staviti na mjesto gdje treba biti.
14:52
I can sprinkle a few cells,
364
877000
2000
Mogu posuti nekoliko stanica,
14:54
stem cells from the patient's own hip,
365
879000
2000
matičnih stanica iz pacijetovog kuka,
14:56
a little bit of genetically engineered protein,
366
881000
2000
malo genetski modificiranih proteina
14:58
and lo and behold, leave it for four months and the face is grown.
367
883000
4000
i iznenađenje, ostavite ga četiri mjeseca i lice je uzgojeno.
15:02
This is a bit like a Julia Child recipe.
368
887000
3000
Ovo je pomalo poput recepta Julije Child.
15:06
But we've still got problems.
369
891000
2000
Ali još uvijek imamo problema.
15:08
We've got mouth cancer to solve.
370
893000
2000
Moramo razriješiti rak usta.
15:10
We're still not curing enough patients -- it's the most disfiguring cancer.
371
895000
3000
Još uvijek ne liječimo dovoljno pacijenata -- to je rak koji najviše unakažuje.
15:13
We're still not reconstructing them well enough.
372
898000
3000
Još ih uvijek ne rekonstruiramo dovoljno dobro.
15:16
In the U.K. we have an epidemic
373
901000
2000
U UK imamo epidemiju
15:18
of facial injuries among young people.
374
903000
2000
ozljeda lica među mladim ljudima.
15:20
We still can't get rid of scars.
375
905000
2000
Još uvijek se ne može riješiti ožiljaka.
15:22
We need to do research.
376
907000
2000
Moramo provesti istraživanje.
15:24
And the best news of all
377
909000
2000
I najbolje vijesti od svih
15:26
is that surgeons know
378
911000
2000
su da kirurzi znaju
15:28
that we need to do research.
379
913000
2000
da moramo provesti istraživanje.
15:30
And we've set up charities
380
915000
2000
Osnovali smo dobrotvorne zaklade
15:32
that will help us fund
381
917000
2000
koje će nam pomoći financirati
15:34
the clinical research
382
919000
2000
klinička istraživanja
15:36
to determine the best treatment practice now
383
921000
2000
kako bismo odredili najbolji tretman prakse sada
15:38
and better treatment into the future,
384
923000
2000
i bolji tretman u budućnosti,
15:40
so we don't just sit on our laurels and say, "Okay, we're doing okay.
385
925000
2000
tako da ne sjedimo samo na svojim lovorima i govorimo ''Ok, radimo u redu.
15:42
Let's leave it as it is."
386
927000
2000
Ostavimo kako je.''
15:44
Thank you very much indeed.
387
929000
2000
Hvala vam od sveg srca.
15:46
(Applause)
388
931000
2000
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Iain Hutchison - Facial surgeonIain Hutchison is a pioneering oral and facial surgeon; his foundation, Saving Faces, explores the nature of our expressions.
Why you should listen
Iain Hutchison thinks deeply about our faces. In his practice at St. Bartholomew’s, Royal London and University College London Hospitals, he has seen faces that lack the basic ability to function, to communicate emotion, to serve as a window to the world. His work involves repairing individual faces that have been impaired through cancer, birth defect or accidents—and asking all of us to look beyond first impressions.
One way he’s seeding the conversation is through the Facial Surgery Research Foundation/Saving Faces, which supports facial surgery research and education as well as a groundbreaking artistic residency by painter Mark Gilbert. Right in Hutchison’s office, patients sat for Gilbert before and after facial surgery, resulting in searching, honest portraits that show the humanity even of someone whose face we might be unwilling to look at. The “Saving Faces” exhibit has been seen by more than two million gallery visitors. Hutchison is also an active advocate of running clinical trials for facial surgery, and he funds and co-supervises two psychology PhD students to study ways to improve emotional and functional outcomes.
As he says: "Facial surgery is challenging not only because of its intricacy but because it has a profound effect on the patient’s psyche."
Iain Hutchison | Speaker | TED.com