TED2017
Susan Pinker: The secret to living longer may be your social life
Susan Pinker: Tajna duljeg života možda je vaš društveni život
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Talijanski otok Sardinija ima više od šest puta više stogodišnjaka nego ih je na obali, i deset puta više nego Sjeverna Amerika. Zašto? Prema psihologinji Susan Pinker, nije to zbog sunčanja ili zdrave prehrane bez glutena i masti koja ih održava zdravima - to je inzistiranje na bliskim odnosima i interakcijama licem u lice. Naučite više o dugovječnosti dok nam Pinker objašnjava kako doživjeti 100 i više godina.
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologist
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Susan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Here's an intriguing fact.
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Evo zanimljive činjenice.
00:15
In the developed world,
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U razvijenom svijetu,
00:17
everywhere, women live an average
of six to eight years longer than men do.
of six to eight years longer than men do.
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svugdje, žene u prosjeku žive
šest do osam godina dulje od muškaraca.
šest do osam godina dulje od muškaraca.
00:22
Six to eight years longer.
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Šest do osam godina dulje.
00:25
That's, like, a huge gap.
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To je ogroman razmak.
00:28
In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article
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2015., u "Lancet"-u je objavljen članak
00:31
showing that men in rich countries
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koji dokazuje da postoji
duplo veća vjerojatnost
duplo veća vjerojatnost
00:34
are twice as likely to die as women are
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da muškarci iz bogatih zemalja
umru prije žena
umru prije žena
00:37
at any age.
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bilo koje dobi.
00:39
But there is one place in the world
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No, postoji jedno mjesto na svijetu
00:42
where men live as long as women.
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gdje muškarci žive jednako dugo kao žene.
00:44
It's a remote, mountainous zone,
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To je udaljena, planinska zona,
00:46
a blue zone,
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plava zona,
00:47
where super longevity
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gdje je dugovječnost
00:49
is common to both sexes.
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zajednička i jednom i drugom spolu.
00:52
This is the blue zone in Sardinia,
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To je plava zona na Sardiniji,
00:53
an Italian island in the Mediterranean,
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talijanskom otoku u Mediteranu,
00:55
between Corsica and Tunisia,
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između Korzike i Tunisa
00:58
where there are six times
as many centenarians
as many centenarians
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gdje je šest puta više stogodišnjaka
01:01
as on the Italian mainland,
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nego na talijanskoj obali
01:03
less than 200 miles away.
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koja se nalazi 300 km dalje.
01:05
There are 10 times as many centenarians
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Ima 10 puta više stogodišnjaka
01:07
as there are in North America.
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nego u sjevernoj Americi.
01:10
It's the only place
where men live as long as women.
where men live as long as women.
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To je jedino mjesto
gdje muškarci žive dugo kao žene.
gdje muškarci žive dugo kao žene.
01:13
But why?
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Ali zašto?
01:14
My curiosity was piqued.
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To me zainteresiralo.
01:16
I decided to research the sights
and the habits of the place,
and the habits of the place,
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Odlučila sam istražiti znanost
i navike tog mjesta,
i navike tog mjesta,
01:20
and I started with the genetic profile.
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pa sam počela s genetskim profilom.
01:22
I discovered soon enough
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Dosta rano sam otkrila
01:24
that genes account for just
25 percent of their longevity.
25 percent of their longevity.
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da su geni zaslužni
za samo 25 posto dugovječnosti.
za samo 25 posto dugovječnosti.
01:28
The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
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Ostalih 75 posto je način života.
01:32
So what does it take
to live to 100 or beyond?
to live to 100 or beyond?
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Što je potrebno da se doživi
stota ili više?
stota ili više?
01:35
What are they doing right?
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Što oni to rade?
01:37
What you're looking at
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
is an aerial view of Villagrande.
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Upravo gledate zračni prikaz
sela Villagrande.
sela Villagrande.
01:40
It's a village at the epicenter
of the blue zone
of the blue zone
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To je selo u središtu plave zone,
01:43
where I went to investigate this,
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gdje sam ovo istraživala
01:45
and as you can see, architectural beauty
is not its main virtue,
is not its main virtue,
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i, kao što vidite, arhitektonska ljepota
nije njihov najveći adut,
nije njihov najveći adut,
01:50
density is:
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već gustoća:
01:52
tightly spaced houses,
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gusto smještene kuće,
01:54
interwoven alleys and streets.
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isprepleteni prolazi i ulice.
01:57
It means that the villagers' lives
constantly intersect.
constantly intersect.
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To znači da se životi seljana
stalno presijecaju.
stalno presijecaju.
02:01
And as I walked through the village,
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Hodajući selom
02:03
I could feel hundreds
of pairs of eyes watching me
of pairs of eyes watching me
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mogla sam na sebi osjetiti
stotine pari očiju
stotine pari očiju
02:06
from behind doorways and curtains,
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iza vrata i zastora,
02:08
from behind shutters.
