ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.

Why you should listen

As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.

Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.

Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.

More profile about the speaker
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com
TED2015

Alice Goffman: How we're priming some kids for college — and others for prison

愛麗絲.高夫曼: 我們如何培養一群孩子進入大學,卻又將另一群孩子送進監獄?

Filmed:
1,909,544 views

在美國,有兩種機構引導青少年的成長過程:大學和監獄。社會學家愛麗絲.高夫曼在費城的一個問題社區裡住了六年。她親眼看到非裔美籍和拉美裔的青少年如何被迫走上監獄這條路--有時候只是因為犯了非常小的過錯。在這場慷慨激昂的演說中,她問道:「為什麼帶給這些年輕人的,只是逮捕、入獄?」
- Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

美國兒童在成長的過程中,
00:13
On the path路徑 that American美國 children孩子
travel旅行 to adulthood成年,
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00:16
two institutions機構 oversee監視 the journey旅程.
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有兩種機構發揮著守望的功能:
00:20
The first is the one we hear
a lot about: college學院.
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第一種是我們經常聽到的:大學。
你們當中有些人可能還記得,
00:24
Some of you may可能 remember記得
the excitement激動 that you felt
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當你收到錄取通知書的那一刻,
自己有多麼興奮。
00:26
when you first set off for college學院.
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00:29
Some of you may可能 be in college學院 right now
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有些人可能現在正在上大學,
00:31
and you're feeling感覺 this excitement激動
at this very moment時刻.
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此刻你正感到無比的興奮。
當然大學也有一些不足之處,
00:35
College學院 has some shortcomings缺點.
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比如學費太貴,導致年輕人負债累累。
00:37
It's expensive昂貴; it leaves樹葉
young年輕 people in debt債務.
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但是整體來說,
大學是一條相當不錯的道路。
00:41
But all in all, it's a pretty漂亮 good path路徑.
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年輕人從大學畢業,帶著自豪,
結交好朋友,
00:43
Young年輕 people emerge出現 from college學院
with pride自豪 and with great friends朋友
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同時也學到許多有關世界的知識。
00:49
and with a lot of knowledge知識
about the world世界.
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或許更重要的是,
00:51
And perhaps也許 most importantly重要的,
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00:53
a better chance機會 in the labor勞動 market市場
than they had before they got there.
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對找工作來說,
他們比上大學前有了更好的機會。
00:57
Today今天 I want to talk about
the second第二 institution機構
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今天,我要談談另一種
在美國守望著孩童成長過程的機構,
01:00
overseeing監督 the journey旅程 from childhood童年
to adulthood成年 in the United聯合的 States狀態.
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01:06
And that institution機構 is prison監獄.
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那就是監獄。
在監獄裡,年輕人遇到的是觀護人,
01:10
Young年輕 people on this journey旅程
are meeting會議 with probation緩刑 officers長官
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01:14
instead代替 of with teachers教師.
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而不是老師。
他們得按時去法院報到,而不是教室。
01:16
They're going to court法庭 dates日期
instead代替 of to class.
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別人在大三出國旅遊時,
他們的旅途是去州立感化院。
01:20
Their junior初級 year abroad國外 is instead代替
a trip to a state correctional懲教 facility設施.
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01:25
And they're emerging新興 from their 20s
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當他們在20多歲時,
他們拿到的不是企管或英文的學位,
01:28
not with degrees in business商業 and English英語,
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01:31
but with criminal刑事 records記錄.
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而是犯罪前科紀錄。
01:34
This institution機構 is also costing成本核算 us a lot,
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這個機構也花費許多公帑,
在紐澤西州,
將一個年輕人送進監獄的花費,
01:37
about 40,000 dollars美元 a year
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01:38
to send發送 a young年輕 person
to prison監獄 in New Jersey新澤西.
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大約是一年4萬美元,
但這筆錢是納稅人付的。
01:43
But here, taxpayers納稅人 are footing立足點 the bill法案
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而這些孩子得到的是冰冷的監獄牢房,
01:45
and what kids孩子 are getting得到
is a cold prison監獄 cell細胞
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01:49
and a permanent常駐 mark標記 against反對 them
when they come home
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以及在他們出獄返家後,或是找工作時,
01:52
and apply應用 for work.
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無法抹除的永久印記。
在美國,有愈來愈多的孩子
步上這條成長的道路,
01:54
There are more and more kids孩子
on this journey旅程 to adulthood成年
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01:58
than ever before in the United聯合的 States狀態
and that's because in the past過去 40 years年份,
