Alice Goffman: How we're priming some kids for college — and others for prison
アリス・ゴフマン: 私たちがどのように子供たちを大学―または刑務所に送り込んでいるか
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens. Full bio
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travel to adulthood,
a lot about: college.
皆さんがよく耳にする「大学」です
the excitement that you felt
at this very moment.
いるかもしれません
young people in debt.
若者に借金を残すことです
with pride and with great friends
誇りと素晴らしい友人―
about the world.
大学を卒業します
than they had before they got there.
労働市場で与えられます
the second institution
to adulthood in the United States.
2つ目の組織についてです
are meeting with probation officers
instead of to class.
a trip to a state correctional facility.
州の刑務所へ行きます
to prison in New Jersey.
年間4万ドルもかかります
is a cold prison cell
冷たい独房です
when they come home
on this journey to adulthood
and that's because in the past 40 years,
これは過去40年間に
has grown by 700 percent.
in the population.
that we're sending to prison,
貧しい子供たち―
and Latino communities
ラテン系の子供達が多く
the young people trying to make it
アメリカンドリームの実現との間に
a bit worse than this
poor kids to prison,
刑務所に送るだけでなく
in halfway houses and on house arrest,
自宅軟禁することを求め
to negotiate a police force
警察の手が入りつつあることを
communities of color,
of promoting public safety,
公共の安全を増進するためでなく
to line city coffers.
街の財源を潤すためなのです
historic experiment in punishment:
隠された側面です
they will be stopped, searched and seized.
逮捕されるかわからないと脅えていました
but in their homes,
other path to adulthood
African-American neighborhood.
居住地の中にあります
journeys going on simultaneously:
同時に起こっているのです―
this elite, private university,
子供達がいる一方で
the adjacent neighborhood,
are being shipped to prison.
a young woman who was in high school
私は大学から10分のところに住む
away from the university.
from a juvenile detention center.
少年院から家に帰ってきました
and his friends and family,
彼の家族と知り合いになり
about me writing about his life
彼の人生について
a dissertation at Princeton
プリンストン大学で博士論文になり
and I spent the next six years
そこで次の6年間を過ごすことになります
were facing as they came of age.
どのような経験をするか理解するためです
in this neighborhood,
ran after the other boy.
追いかけるのを見ました
to the younger boy,
the other child's pocket,
25セント硬貨を取り上げて
he was carrying any drugs
ドラッグは持っていないか
simply give up running,
against the ground
or flat up against a wall.
and you're never coming home!"
と叫びます
pull another child's pants down
見たこともあります
in this neighborhood,
any contact between police
pedestrians or people in cars,
車に乗っている人を呼び止めたり
名前を照合したり
with five exceptions.
5日間の例外を除き毎日見ました
break down doors,
in their home.
in this first year and a half,
kick, stomp on or beat young men
蹴り、踏みつけ、叩くのを見ました
知るようになりました
a senior in high school.
チャックは18歳で高校3年生でした
and making C's and B's.
成績は「可」と「良」ばかりでした
he followed him around a lot,
いつもついて回っていました
with a front lawn and a back porch.
2階建ての家に住んでいました
all while the boys were growing up.
ずっと中毒に悩まされていました
to hold down a job for very long.
長い間 職につけませんでした
that supported the family,
祖父の年金でしたが
for food and clothes
食べ物や服―
十分ではありませんでした
a senior in high school.
チャックは高校3年生で
雪に押し付けたので
with aggravated assault.
彼を加重暴行罪で告訴しました
more than anything.
彼のプライドであったことでしょう
to adult county jail
フィラデルフィアの北東の国道沿いの
he couldn't afford it --
dragged on and on and on
彼の高校3年生の大部分
threw out most of the charges
ほとんどの請求を却下し
of court fees hanging over his head.
彼に課されました
to re-enroll as a senior,
高校3年生を再履修しようとしましたが
to be readmitted.
年を取りすぎているということでした
issued him a warrant for his arrest
彼に対して逮捕令状を発行しました
the 225 dollars in court fees
数週間で期限を迎えた―
the case ended.