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iza grilja.
02:10
Because like all ancient villages,
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Jer, kao i sva stara sela,
02:13
Villagrande couldn't have survived
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Villagrande ne bi moglo preživjeti
02:15
without this structure,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
without its walls, without its cathedral,
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bez svoje strukture,
bez zidova, katedrale,
bez zidova, katedrale,
02:18
without its village square,
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bez svojeg seoskog trga,
02:20
because defense and social cohesion
defined its design.
defined its design.
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jer su obrana i društvena povezanost
definirali njegov izgled.
definirali njegov izgled.
02:25
Urban priorities changed as we moved
towards the industrial revolution
towards the industrial revolution
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Urbani prioriteti su se mijenjali
na putu prema industrijskoj revoluciji
na putu prema industrijskoj revoluciji
02:29
because infectious disease
became the risk of the day.
became the risk of the day.
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jer je zarazna bolest
postala dnevni rizik.
postala dnevni rizik.
02:32
But what about now?
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Ali što danas?
02:34
Now, social isolation
is the public health risk of our time.
is the public health risk of our time.
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Danas je društvena izoliranost
rizik javnog zdravstva.
rizik javnog zdravstva.
02:39
Now, a third of the population says
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Trećina populacije kaže
02:42
they have two or fewer people to lean on.
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da imaju dvoje ili manje ljudi
na koje se mogu osloniti.
na koje se mogu osloniti.
02:45
But let's go to Villagrande
now as a contrast
now as a contrast
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No, u Villegrandeu, suprotno tome,
02:48
to meet some centenarians.
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postoje stogodišnjaci.
02:50
Meet Giuseppe Murinu.
He's 102, a supercentenarian
He's 102, a supercentenarian
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Ovo je Giuseppe Murinu.
Ima 102 godine
Ima 102 godine
02:54
and a lifelong resident
of the village of Villagrande.
of the village of Villagrande.
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i cijeli život živi u sellu Villagrande.
02:57
He was a gregarious man.
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Bio je društven čovjek.
02:59
He loved to recount stories
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Volio je pričati priče
03:02
such as how he lived like a bird
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o tome kako je poput ptice živio
03:03
from what he could find
on the forest floor
on the forest floor
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od onoga što bi našao na šumskom tlu
03:06
during not one but two world wars,
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tijekom ne jednog, nego dva svjetska rata,
03:09
how he and his wife,
who also lived past 100,
who also lived past 100,
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kako su on i supruga,
koja je također doživjela stotu,
koja je također doživjela stotu,
03:12
raised six children
in a small, homey kitchen
in a small, homey kitchen
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podigli šestero djece
u maloj, ugodnoj kuhinji
u maloj, ugodnoj kuhinji
03:16
where I interviewed him.
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gdje sam ga intervjuirala.
03:17
Here he is with his sons
Angelo and Domenico,
Angelo and Domenico,
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Ovdje je sa svojim sinovima,
Angelom i Domenicom,
Angelom i Domenicom,
03:20
both in their 70s
and looking after their father,
and looking after their father,
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oboje su u svojim 70-ima
i paze na svoga oca
i paze na svoga oca
03:23
and who were quite frankly
very suspicious of me and my daughter
very suspicious of me and my daughter
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i, iskreno, bili su vrlo sumnjičavi
prema meni i mojoj kćeri
prema meni i mojoj kćeri
03:27
who came along with me
on this research trip,
on this research trip,
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koja me pratila na ovom
istraživačkom putovanju,
istraživačkom putovanju,
03:30
because the flip side of social cohesion
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jer je loša strana
društvene povezanosti
društvene povezanosti
03:33
is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.
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oprez prema strancima.
03:36
But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.
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No, Giuseppe nije uopće bio sumnjičav.
03:40
He was a happy-go-lucky guy,
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Bio je opušteni veseljak,
03:42
very outgoing with a positive outlook.
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vrlo otvoren i pozitivnog stava.
03:45
And I wondered: so is that what it takes
to live to be 100 or beyond,
to live to be 100 or beyond,
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Pa sam se pitala: je li to tajna
života do stote i više,
života do stote i više,
03:50
thinking positively?
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razmišljati pozitivno?
03:54
Actually, no.
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Zapravo, ne.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:00
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101,
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Ovo je Giovanni Corrias. Ima 101 godinu,
04:03
the grumpiest person I have ever met.
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najčangrizavija osoba
koju sam ikad upoznala.
koju sam ikad upoznala.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:08
And he put a lie to the notion
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On je pokazao da nije istina
04:09
that you have to be positive
to live a long life.
to live a long life.
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da trebate biti pozitivni
da biste dugo živjeli.
da biste dugo živjeli.
04:13
And there is evidence for this.
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Evo dokaza.
04:15
When I asked him why he lived so long,
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Kad sam ga upitala
kako to da je tako dugo poživio,
kako to da je tako dugo poživio,
04:17
he kind of looked at me
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
under hooded eyelids and he growled,
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pogledao me ispod
spuštenih kapaka i zarežao,
spuštenih kapaka i zarežao,
04:21
"Nobody has to know my secrets."