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因為在過去的40年,
02:03
our incarceration監禁 rate
has grown長大的 by 700 percent百分.
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我們的監禁率,成長了百分之七百。
我為這場演講製作了一張投影片。
02:09
I have one slide滑動 for this talk.
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就是這張。
02:11
Here it is.
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02:13
Here's這裡的 our incarceration監禁 rate,
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這是我們的監禁率。
02:15
about 716 people per 100,000
in the population人口.
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每十萬人當中有716人入獄服刑。
這是OECD經濟合作暨發展組織
會員國的監禁率圖表。
02:23
Here's這裡的 the OECD經合組織 countries國家.
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[圖表說明] 美國的監禁率全世界最高,
大約每十萬人有716人入獄服刑。
更重要的是,
我們將貧窮的孩子們送進監獄。
02:30
What's more, it's poor較差的 kids孩子
that we're sending發出 to prison監獄,
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他們多數來自非裔美籍和拉丁裔社區。
02:33
too many許多 drawn from African-American非裔美國人
and Latino拉丁美洲人 communities社區
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02:37
so that prison監獄 now stands站立 firmly牢牢 between之間
the young年輕 people trying to make it
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現在,監獄阻擋了這些想要成功,
以及實現美國夢的年輕人。
02:41
and the fulfillment履行 of the American美國 Dream夢想.
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問題其實更為嚴重,
02:45
The problem's問題 actually其實
a bit worse更差 than this
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因為我們不只是將貧窮的孩子關起來,
02:48
'cause原因 we're not just sending發出
poor較差的 kids孩子 to prison監獄,
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我們還讓這些孩子負擔法庭費用,
02:50
we're saddling備馬 poor較差的 kids孩子 with court法庭 fees費用,
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用緩刑和假釋來限制他們,
02:53
with probation緩刑 and parole言語 restrictions限制,
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02:56
with low-level低級別 warrants認股權證,
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或是對他們發布輕度通緝。
02:58
we're asking them to live生活
in halfway houses房屋 and on house arrest逮捕,
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我們讓他們住在中途之家
或是進行居家監禁。
03:01
and we're asking them
to negotiate談判 a police警察 force
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我們讓他們屈服於警察勢力
03:05
that is entering進入 poor較差的
communities社區 of color顏色,
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進入到有色人種的貧窮社區裏,
03:07
not for the purposes目的
of promoting促進 public上市 safety安全,
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目的不是為了要加強公共安全,
而是為了讓逮捕人數達到要求,
以增加市政府收入。
03:10
but to make arrest逮捕 counts計數,
to line city coffers庫房.
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03:18
This is the hidden underside下側 to our
historic歷史性 experiment實驗 in punishment懲罰:
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這是我們一直以來所進行的懲罰性實驗。
隱藏在背後的陰暗面是:
03:22
young年輕 people worried擔心 that at any moment時刻,
they will be stopped停止, searched搜索 and seized.
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年輕人擔心,他們隨時可能
被攔下來、被搜查、被逮捕。
不只是在街上如此,在家裡、
03:28
Not just in the streets街道,
but in their homes家園,
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03:31
at school學校 and at work.
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在學校、或在工作時都有可能。
03:34
I got interested有興趣 in this
other path路徑 to adulthood成年
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我開始對這一條成長的道路感到興趣,
03:38
when I was myself a college學院 student學生
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當我還是賓州大學學生的時候,
03:40
attending出席 the University大學 of Pennsylvania賓夕法尼亞
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03:42
in the early 2000s.
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那時是在2000年年初。
03:44
Penn佩恩 sits坐鎮 within a historic歷史性
African-American非裔美國人 neighborhood鄰里.
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賓州大學位於一個
歷史上非裔美人居住的地區。
03:48
So you've got these two parallel平行
journeys旅程 going on simultaneously同時:
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在那裡,可以看到這兩條平行的成長道路:
03:53
the kids孩子 attending出席
this elite原種, private私人的 university大學,
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一邊的孩子,進入精英的的私人大學就讀,
03:56
and the kids孩子 from
the adjacent neighborhood鄰里,
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住在另一邊鄰近社區的孩子們,
03:58
some of whom are making製造 it to college學院,
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雖然有一些也進了大學,
04:00
and many許多 of whom
are being存在 shipped to prison監獄.
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但是大多數的孩子卻被送進監獄裏。
04:04
In my sophomore二年級 year, I started開始 tutoring家教
a young年輕 woman女人 who was in high school學校
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在我大二那年,
我開始為一個高中的女孩補習。
04:09
who lived生活 about 10 minutes分鐘
away from the university大學.
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她住在距離這個大學10分鐘路程的地方。
04:12
Soon不久, her cousin表姐 came來了 home
from a juvenile少年 detention拘留 center中央.
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不久,他的一位表弟