支払えなかったからです
living on the run.
高校中退者となりました
to get his warrant lifted
for the court fees
in his girlfriend's car.
ティムを学校に送っているところでした
データベースと照合したところ
as stolen in California.
判明したのです
of this car it had been stolen.
チャックには見当もつきませんでした
from a used car auction
フィラデルフィア北東の中古車オークションで
outside of the tri-state,
カリフォルニアまではおろか
出たことがありませんでした
receiving stolen property.
a few days later,
青少年担当の裁判官は
a stolen property
three years of probation.
hanging over his head,
how to run from the police.
どうしたらよいのか教え始めたのです
on their back porch
how to spot undercover cars,
覆面パトカーの見分け方や
how and where to hide.
どこにどのように隠れるかを教えたのです
大学に行く地区に
where kids were going to college,
その生活はどんなものであったでしょう
その生活はどんなものであったでしょう
I got to grow up in.
they're committing crimes!
犯罪を犯しているじゃないの!
living in fear of arrest?
必要はないって言うの?
that other young people
同じことをしているのなら
with impunity.
would have ended there,
an aggravated assault case.
I went to college with
if the police had stopped those kids
学生達を呼び止めて
as they walked to class?
何人くらい捕まるか想像できますか?
in the middle of the night?
警察が乗り込んだら?
really low crime rate?
これは良いことです
Crime is down.
犯罪は減っています
the '90s and through the 2000s.
急激に減っています
of Sciences last year,
historically high incarceration rates
ほとんど関係がないとのことです
goes up and down
we send to prison.
in a pretty narrow way:
wrongfully convicted.
不当に有罪判決が行われていることです
of something you did do,
there are perpetrators.
more broadly than that.
広く考えられるのではないでしょうか
in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods,
生活している子供達―
of family resources,
the country's worst schools,
in the labor market,
where violence is an everyday problem,
住んでいる―
the thinnest possible line --
最も細い線の上を歩くように求めています
何もするなということです
to young kids facing these challenges?
子供達に手を差し伸べないのでしょうか?
jail time and this fugitive existence?
逃亡者の生活しか与えないのでしょう?
that prioritizes recovery,
市民としての受け入れを優先する
that acknowledges
of color in the U.S. have faced
貧困層排斥の伝統を認めながらも
and perpetuate those exclusions.
永続させることもしていません
that believes in black young people,
一斉検挙する敵として扱うのではなく
as the enemy to be rounded up.
まとめられています
wrote "The New Jim Crow,"
『The New Jim Crow』という本を書き
incarceration as a civil rights issue
they had not seen it before.
認識させたのです
Eric Holder have come out very strongly
判決手続きの改革を
racial disparity in incarceration.
必要性に取り組んでいます
Stop and Frisk
目の当たりにしつつあります
decriminalize possession of marijuana.
犯罪とみなさなくなりつつあります
and California
カリフォルニアは
prison populations, closing prisons,
刑務所を閉鎖する一方
investing in education.
from the right and the left,
右派と左派両方から成り
and fiscal conservatives,
and libertarians,
to protest police violence
ティーンエイジャーに対する
路上に出る若者などが参加し
decarceration initiatives
our criminal justice system
that the right and the left
this political moment in my lifetime.
この政治的な瞬間を目にすると思いませんでした
who have been working tirelessly
原因と結果について書くために
high incarceration rates
this moment in our lifetime.
考えていたのではないでしょうか
how much can we make of it?
「そのために何ができるのか?」
ということです
struggling to stay out of prison
あるいは刑務所を出て家に帰ろうと
and return home.
呼びかけたいと思います
to adulthood are worlds apart,
天と地ほど分かれているように見えますが
in these two institutions
of reforming our criminal justice system.
リーダーになれるということです
in the fight for equal rights,
to be granted dignity
of young people
moment, potentially,
build a new criminal justice system,
正義に重きを置く―
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologistAlice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.
Why you should listen
As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.
Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.
Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com