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"Nitko ne mora znati moje tajne."
04:23
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:25
But despite being a sourpuss,
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No, unatoč tome što je čangrizalo,
04:27
the niece who lived with him
and looked after him
and looked after him
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nećakinja koja je živjela s njim
i pazila na njega
i pazila na njega
04:30
called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure."
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zvala ga je "Il Tesoro", "moje blago."
04:33
And she respected him and loved him,
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Poštivala ga je i voljela
04:36
and she told me, when I questioned
this obvious loss of her freedom,
this obvious loss of her freedom,
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i rekla mi je, kad sam propitkivala
taj očiti gubitak njene slobode,
taj očiti gubitak njene slobode,
04:41
"You just don't understand, do you?
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"Vi jednostavno ne razumijete, zar ne?
04:43
Looking after this man is a pleasure.
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Paziti na ovog čovjeka je zadovoljstvo.
04:46
It's a huge privilege for me.
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To je za mene ogroman privilegij.
04:48
This is my heritage."
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Ovo je moja baština."
04:50
And indeed, wherever I went
to interview these centenarians,
to interview these centenarians,
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I, uistinu, kamo god sam išla
intervjuirati ove stogodišnjake,
intervjuirati ove stogodišnjake,
04:53
I found a kitchen party.
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naišla bih na zabavu.
04:55
Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,
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Ovo je Giovanni s dvije nećakinje,
04:57
Maria above him
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Maria iznad njega
04:58
and beside him his great-niece Sara,
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i do njega je pranećakinja Sara,
05:00
who came when I was there
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
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koja je došla donijeti
svježe voće i povrće.
svježe voće i povrće.
05:04
And I quickly discovered by being there
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Brzo sam otkrila
05:07
that in the blue zone, as people age,
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da, u plavoj zoni, kako ljudi stare,
05:09
and indeed across their lifespans,
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a i za cijelog života,
05:12
they're always surrounded
by extended family, by friends,
by extended family, by friends,
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uvijek su okruženi obitelji, prijateljima,
05:16
by neighbors, the priest,
the barkeeper, the grocer.
the barkeeper, the grocer.
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susjedima, svećenikom, krčmarom, trgovcem.
05:19
People are always there or dropping by.
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Ljudi su uvijek ondje ili navraćaju.
05:22
They are never left
to live solitary lives.
to live solitary lives.
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Nikad nisu prepušteni samotnom životu.
05:25
This is unlike the rest
of the developed world,
of the developed world,
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Za razliku od razvijenog svijeta gdje,
05:28
where as George Burns quipped,
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kako se našalio George Burns,
05:29
"Happiness is having a large,
loving, caring family in another city."
loving, caring family in another city."
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"Sreća je imati veliku, brižnu obitelj
koja te voli u drugom gradu."
koja te voli u drugom gradu."
05:34
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:36
Now, so far we've only met men,
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Dosad smo upoznali samo muškarce,
05:39
long-living men, but I met women too,
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dugovječne muškarce,
ali upoznala sam i žene
ali upoznala sam i žene
05:41
and here you see Zia Teresa.
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i ovdje vidite Ziu Teresu.
05:43
She, at over 100, taught me
how to make the local specialty,
how to make the local specialty,
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Ona me, sa svojih više od 100 godina
naučila kako spraviti mjesni specijalitet
naučila kako spraviti mjesni specijalitet
05:48
which is called culurgiones,
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koji se zove culurgiones,
05:49
which are these large pasta pockets
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vrsta tjestenine
05:52
like ravioli about this size,
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slična raviolima,
otprilike ove veličine,
05:55
this size,
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05:56
and they're filled
with high-fat ricotta and mint
with high-fat ricotta and mint
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punjena ricotta sirom
visokog udjela masnoće i mentom
visokog udjela masnoće i mentom
05:59
and drenched in tomato sauce.
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te natopljena u umaku od rajčice.
06:01
And she showed me
how to make just the right crimp
how to make just the right crimp
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Pokazala mi je kako napraviti pravi nabor
06:05
so they wouldn't open,
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kako se ne bi otvorili
06:06
and she makes them
with her daughters every Sunday
with her daughters every Sunday
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i pravi ih sa kćerima svake nedjelje
06:09
and distributes them
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
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pa ih dijeli susjedima i prijateljima.
06:13
And that's when I discovered
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
a low-fat, gluten-free diet
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Tada sam otkrila da prehrana
niskog udjela masnoće i bez glutena
niskog udjela masnoće i bez glutena
06:16
is not what it takes
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
to live to 100 in the blue zone.
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nije tajna dugovječnosti u plavoj zoni.