從少年拘留所回到家裡。
04:15
He was 15, a freshman新生 in high school學校.
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他當時15歲,剛就讀高中一年級。
04:18
I began開始 to get to know him
and his friends朋友 and family家庭,
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我開始認識他、他的朋友以及家人。
04:22
and I asked him what he thought
about me writing寫作 about his life
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我問他,我是否可以在大四的論文裡
04:25
for my senior前輩 thesis論文 in college學院.
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描寫有關他的故事。
04:28
This senior前輩 thesis論文 became成為
a dissertation論文 at Princeton普林斯頓
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這篇大四所寫的論文,後來也成為
我在普林斯頓大學的博士論文,
04:32
and now a book.
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以及我所寫的一本書。
04:33
By the end結束 of my sophomore二年級 year,
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在我大二那年結束時,
04:35
I moved移動 into the neighborhood鄰里
and I spent花費 the next下一個 six years年份
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我搬到那個社區居住,
在接下來的六年裏,
04:38
trying to understand理解 what young年輕 people
were facing面對 as they came來了 of age年齡.
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我試著了解年輕人
在成長過程所要面對的事物。
04:44
The first week I spent花費
in this neighborhood鄰里,
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我住在那裡的第一週,
04:46
I saw two boys男孩, five and seven years年份 old,
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我看到兩個男孩,分別是五歲和七歲,
04:48
play this game遊戲 of chase,
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他們正在玩追逐遊戲。
04:50
where the older舊的 boy男孩
ran after the other boy男孩.
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那個大男孩追著另一個男孩。
04:53
He played發揮 the cop警察.
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大男孩扮演警察。
04:54
When the cop警察 caught抓住 up
to the younger更年輕 boy男孩,
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當這個警察追到小男孩時,
04:56
he pushed him down,
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他將他推倒在地,
04:58
handcuffed戴上手銬 him with imaginary假想 handcuffs手銬,
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假裝用手銬銬上他的手,
05:00
took a quarter25美分硬幣 out of
the other child's孩子的 pocket口袋,
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從他的口袋拿出一個25分的硬幣,
05:03
saying, "I'm seizing抓住 that."
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他說:「我要拿走這個硬幣」。
05:06
He asked the child兒童 if
he was carrying攜帶 any drugs毒品
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他問那個小孩是否身上有毒品,
05:10
or if he had a warrant保證.
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或者正在被通緝?
05:12
Many許多 times, I saw this game遊戲 repeated重複,
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我經常看到孩子們玩這個遊戲。
05:14
sometimes有時 children孩子 would
simply只是 give up running賽跑,
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有時候,孩子會放棄逃跑,
05:17
and stick their bodies身體 flat平面
against反對 the ground地面
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身體直直地趴在地上,
05:19
with their hands above以上 their heads,
or flat平面 up against反對 a wall.
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將手舉在頭上,或將手靠在牆壁上。
05:22
Children孩子 would yell叫喊 at each other,
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孩子們會彼此大叫,
05:24
"I'm going to lock you up,
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「我要把你關起來。
05:25
I'm going to lock you up
and you're never coming未來 home!"
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我要把你關起來,
讓你永遠不能回家!」
05:29
Once一旦 I saw a six-year-old六十歲 child兒童
pull another另一個 child's孩子的 pants褲子 down
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有一次我看到一個六歲小孩
拉下另一個小孩的褲子,
05:33
and try to do a cavity空穴 search搜索.
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試著對他做「體腔檢查」。
05:36
In the first 18 months個月 that I lived生活
in this neighborhood鄰里,
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我住在那個社區的前18個月,
05:39
I wrote down every一切 time I saw
any contact聯繫 between之間 police警察
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我紀錄下每一次我所看到
警察和我的鄰居之間的接觸過程。
05:43
and people that were my neighbors鄰居.
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05:46
So in the first 18 months個月,
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在那18個月當中,
05:48
I watched看著 the police警察 stop
pedestrians行人 or people in cars汽車,
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我看著警察攔下行人
或是車子裡的人,
05:52
search搜索 people, run people's人們 names,
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對他們搜查,問他們的名字,
05:54
chase people through通過 the streets街道,
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在街上追著他們,
05:56
pull people in for questioning疑問,
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將他們帶回去問話,或是逮捕他們。
05:58
or make an arrest逮捕 every一切 single day,
with five exceptions例外.
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這些事每天都在上演,
只有五天平安無事。
06:03
Fifty-two五十二 times, I watched看著 the police警察
break打破 down doors,