06:19
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:22
Now, these centenarians' stories
along with the science that underpins them
along with the science that underpins them
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Priče ovih stogodišnjaka
i znanost koja ih podupire
i znanost koja ih podupire
06:27
prompted me to ask myself
some questions too,
some questions too,
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potaknula me da i samu sebe nešto upitam,
06:30
such as, when am I going to die
and how can I put that day off?
and how can I put that day off?
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kao na primjer, kada ću umrijeti
i kako da to odgodim?
i kako da to odgodim?
06:34
And as you will see,
the answer is not what we expect.
the answer is not what we expect.
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Kao što ćete vidjeti,
odgovor je neočekivan.
odgovor je neočekivan.
06:38
Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher
at Brigham Young University
at Brigham Young University
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Julianne Holt-Lunstadt je istraživačica
na Sveučilištu Brigham Young
na Sveučilištu Brigham Young
06:42
and she addressed this very question
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i dotakla se istog ovog pitanja
06:44
in a series of studies
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u nizu studija
06:46
of tens of thousands of middle aged people
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desetaka tisuća srednjovječnih ljudi
06:49
much like this audience here.
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sličnih ovoj publici ovdje.
06:51
And she looked at every
aspect of their lifestyle:
aspect of their lifestyle:
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Proučavala je svaki aspekt
njihovog načina života:
njihovog načina života:
06:54
their diet, their exercise,
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njihovu prehranu, vježbanje,
06:56
their marital status,
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bračni status,
06:57
how often they went to the doctor,
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učestalost posjeta liječniku,
06:59
whether they smoked or drank, etc.
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jesu li pušili ili pili itd.
07:02
She recorded all of this
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Sve je ovo zabilježila,
07:04
and then she and her colleagues
sat tight and waited for seven years
sat tight and waited for seven years
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a zatim sedam godina mirno sjedila
i čekala sa svojim kolegama
i čekala sa svojim kolegama
07:08
to see who would still be breathing.
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kako bi vidjela tko još uvijek diše.
07:11
And of the people left standing,
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Što je ljudima koji su poživjeli
07:14
what reduced their chances
of dying the most?
of dying the most?
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najviše smanjilo izglede da će umrijeti?
07:18
That was her question.
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To je bilo njeno pitanje.
07:20
So let's now look at her data in summary,
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Pogledajmo podatke u sažetku,
07:23
going from the least powerful
predictor to the strongest.
predictor to the strongest.
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od najslabijeg pokazatelja do najjačeg.
07:28
OK?
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U redu?
07:29
So clean air, which is great,
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Dakle, čist zrak, zanimljivo,
07:31
it doesn't predict how long you will live.
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nije pokazatelj dugovječnosti.
07:35
Whether you have your hypertension treated
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Liječenje hipertenzije
07:37
is good.
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je dobro.
07:39
Still not a strong predictor.
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Ipak, nije dovoljno jak pokazatelj.
07:40
Whether you're lean or overweight,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
you can stop feeling guilty about this,
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Bilo da ste mršavi ili pretili,
možete prestati s osjećajem krivnje,
možete prestati s osjećajem krivnje,
07:44
because it's only in third place.
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jer je ovo tek na trećem mjestu.
07:46
How much exercise you get is next,
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Sljedeće je koliko vježbate,
07:49
still only a moderate predictor.
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samo blagi pokazatelj.
07:51
Whether you've had a cardiac event
and you're in rehab and exercising,
and you're in rehab and exercising,
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Ako ste imali srčanih problema
pa se oporavljate i vježbate,
pa se oporavljate i vježbate,
07:56
getting higher now.
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ovo je malo jači pokazatelj.
07:58
Whether you've had a flu vaccine.
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Cijepljenje protiv gripe.
07:59
Did anybody here know
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Znate li
08:00
that having a flu vaccine
protects you more than doing exercise?
protects you more than doing exercise?
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da vas cijepljenje protiv gripe
štiti više nego vježbanje?
štiti više nego vježbanje?
08:06
Whether you were drinking and quit,
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Ako ste pili i prestali
08:09
or whether you're a moderate drinker,
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ili ako umjereno pijete,
08:11
whether you don't smoke,
or if you did, whether you quit,
or if you did, whether you quit,
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ako ne pušite,
ili ako jeste pa ste prestali
ili ako jeste pa ste prestali
08:15
and getting towards the top predictors
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i približavamo se najjačim pokazateljima,
08:19
are two features of your social life.
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a to su dva obilježja
vašeg društvenog života.
vašeg društvenog života.
08:22
First, your close relationships.
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Prvo, vaše bliske veze.
08:25
These are the people
that you can call on for a loan
that you can call on for a loan
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Ovo su ljudi koje možete zvati
08:29
if you need money suddenly,
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ako iznenadno trebate posuditi novac,
08:32
who will call the doctor
if you're not feeling well
if you're not feeling well
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koji će zvati liječnika ako vam nije dobro
08:34
or who will take you to the hospital,
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ili koji će vas odvesti u bolnicu,
08:36
or who will sit with you
if you're having an existential crisis,
if you're having an existential crisis,
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ili koji će sjediti s vama
ako prolazite kroz egzistencijalnu krizu,
ako prolazite kroz egzistencijalnu krizu,
08:41
if you're in despair.
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ako ste očajni.
08:43
Those people, that little clutch of people
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Ovi ljudi, ta šačica ljudi
08:46
are a strong predictor, if you have them,
of how long you'll live.
of how long you'll live.
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je jak pokazatelj, ako ih imate,
koliko ćete dugo živjeti.
koliko ćete dugo živjeti.
08:49
And then something that surprised me,
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Zatim me nešto iznenadilo,
08:51
something that's called
social integration.
social integration.
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nešto što se naziva
društvenom integracijom.
društvenom integracijom.
08:54
This means how much
you interact with people
you interact with people
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To znači koliko komunicirate s ljudima
08:58
as you move through your day.
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tijekom dana.
09:00
How many people do you talk to?
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S koliko ljudi pričate?
09:02
And these mean both
your weak and your strong bonds,
your weak and your strong bonds,
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Ovo podrazumijeva
vaše slabije i jače veze,
vaše slabije i jače veze,
09:06
so not just the people
you're really close to,
you're really close to,
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ne samo ljude s kojima ste jako bliski,
09:09
who mean a lot to you,
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koji vam mnogo znače
09:10
but, like, do you talk to the guy
who every day makes you your coffee?
who every day makes you your coffee?
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4536
nego, pričate li i sa čovjekom
koji vam svaki dan napravi kavu?
koji vam svaki dan napravi kavu?
09:14
Do you talk to the postman?
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Pričate li s poštarom?
09:16
Do you talk to the woman who walks
by your house every day with her dog?
by your house every day with her dog?
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Pričate li sa ženom koja svaki dan
prošeta psa kraj vaše kuće?
prošeta psa kraj vaše kuće?
09:20
Do you play bridge or poker,
have a book club?
have a book club?
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Igrate li bridž ili poker,
imate li knjiški klub?
imate li knjiški klub?
09:23
Those interactions
are one of the strongest predictors
are one of the strongest predictors
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551240
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Takvi međusobni odnosi
su među najjačim pokazateljima
su među najjačim pokazateljima
09:26
of how long you'll live.
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vaše dugovječnosti.
09:27
Now, this leads me to the next question:
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Ovo me dovodi do sljedećeg pitanja:
09:30
if we now spend more time online
than on any other activity,
than on any other activity,
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ako sada provodimo više vremena "online"
nego čineći išta drugo,
nego čineći išta drugo,
09:36
including sleeping,
201
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uključujući spavanje,
09:37
we're now up to 11 hours a day,
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a trenutno je to 11 sati dnevno,
09:40
one hour more than last year, by the way,
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sat više nego prošle godine,
usput budi rečeno,
usput budi rečeno,
09:42
does it make a difference?
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čini li to ikakvu razliku?
09:44
Why distinguish
between interacting in person
between interacting in person
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Zašto razlikovati međusobne odnose uživo
09:48
and interacting via social media?
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i interakciju putem društvenih medija?
09:50
Is it the same thing as being there
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To je isto kao da ste ondje
09:53
if you're in contact constantly
with your kids through text, for example?
with your kids through text, for example?
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ako ste uvijek u kontaktu sa svojom djecom
putem poruka, na primjer?
putem poruka, na primjer?
09:58
Well, the short answer
to the question is no,
to the question is no,
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Pa, ukratko, odgovor je ne.
10:00
it's not the same thing.
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Nije isto.
10:02
Face-to-face contact releases
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
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Kontakt licem u lice otpušta
cijeli niz neurotransmitera
cijeli niz neurotransmitera
10:06
and like a vaccine,
they protect you now in the present
they protect you now in the present
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i, poput cjepiva, štite vas danas
10:10
and well into the future.
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i daleko u budućnost.
10:12
So simply making
eye contact with somebody,
eye contact with somebody,
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Stoga, jednostavni kontakt očima s nekime,
10:15
shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five
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rukovanje ili kad date nekome pet,
10:18
is enough to release oxytocin,
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dovoljno je da se otpusti oksitocin,
10:20
which increases your level of trust
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2216
koji povisuje razinu vašeg povjerenja
10:22
and it lowers your cortisol levels.
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1840
i snižava razinu kortizola.
10:24
So it lowers your stress.
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1840
Znači, snižava stres.
10:27
And dopamine is generated,
which gives us a little high
which gives us a little high
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Stvara se dopamin koji nas malo oraspoloži
10:30
and it kills pain.
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i ubije bol.
10:31
It's like a naturally produced morphine.
222
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To je poput prirodno proizvedenog morfija.
10:35
Now, all of this passes
under our conscious radar,
under our conscious radar,
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Sve ovo promakne našoj svijesti
10:37
which is why we conflate
online activity with the real thing.
online activity with the real thing.