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總共有52次,我看到警察破門而入,
06:07
chase people through通過 houses房屋
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穿過房子追著人們,
06:09
or make an arrest逮捕 of someone有人
in their home.
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或者在他們的家裡抓人。
06:12
Fourteen十四 times
in this first year and a half,
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在一年半內有14次,
06:15
I watched看著 the police警察 punch沖床, choke,
kick, stomp跺腳 on or beat擊敗 young年輕 men男人
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我看到警察在逮捕年輕人後,
對他們打、嗆、踢、踩或揍。
06:20
after they had caught抓住 them.
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06:24
Bit by bit, I got to know two brothers兄弟,
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後來,我認識了兩兄弟,
06:26
Chuck and Tim蒂姆.
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恰克 和 提姆。
06:28
Chuck was 18 when we met會見,
a senior前輩 in high school學校.
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我遇到恰克時,他18歲,
就讀高中四年級。
06:31
He was playing播放 on the basketball籃球 team球隊
and making製造 C'sC'S and B'sB的.
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他是籃球隊的隊員,成績有C有B。
06:34
His younger更年輕 brother哥哥, Tim蒂姆, was 10.
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他的弟弟提姆,那時10歲。
06:36
And Tim蒂姆 loved喜愛 Chuck;
he followed其次 him around a lot,
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提姆很愛恰克,
他總是跟在恰克屁股後面,
06:39
looked看著 to Chuck to be a mentor導師.
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視哥哥為偶像。
06:42
They lived生活 with their mom媽媽 and grandfather祖父
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他們和母親、祖父居住在
06:44
in a two-story二層 row home
with a front面前 lawn草坪 and a back porch門廊.
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一座兩層樓的連棟房屋裡,
房屋前有草地,後有陽台。
06:47
Their mom媽媽 was struggling奮鬥的 with addiction
all while the boys男孩 were growing生長 up.
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在他們的成長過程裡,
他們的母親一直有吸毒問題。
06:51
She never really was able能夠
to hold保持 down a job工作 for very long.
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她沒有長期穩定的工作,
06:55
It was their grandfather's爺爺的 pension養老金
that supported支持的 the family家庭,
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他們依靠祖父的退休金生活。
06:58
not really enough足夠 to pay工資
for food餐飲 and clothes衣服
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那筆退休金並不足以支付
成長中男孩所需的食物和衣服,
07:01
and school學校 supplies耗材 for growing生長 boys男孩.
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以及學費開銷。
07:04
The family家庭 was really struggling奮鬥的.
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那個家庭實在過得很幸苦。
07:06
So when we met會見, Chuck was
a senior前輩 in high school學校.
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我認識他們時,恰克在讀高中四年級。
07:08
He had just turned轉身 18.
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他剛滿18歲。
07:11
That winter冬季, a kid孩子 in the schoolyard校園
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那個冬天,一個學校的孩子
07:14
called Chuck'sChuck的 mom媽媽 a crack裂紋 whore妓女.
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辱罵恰克的母親是"吸毒婊子"。
07:18
Chuck pushed the kid's孩子的 face面對 into the snow
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恰克將那個孩子的臉壓到雪裡,
07:20
and the school學校 cops警察 charged帶電 him
with aggravated加重 assault突擊.
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校警以重度攻擊罪名起訴他。
07:24
The other kid孩子 was fine the next下一個 day,
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那個被打的孩子,其實第二天就沒事了,
07:26
I think it was his pride自豪 that was injured受傷
more than anything.
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我想主要是他的自尊心受到傷害。
07:29
But anyway無論如何, since以來 Chuck was 18,
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但是,由於恰克已經年滿18歲,
07:31
this aggAGG. assault突擊 case案件 sent發送 him
to adult成人 county jail監獄
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他因為重度攻擊罪名,
被關進郡立的成人監獄。
07:34
on State Road in northeast東北 Philadelphia費城,
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這所監獄位於費城東北邊的州立公路上。
07:37
where he satSAT, unable無法 to pay工資 the bail保釋 --
he couldn't不能 afford給予 it --
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他因為無法付出假釋金而被關著 --
他根本負擔不起 --
07:41
while the trial審訊 dates日期
dragged on and on and on
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他的出庭日期被一拖再拖,
07:44
through通過 almost幾乎 his entire整個 senior前輩 year.
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幾乎拖延了他整個高中四年級。
07:47
Finally最後, near the end結束 of this season季節,
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最後,在這個季節快要結束前,
07:50
the judge法官 on this assault突擊 case案件
threw out most of the charges收費
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審理這個傷害案的法官
駁回了大多數的控告,
07:54
and Chuck came來了 home
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恰克可以回家了,
07:55
with only a few少數 hundred dollars'美元的 worth價值
of court法庭 fees費用 hanging over his head.
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卻也欠下數百美元的訴訟費債務。
08:00