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i zato brkamo "online" aktivnost
s pravom stvari.
s pravom stvari.
10:42
But we do have evidence now,
fresh evidence,
fresh evidence,
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No, imamo li svježih dokaza
10:44
that there is a difference.
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da postoji razlika?
10:45
So let's look at some of the neuroscience.
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Pogledajmo neke dokaze iz neuroznanosti.
10:48
Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist
at the University of Maryland,
at the University of Maryland,
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Elizabeth Redcay, neuroznanstvenica
sa Sveučilišta u Marylandu,
sa Sveučilišta u Marylandu,
10:51
tried to map the difference
229
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pokušala je utvrditi razliku
10:53
between what goes on in our brains
when we interact in person
when we interact in person
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između toga što se događa
u našem mozgu kada pričamo uživo,
u našem mozgu kada pričamo uživo,
10:56
versus when we're watching
something that's static.
something that's static.
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naspram gledanja nečega statičnog.
11:00
And what she did was
she compared the brain function
she compared the brain function
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Usporedila je funkcije mozga
11:02
of two groups of people,
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dviju grupa ljudi,
11:04
those interacting live with her
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onih koji su komunicirali uživo s njom
11:07
or with one of her research associates
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ili s nekim od njenih suradnika
11:10
in a dynamic conversation,
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2176
u dinamičnom razgovoru,
11:12
and she compared that
to the brain activity of people
to the brain activity of people
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i to je usporedila
s moždanim aktivnostima ljudi
s moždanim aktivnostima ljudi
11:14
who were watching her talk
about the same subject
about the same subject
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koji su je gledali
kako priča na istu temu,
kako priča na istu temu,
11:18
but in a canned video, like on YouTube.
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ali u već pripremljenom videu,
kakvi su na YouTubeu.
kakvi su na YouTubeu.
11:21
And by the way, if you want to know
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Usput, ako želite znati
11:23
how she fit two people
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
in an MRI scanner at the same time,
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kako je uspjela stisnuti dvije osobe
u MRI skener istovremeno,
u MRI skener istovremeno,
11:26
talk to me later.
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1200
javite mi se kasnije.
11:28
So what's the difference?
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Onda, koja je razlika?
11:31
This is your brain
on real social interaction.
on real social interaction.
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2720
Ovo je vaš mozak tijekom
prave društvene interakcije.
prave društvene interakcije.
11:34
What you're seeing
is the difference in brain activity
is the difference in brain activity
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Gledate razliku u moždanim aktivnostima
11:37
between interacting in person
and taking in static content.
and taking in static content.
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kod interakcije uživo
i primanja statičnog sadržaja.
i primanja statičnog sadržaja.
11:42
In orange, you see the brain areas
that are associated with attention,
that are associated with attention,
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U narančastom vidite područja mozga
koja su povezana s pažnjom,
koja su povezana s pažnjom,
11:47
social intelligence --
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društvena inteligencija,
11:49
that means anticipating
what somebody else is thinking
what somebody else is thinking
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to znači predvidjeti
što netko drugi misli,
što netko drugi misli,
11:51
and feeling and planning --
250
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1736
osjeća i planira --
11:53
and emotional reward.
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te emocionalna nagrada.
11:55
And these areas become much more engaged
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Ova područja više se aktiviraju
11:57
when we're interacting
with a live partner.
with a live partner.
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kada komuniciramo s osobom uživo.
12:02
Now, these richer brain signatures
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Ti bogatiji potpisi mozga
12:04
might be why recruiters
from Fortune 500 companies
from Fortune 500 companies
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možda su razlog što su kod zapošljavanja
u kompanijama s popisa Fortune 500,
u kompanijama s popisa Fortune 500,
12:08
evaluating candidates
256
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1936
kada su procjenjivale kandidate,
12:10
thought that the candidates were smarter
257
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mislili da su kandidati pametniji
12:13
when they heard their voices
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1480
kada su čuli njihove glasove,
12:16
compared to when they just
read their pitches in a text, for example,
read their pitches in a text, for example,
259
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3256
u odnosu na to kada
samo čitaju njihove prijave
samo čitaju njihove prijave
12:19
or an email or a letter.
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1416
u emailu ili pismu.
12:20
Now, our voices and body language
convey a rich signal.
convey a rich signal.
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Naši glasovi i govor tijela
stvaraju bogat signal.
stvaraju bogat signal.
12:23
It shows that we're thinking, feeling,
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2016
To pokazuje da smo misaona, osjetljiva,
12:25
sentient human beings
263
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perceptivna ljudska bića,
12:27
who are much more than an algorithm.
264
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koja su puno više od algoritma.
12:29
Now, this research by Nicholas Epley
265
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Istraživanje koje je proveo Nicholas Epley
12:32
at the University of Chicago
Business School
Business School
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u Poslovnoj školi Sveučilišta u Chicagu,
12:36
is quite amazing because
it tells us a simple thing.
it tells us a simple thing.
267
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poprilično je nevjerojatno
jer nam poručuje jednostavno.
jer nam poručuje jednostavno.
12:39
If somebody hears your voice,
268
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Ako netko čuje vaš glas,
12:41
they think you're smarter.
269
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1320
mislit će da ste pametniji.
12:43
I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
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Stvarno, to je baš jednostavno.
12:47
Now, to return to the beginning,
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Vratimo se sada na početak,
12:50
why do women live longer than men?
272
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1896
zašto žene žive dulje od muškaraca?
12:51
And one major reason
is that women are more likely
is that women are more likely
273
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2336
Jedan od glavnih razloga je
što su žene sklonije
što su žene sklonije
12:54
to prioritize and groom
their face-to-face relationships
their face-to-face relationships
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dati prednost i njegovati
svoje bliske veze
svoje bliske veze
12:57
over their lifespans.
275
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1656
tijekom svog života.
12:59
Fresh evidence shows
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Najnoviji dokazi ukazuju na to,
13:01
that these in-person friendships
277
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da ova osobna prijateljstva
13:02
create a biological force field
against disease and decline.
against disease and decline.
278
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3976
stvaraju polje biološke sile
protiv bolesti i propadanja.
protiv bolesti i propadanja.
13:06
And it's not just true of humans
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2176
To ne važi samo za ljude,
13:09
but their primate relations,
our primate relations as well.
our primate relations as well.
280
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nego i za veze primata.
13:12
Anthropologist Joan Silk's work
shows that female baboons
shows that female baboons
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3656
Rad antropologinje Joan Silk
pokazuje da ženke pavijana
pokazuje da ženke pavijana
13:16
who have a core of female friends
282
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2896
koje imaju jezgru prijateljica,
13:19
show lower levels of stress
via their cortisol levels,
via their cortisol levels,
283
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3576
imaju i niže razine stresa
zbog nižih razina kortizola,
zbog nižih razina kortizola,
13:22
they live longer and they have
more surviving offspring.
more surviving offspring.
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žive dulje i imaju više
potomaka koji prežive.
potomaka koji prežive.
13:26
At least three stable relationships.
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2376
Barem tri stabilne veze.
13:29
That was the magic number.
286
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1496
To je bio magični broj.
13:30
Think about it.
287
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1216
Razmislite o tome.
13:31
I hope you guys have three.
288
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1286
Nadam se da imate tri.
13:34
The power of such face-to-face contact
289
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Moć živog kontakta
13:38
is really why there are
the lowest rates of dementia
the lowest rates of dementia
290
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2816
razlog je zašto su
stope senilnosti najniže
stope senilnosti najniže
13:41
among people who are socially engaged.
291
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2816
među onima koji su društveno aktivni.
13:44
It's why women who have breast cancer
292
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Zato žene koje imaju rak dojke
13:46
are four times more likely
to survive their disease than loners are.
to survive their disease than loners are.
293
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imaju četiri puta više izgleda
da će preživjeti nego samotnjakinje.
da će preživjeti nego samotnjakinje.
13:51
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly to play poker
who meet regularly to play poker
294
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Zašto muškarci koji su imali moždani udar,
koji se redovno nalaze da igraju poker,
koji se redovno nalaze da igraju poker,
13:55
or to have coffee
295
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ili da piju kavu,
13:57
or to play old-timer's hockey --
296
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ili da igraju hokej za starije --
13:59
I'm Canadian, after all --
297
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ipak sam ja Kanađanka --
14:00
(Laughter)
298
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1136
(Smijeh)
14:01
are better protected
by that social contact
by that social contact
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bolje su zaštićeni
tim društvenim kontaktom
tim društvenim kontaktom
14:04
than they are by medication.
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nego lijekovima.
14:06
Why men who've had a stroke
who meet regularly --
who meet regularly --
301
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Zašto muškarci koji su imali moždani udar,
a koji se redovno nalaze,
a koji se redovno nalaze,
14:09
this is something very
powerful they can do.
powerful they can do.
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ovo je nešto jako moćno
što oni mogu učiniti.
što oni mogu učiniti.
14:11
This face-to-face contact
provides stunning benefits,
provides stunning benefits,
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Ovaj kontakt licem u lice
omogućava zapanjujuće koristi,
omogućava zapanjujuće koristi,
14:15
yet now almost a quarter of the population
says they have no one to talk to.
says they have no one to talk to.
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ipak, sad već gotovo četvrtina populacije
kaže da nemaju s kim popričati.
kaže da nemaju s kim popričati.
14:21
We can do something about this.
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Možemo učiniti nešto po tom pitanju.
14:23
Like Sardinian villagers,
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Poput seljana sa Sardinije,
14:25
it's a biological imperative
to know we belong,
to know we belong,
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biološki je imperativ znati da pripadamo,
14:29
and not just the women among us.
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i ne samo žene.