Tim蒂姆 was pretty漂亮 happy快樂 that day.
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提姆那天很高興。
08:02
The next下一個 fall秋季, Chuck tried試著
to re-enroll重新註冊 as a senior前輩,
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隔年秋天,恰克要返校重讀高四,
08:05
but the school學校 secretary秘書 told him that
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但是學校秘書告訴他,
08:07
he was then 19 and too old
to be readmitted再次入院.
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由於他已經19歲了,
超過高四的就學年齡,無法復學。
08:10
Then the judge法官 on his assault突擊 case案件
issued發行 him a warrant保證 for his arrest逮捕
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接著,審理恰克傷害案的法官
對他發佈一份通緝,
08:14
because he couldn't不能 pay工資
the 225 dollars美元 in court法庭 fees費用
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因為他沒有支付225美元的訴訟費用。
08:17
that came來了 due應有 a few少數 weeks after
the case案件 ended結束.
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通緝令在他的案件審理結束後的
幾個星期發出。
當時,他被高中退學,
而且還要躲避通緝,
08:20
Then he was a high school學校 dropout退出
living活的 on the run.
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08:24
Tim's蒂姆 first arrest逮捕 came來了 later後來 that year
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提姆在那一年後期,第一次被警察逮捕,
08:26
after he turned轉身 11.
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那時他才剛滿11歲。
08:28
Chuck had managed管理
to get his warrant保證 lifted取消
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恰克後來被解除通緝,
08:30
and he was on a payment付款 plan計劃
for the court法庭 fees費用
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因為他用分期付款來支付訴訟費用。
08:33
and he was driving主動 Tim蒂姆 to school學校
in his girlfriend's女友 car汽車.
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有一天,他開著女朋友的車子
載提姆去學校,
08:37
So a cop警察 pulls them over, runs運行 the car汽車,
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一位警察攔住他們,盤查他們的車,
08:39
and the car汽車 comes up
as stolen被盜 in California加州.
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結果那是一輛在加州失竊的贓車。
08:43
Chuck had no idea理念 where in the history歷史
of this car汽車 it had been stolen被盜.
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恰克並不知道,這輛車曾經被偷,
那是他的女朋友的叔叔,
08:47
His girlfriend's女友 uncle叔叔 bought it
from a used car汽車 auction拍賣
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在費城東北區向一位中古車商買的。
08:51
in northeast東北 Philly費城.
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08:52
Chuck and Tim蒂姆 had never been
outside of the tri-state三態,
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恰克和提姆從來沒有離開過
鄰近三個州的範圍,
08:55
let alone單獨 to California加州.
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更不用說到過加州。
08:57
But anyway無論如何, the cops警察 down at the precinct管理區
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但是,管轄當地的警察
08:59
charged帶電 Chuck with
receiving接收 stolen被盜 property屬性.
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以收受贓物的罪名起訴恰克。
09:03
And then a juvenile少年 judge法官,
a few少數 days later後來,
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接著幾天之後,一位主管少年案件的法官
09:06
charged帶電 Tim蒂姆, age年齡 11,
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起訴了11歲的提姆,
09:08
with accessory附件 to receiving接收
a stolen被盜 property屬性
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罪名是收受贓物罪的共犯,
09:11
and then he was placed放置 on
three years年份 of probation緩刑.
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並且判處三年的緩刑。
09:16
With this probation緩刑 sentence句子
hanging over his head,
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因為這個緩刑的判決,
09:19
Chuck satSAT his little brother哥哥 down
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恰克開始教他的弟弟
09:21
and began開始 teaching教學 him
how to run from the police警察.
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如何躲避警察。
09:24
They would sit side by side
on their back porch門廊
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他們比肩坐在家裡的後陽台,
09:27
looking out into the shared共享 alleyway胡同
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對著公共的巷道,
09:29
and Chuck would coach教練 Tim蒂姆
how to spot undercover秘密 cars汽車,
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恰克教提姆如何辨別便衣警察的車子,
09:33
how to negotiate談判 a late-night深夜 police警察 raid襲擊,
how and where to hide隱藏.
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如何避開深夜警察的盤查,
以及去哪裡躲藏。
09:39
I want you to imagine想像 for a second第二
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我要你們想像一下,
09:40
what Chuck and Tim's蒂姆 lives生活 would be like
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恰克和提姆過著什麼樣的生活?
09:43
if they were living活的 in a neighborhood鄰里
where kids孩子 were going to college學院,
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如果他們居住在
孩子們都能上大學的地區,
09:47
not prison監獄.
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而不是被送進監獄。
就像是我從小到大所居住的社區。
09:49
A neighborhood鄰里 like the one
I got to grow增長 up in.
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09:53
Okay, you might威力 say.
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好吧,你會說,