14:31
Building in-person interaction
into our cities, into our workplaces,
into our cities, into our workplaces,
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Uvođenje žive komunikacije
u naše gradove, radna mjesta,
u naše gradove, radna mjesta,
14:35
into our agendas
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naše rasporede,
14:37
bolsters the immune system,
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jača imunološki sustav,
14:39
sends feel-good hormones
surging through the bloodstream and brain
surging through the bloodstream and brain
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šalje hormone ugode
našim krvotokom i mozgom
našim krvotokom i mozgom
14:43
and helps us live longer.
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te nam pomaže da dulje živimo.
14:45
I call this building your village,
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To neka bude vaše selo,
14:48
and building it and sustaining it
is a matter of life and death.
is a matter of life and death.
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a njegova izgradnja i održavanje
je pitanje života i smrti.
je pitanje života i smrti.
14:52
Thank you.
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Hvala.
14:54
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
15:00
Helen Walters: Susan, come back.
I have a question for you.
I have a question for you.
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Helen Walters: Susan, vratite se.
Imam pitanje za vas.
Imam pitanje za vas.
Pitam se postoji li lakši put.
15:02
I'm wondering if there's a middle path.
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Govorite o neurotransmiterima
koji se spajaju kad komuniciramo uživo,
koji se spajaju kad komuniciramo uživo,
15:04
So you talk about the neurotransmitters
connecting when in face-to-face,
connecting when in face-to-face,
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no, što s digitalnom tehnologijom?
15:08
but what about digital technology?
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15:09
We've seen enormous improvements
in digital technology
in digital technology
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Svjedočili smo ogromnim
digitalnim napretcima
digitalnim napretcima
15:12
like FaceTime, things like that.
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kao što je FaceTime i slično.
15:15
Does that work too?
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Važi li i to?
Mislim, gledam svog nećaka.
15:16
I mean, I see my nephew.
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15:17
He plays Minecraft
and he's yelling at his friends.
and he's yelling at his friends.
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Igra Minecraft i viče na svoje prijatelje.
Čini se da se dobro povezuje.
15:20
It seems like he's connecting pretty well.
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Je li to korisno? Pomaže li to?
15:22
Is that useful? Is that helpful?
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Susan Pinker: Neki podaci
tek se pojavljuju.
tek se pojavljuju.
15:23
Susan Pinker: Some of the data
are just emerging.
are just emerging.
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Podaci su tako novi
da se digitalna revolucija dogodila,
da se digitalna revolucija dogodila,
15:26
The data are so fresh
that the digital revolution happened
that the digital revolution happened
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15:29
and the health data trailed behind.
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a podaci o zdravlju su zaostali.
15:32
So we're just learning,
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Tako da još učimo,
15:33
but I would say
there are some improvements
there are some improvements
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ali rekla bih da bismo mogli poboljšati
15:35
that we could make in the technology.
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neke stvari u tehnologiji.
Primjerice, kamera na vašem laptopu
je pri vrhu ekrana
je pri vrhu ekrana
15:37
For example, the camera on your laptop
is at the top of the screen,
is at the top of the screen,
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15:40
so for example, when you're
looking into the screen,
looking into the screen,
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pa kada gledate u ekran,
15:43
you're not actually making eye contact.
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zapravo ne uspostavljate kontakt očima.
15:45
So something as simple
as even just looking into the camera
as even just looking into the camera
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Nešto tako jednostavno
kao što je gledanje u kameru,
kao što je gledanje u kameru,
15:48
can increase those neurotransmitters,
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može povećati te neurotransmitere,
15:51
or maybe changing
the position of the camera.
the position of the camera.
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ili možda promijeniti poziciju kamere.
15:53
So it's not identical, but I think
we are getting closer with the technology.
we are getting closer with the technology.
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Tako da, nije isto, ali mislim
da se približavamo tehnologiji.
da se približavamo tehnologiji.
15:57
HW: Great. Thank you so much.
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HW: Odlično. Hvala vam puno.
SP: Hvala.
15:59
SP: Thank you.
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(Pljesak)
16:00
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Pinker - Developmental psychologistSusan Pinker reveals how in-person social interactions are not only necessary for human happiness but also could be a key to health and longevity.
Why you should listen
In her award-winning book The Sexual Paradox, psychologist Susan Pinker argued that biological differences could play an unexpectedly large role in creating classroom, lifespan and workplace gender gaps. With The Village Effect, she tracks another current: how social, face-to-face interactions are critical not only for our happiness but also for our survival, and how technology can isolate us from these life-saving bonds. As she writes: "Neglecting to keep in close contact with people who are important to you is at least as dangerous to your health as a pack-a-day cigarette habit, hypertension or obesity."
In addition to her books, Pinker writes a column for the Wall Street Journal, "Mind and Matter," which illuminates surprising advances in human behavior research. Pinker’s numerous writings (including her weekly columns "Problem Solving" and "The Business Brain") have appeared in the Guardian, the New York Times and Financial Times, among many others.
Susan Pinker | Speaker | TED.com