09:54
But Chuck and Tim蒂姆, kids孩子 like them,
they're committing提交 crimes犯罪!
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但是像恰克和提姆這樣的孩子,
他們還是有犯罪啊!
09:58
Don't they deserve值得 to be in prison監獄?
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他們不應該關在監獄嗎?
他們害怕被逮捕,難道不是應得的嗎?
10:00
Don't they deserve值得 to be
living活的 in fear恐懼 of arrest逮捕?
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10:04
Well, my answer回答 would be no.
190
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好,我的回答是:「不」。
10:07
They don't.
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他們不應該如此被對待。
10:08
And certainly當然 not for the same相同 things
that other young年輕 people
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尤其他們所做的事,
10:11
with more privilege特權 are doing
with impunity有罪不罰.
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和那些住在優渥環境的年輕人一樣,
但是後者卻不會受罰。
10:14
If Chuck had gone走了 to my high school學校,
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如果恰克進入我所就讀的高中,
10:16
that schoolyard校園 fight鬥爭
would have ended結束 there,
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他在學校內的打架事件,不會擴大到校外,
10:19
as a schoolyard校園 fight鬥爭.
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就只是當作校園事件處理。
10:20
It never would have become成為
an aggravated加重 assault突擊 case案件.
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這樣的行為並不會演變成重度傷害罪。
10:24
Not a single kid孩子 that
I went to college學院 with
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我有許多大學同學,
到現在沒有任何一位有犯罪紀錄。
10:27
has a criminal刑事 record記錄 right now.
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10:29
Not a single one.
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一個都沒有。
10:31
But can you imagine想像 how many許多 might威力 have
if the police警察 had stopped停止 those kids孩子
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但是你可以想像:
如果警察把他們攔下來,
10:35
and searched搜索 their pockets口袋 for drugs毒品
as they walked to class?
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搜查他們的口袋是否有毒品,
會有多少人因此留下犯罪紀錄?
10:39
Or had raided搜查 their frat兄弟會 parties派對
in the middle中間 of the night?
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或者在半夜,到他們的聚會進行臨檢?
10:44
Okay, you might威力 say.
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好,你可能會說,
10:45
But doesn't this high incarceration監禁 rate
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難道不是因為提高監禁率,
10:47
partly部分地 account帳戶 for our
really low crime犯罪 rate?
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才降低了犯罪率嗎?
10:50
Crime犯罪 is down. That's a good thing.
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能降低犯罪率,當然是件好事。
10:52
Totally完全, that is a good thing.
Crime犯罪 is down.
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總體而言,那是件好事,犯罪率降低了。
10:55
It dropped下降 precipitously陡然 in
the '90s and through通過 the 2000s.
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在1990和2000年之間,犯罪率明顯地降低。
10:58
But according根據 to a committee委員會 of academics學者
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但是,根據去年由美國國家科學院舉辦的
11:00
convened召開 by the National國民 Academy學院
of Sciences科學 last year,
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一場學術性會議結果,
11:04
the relationship關係 between之間 our
historically歷史 high incarceration監禁 rates利率
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過去我們的高監禁率
11:08
and our low crime犯罪 rate is pretty漂亮 shaky搖搖欲墜.
213
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與低犯罪率之間的關係,非常微弱。
11:12
It turns out that the crime犯罪 rate
goes up and down
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也就是說,犯罪率的高低
11:15
irrespective不管 of how many許多 young年輕 people
we send發送 to prison監獄.
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與年輕人被關在監獄的數量無關。
11:21
We tend趨向 to think about justice正義
in a pretty漂亮 narrow狹窄 way:
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我們常常用狹隘的觀點來看待正義:
11:24
good and bad, innocent無辜 and guilty有罪.
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只有好與壞,無辜和有罪。
11:27
Injustice不公正 is about being存在
wrongfully非法 convicted被定罪.
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錯誤判決並不等於正義。
11:31
So if you're convicted被定罪
of something you did do,
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如果你是因為確實做了壞事而被判有罪,
11:33
you should be punished處罰 for it.
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你是應該受到懲罰。
11:35
There are innocent無辜 and guilty有罪 people,
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但是,有無辜的人和有罪的人,
11:37
there are victims受害者 and
there are perpetrators肇事者.
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有被害人,有肇事者。
11:39
Maybe we could think a little bit
more broadly寬廣地 than that.
223
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4401
或許我們可以有更寬廣的思維。
11:44
Right now, we're asking kids孩子 who live生活
in the most disadvantaged劣勢 neighborhoods社區,
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現在,我們如何看待這些
住在最貧困環境裡的小孩?
11:48
who have the least最小 amount
of family家庭 resources資源,
225
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他們缺乏家庭的資源,
11:50
who are attending出席
the country's worst最差 schools學校,
226
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2561
他們就讀郡裡最差的學校,
11:53
who are facing面對 the toughest最艱難的 time
in the labor勞動 market市場,
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他們在找工作時,面對最艱困的情境,
11:56
who are living活的 in neighborhoods社區
where violence暴力 is an everyday每天 problem問題,
228
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他們所居住的環境,每天都有暴力事件,
11:59
we're asking these kids孩子 to walk步行
the thinnest最薄 possible可能 line --
229
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4573
我們讓這些孩子,
走在最狹窄的道路上 --
12:04
to basically基本上 never do anything wrong錯誤.
230
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就是基本上,不可以犯任何過錯。
12:08
Why are we not providing提供 support支持
to young年輕 kids孩子 facing面對 these challenges挑戰?
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這些孩子面臨困難時,
為何我們不給予支持?
12:12
Why are we offering only handcuffs手銬,
jail監獄 time and this fugitive逃亡 existence存在?
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為什麼我們給他們的只是逮捕,
入獄,或是不斷逃亡的日子?
12:20
Can we imagine想像 something better?
233
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難道我們不能想到更好的解決方式嗎?
12:22
Can we imagine想像 a criminal刑事 justice正義 system系統
that prioritizes優先排序 recovery復甦,
234
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我們能否設想一個重視復原、預防,
12:26
prevention預防, civic公民 inclusion包容,
235
734798
2587
以及公民包容的刑事司法系統,
12:29
rather than punishment懲罰?
236
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而不是只能強調懲罰?
12:32
(Applause掌聲)
237
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(鼓掌)
12:39
A criminal刑事 justice正義 system系統
that acknowledges承認
238
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設想一個刑事司法系統
願意承認在美國歷史上,
曾經排斥有色人種,
12:42
the legacy遺產 of exclusion排除 that poor較差的 people
of color顏色 in the U.S. have faced面對
239
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並且不再促進和延續這種排斥觀點。
12:46
and that does not promote促進
and perpetuate延續 those exclusions排除.
240
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12:50
(Applause掌聲)
241
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3385
(鼓掌)
12:55
And finally最後, a criminal刑事 justice正義 system系統
that believes相信 in black黑色 young年輕 people,
242
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4562
最後,設想一個
相信黑人青年的刑事司法系統,
12:59
rather than treating治療 black黑色 young年輕 people
as the enemy敵人 to be rounded up.
243
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而不是將這些黑人青年
當作是敵人一樣加以逮捕。
13:03
(Applause掌聲)
244
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3723
(鼓掌)
13:11
The good news新聞 is that we already已經 are.
245
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好消息是,我們已經在做了。
13:14
A few少數 years年份 ago, Michelle米歇爾 Alexander亞歷山大
wrote "The New Jim吉姆 Crow烏鴉,"
246
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4823
幾年前,蜜雪兒.亞歷山大寫了
"The New Jim Crow“ 這本書,
13:19
which哪一個 got Americans美國人 to see
incarceration監禁 as a civil國內 rights權利 issue問題
247
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它讓美國民眾
採用和以往不同的方式
13:23
of historic歷史性 proportions比例 in a way
they had not seen看到 it before.
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將"監禁"視為一項重要的人權議題。
13:27
President主席 Obama奧巴馬 and Attorney律師 General一般
Eric埃里克 Holder持有人 have come out very strongly非常
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歐巴馬總統和檢察總長 Eric Holder
對於量刑改革
13:31
on sentencing宣判 reform改革,
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13:32
on the need to address地址
racial種族 disparity差距 in incarceration監禁.
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以及監禁的種族歧視問題
非常重視。
13:36
We're seeing眼看 states狀態 throw out
Stop and Frisk歡躍
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我們看到一些州廢除了「攔檢」和「搜查」
13:39
as the civil國內 rights權利 violation違反 that it is.
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因為這些行為違反了人權。
我們看到一些城市和州
不再將持有大麻視為犯罪。
13:42
We're seeing眼看 cities城市 and states狀態
decriminalize合法化 possession所有權 of marijuana大麻.
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13:47
New York紐約, New Jersey新澤西
and California加州
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在紐約州、紐澤西州和加州,
13:49
have been dropping落下 their
prison監獄 populations人群, closing關閉 prisons監獄,
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正在減少囚犯人數,關閉監獄,
13:53
while also seeing眼看 a big drop下降 in crime犯罪.
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同時也看到犯罪率大幅降低。
13:55
Texas德州 has gotten得到 into the game遊戲 now,
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德州也開始加入改革,
13:57
also closing關閉 prisons監獄,
investing投資 in education教育.
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關閉一些監獄,轉而投資教育。
14:00
This curious好奇 coalition聯盟 is building建造
from the right and the left,
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有一些令人驚訝的組織,
由社會各階層人士共同組成,
14:04
made製作 up of former前任的 prisoners囚犯
and fiscal conservatives保守派,
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其中包括了更生人和財政保守派,
14:08
of civil國內 rights權利 activists活動家
and libertarians自由主義者,
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人權鬥士和自由主義者,
14:11
of young年輕 people taking服用 to the streets街道
to protest抗議 police警察 violence暴力
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有些年輕人走上街頭,
抗議警察以暴力對付
手無寸鐵的黑人青年,
14:15
against反對 unarmed徒手 black黑色 teenagers青少年,
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14:18
and older舊的, wealthier富裕 people --
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除此之外,還有許多年長,富有的人 --
14:20
some of you are here in the audience聽眾 --
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你們有些正坐在觀眾席裡 --
14:22
pumping big money into
decarcerationdecarceration initiatives倡議
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熱心捐款贊助反監禁行動。
在意見分歧的國會裡,
14:27
In a deeply divided分為 Congress國會,
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14:29
the work of reforming改革
our criminal刑事 justice正義 system系統
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改革現有刑事司法系統的工作
14:31
is just about the only thing
that the right and the left
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成為無論左派或右派議員
14:34
are coming未來 together一起 on.
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唯一彼此有共識的議題。
14:37
I did not think I would see
this political政治 moment時刻 in my lifetime一生.
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我從未曾想過,
在有生之年可以看到這一刻。
14:41
I think many許多 of the people
who have been working加工 tirelessly孜孜不倦地
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我想到,有許多人竭盡心力
14:44
to write about the causes原因 and consequences後果
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在探討史上高監禁率的原因和結果時,
14:46
of our historically歷史
high incarceration監禁 rates利率
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他們也未曾想過
14:49
did not think we would see
this moment時刻 in our lifetime一生.
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會在有生之年見證這個時刻。
14:52
The question for us now is,
how much can we make of it?
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現在我們的問題是,
我們能因此學到什麼?
14:56
How much can we change更改?
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我們能改變多少?
14:59
I want to end結束 with a call to young年輕 people,
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最後,我要向年輕人呼籲,
15:02
the young年輕 people attending出席 college學院
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無論你是正在讀大學的年輕人,
15:03
and the young年輕 people
struggling奮鬥的 to stay out of prison監獄
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還是努力想要離開監獄的年輕人,
15:06
or to make it through通過 prison監獄
and return返回 home.
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或者即將服完刑期返家的年輕人。
15:10
It may可能 seem似乎 like these paths路徑
to adulthood成年 are worlds世界 apart距離,
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這些長大成人的道路天差地遠,
15:14
but the young年輕 people participating參與
in these two institutions機構
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但是經由這兩種機構而成長的年輕人
15:18
conveying輸送 us to adulthood成年,
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讓我們所看到
15:20
they have one thing in common共同:
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他們的共同點是:
15:22
Both can be leaders領導者 in the work
of reforming改革 our criminal刑事 justice正義 system系統.
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他們都可以成為
改革刑事司法系統的領導者。
15:28
Young年輕 people have always been leaders領導者
in the fight鬥爭 for equal等於 rights權利,
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在爭取平權的戰鬥中,
年輕人一直扮演著領導的角色。
15:31
the fight鬥爭 for more people
to be granted理所當然 dignity尊嚴
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這是為了替更多的人爭取尊嚴,
15:34
and a fighting戰鬥 chance機會 at freedom自由.
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以及爭取自由的機會。
15:36
The mission任務 for the generation
of young年輕 people
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這一代年輕人的使命,
15:39
coming未來 of age年齡 in this, a sea-change巨變
moment時刻, potentially可能,
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在這個急劇變化的時刻,
很有可能實現的
15:43
is to end結束 mass incarceration監禁 and
build建立 a new criminal刑事 justice正義 system系統,
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是結束大規模的監禁,
並且建立一個嶄新的
強調「公平正義」的刑事司法系統。
15:49
emphasis重點 on the word justice正義.
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15:52
Thanks謝謝.
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謝謝。
15:53
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Melody Tang
Reviewed by Ting-Chih Liang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.

Why you should listen

As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.

Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.

Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.

More profile about the speaker
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com

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