ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.

Why you should listen

As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.

Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.

Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.

More profile about the speaker
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com
TED2015

Alice Goffman: How we're priming some kids for college — and others for prison

爱丽丝 高夫曼: 我们是怎样把一些孩子送入大学-而把另外一些送入监狱的

Filmed:
1,909,544 views

在美国,有两个机构指引着青少年步入成年:大学和监狱。社会学家爱丽丝高夫曼花了6年时间与费城的问题邻居相处并且拿到了非裔和拉丁裔青少年是如何步入监狱道路的第一手资料-有时开始于相对轻微的犯罪。在一次激烈的谈话中她问道:”为什么我们只提供手铐和监狱呢?“
- Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
On the path路径 that American美国 children孩子
travel旅行 to adulthood成年,
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美国的孩子们长大成人的道路上,
00:16
two institutions机构 oversee监视 the journey旅程.
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有两个机构在这段旅程上至关重要。
00:20
The first is the one we hear
a lot about: college学院.
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第一个是大家经常听到的:大学。
00:24
Some of you may可能 remember记得
the excitement激动 that you felt
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某些人可能还记得
00:26
when you first set off for college学院.
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当你第一次进入大学时的兴奋的感觉
00:29
Some of you may可能 be in college学院 right now
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你们中的某些可能现在就在大学
00:31
and you're feeling感觉 this excitement激动
at this very moment时刻.
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并且正在享受那份兴奋
00:35
College学院 has some shortcomings缺点.
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大学有很多弊端
00:37
It's expensive昂贵; it leaves树叶
young年轻 people in debt债务.
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学费昂贵,所以年轻人负债累累
00:41
But all in all, it's a pretty漂亮 good path路径.
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但总而言之,这是一条康庄大道
00:43
Young年轻 people emerge出现 from college学院
with pride自豪 and with great friends朋友
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年轻人从校园毕业,带着自豪与友情
00:49
and with a lot of knowledge知识
about the world世界.
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和许多关于这个世界的知识
00:51
And perhaps也许 most importantly重要的,
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或许更重要的是
00:53
a better chance机会 in the labor劳动 market市场
than they had before they got there.
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上大学使得他们能有更好的就业机会
00:57
Today今天 I want to talk about
the second第二 institution机构
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今天我想讨论的是第二个机构
01:00
overseeing监督 the journey旅程 from childhood童年
to adulthood成年 in the United联合的 States状态.
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在美国,贯穿了从童年到成年的整个人生经历
01:06
And that institution机构 is prison监狱.
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那个机构便是监狱
01:10
Young年轻 people on this journey旅程
are meeting会议 with probation缓刑 officers长官
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在这段旅程上,相伴着年轻人的
01:14
instead代替 of with teachers教师.
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是感化官而不是教师
01:16
They're going to court法庭 dates日期
instead代替 of to class.
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去法庭受审而不是去教室上课
01:20
Their junior初级 year abroad国外 is instead代替
a trip to a state correctional惩教 facility设施.
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他们的大三留学之旅是去州立管教所
01:25
And they're emerging新兴 from their 20s
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当他们20多岁时
01:28
not with degrees in business商业 and English英语,
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没有商科的或英语的学位
01:31
but with criminal刑事 records记录.
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有的只是犯罪记录
01:34
This institution机构 is also costing成本核算 us a lot,
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这个机构同样花费甚多
01:37
about 40,000 dollars美元 a year
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在新泽西,送一个年轻人到监狱的花费
01:38
to send发送 a young年轻 person
to prison监狱 in New Jersey新泽西.
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一年要大约4万美元
01:43
But here, taxpayers纳税人 are footing立足点 the bill法案
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但是这是纳税人买的单
01:45
and what kids孩子 are getting得到
is a cold prison监狱 cell细胞
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而孩子们得到的只是一个冰冷的牢房单间
01:49
and a permanent常驻 mark标记 against反对 them
when they come home
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和一个永久的印记,阻碍着他们回归家庭
01:52
and apply应用 for work.
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或者寻找工作
01:54
There are more and more kids孩子
on this journey旅程 to adulthood成年
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越来越多的孩子在这条路上长大成人
01:58
than ever before in the United联合的 States状态
and that's because in the past过去 40 years年份,
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尤其在美国,这是因为在过去的四十年里
02:03
our incarceration监禁 rate
has grown长大的 by 700 percent百分.
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我们服刑率已经增长了700%
02:09
I have one slide滑动 for this talk.
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我制作了一张幻灯片
02:11
Here it is.
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看这儿
02:13
Here's这里的 our incarceration监禁 rate,
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这是我们的服刑率
02:15
about 716 people per 100,000
in the population人口.
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每十万人就有716人服刑
02:23
Here's这里的 the OECD经合组织 countries国家.
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这是其他OECD(经合组织)成员国家的情况
02:30
What's more, it's poor较差的 kids孩子
that we're sending发出 to prison监狱,
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更为重要的是,被送入监狱的孩子往往
家境贫寒
02:33
too many许多 drawn from African-American非裔美国人
and Latino拉丁美洲人 communities社区
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他们大多来自非裔美国人和拉丁裔社区
02:37
so that prison监狱 now stands站立 firmly牢牢 between之间
the young年轻 people trying to make it
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以至于监狱成为了想要成功的年轻人
02:41
and the fulfillment履行 of the American美国 Dream梦想.
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实现美国梦的障碍
02:45
The problem's问题 actually其实
a bit worse更差 than this
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问题是事实更为糟糕
02:48
'cause原因 we're not just sending发出
poor较差的 kids孩子 to prison监狱,
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因为我们不只是把贫困的孩子送入监狱
02:50
we're saddling备马 poor较差的 kids孩子 with court法庭 fees费用,
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我们还给他们加上了许多沉重的枷锁,比如诉讼费的负担
02:53
with probation缓刑 and parole言语 restrictions限制,
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比如感化和假释的限制
02:56
with low-level低级别 warrants认股权证,
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比如轻微的犯罪通缉
02:58
we're asking them to live生活
in halfway houses房屋 and on house arrest逮捕,
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我们让他们待在过渡教习所或者软禁在家
03:01
and we're asking them
to negotiate谈判 a police警察 force
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我们让他们和警察交涉
03:05
that is entering进入 poor较差的
communities社区 of color颜色,
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而当这些警察要进入有色人种的社区
03:07
not for the purposes目的
of promoting促进 public上市 safety安全,
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不是为了改善公共安全
03:10
but to make arrest逮捕 counts计数,
to line线 city coffers库房.
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而是为了政绩去保证逮捕数量
03:18
This is the hidden underside下侧 to our
historic历史性 experiment实验 in punishment惩罚:
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这就是关于我们印象中的惩戒措施的
不为人知的一面
03:22
young年轻 people worried担心 that at any moment时刻,
they will be stopped停止, searched搜索 and seized.
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年轻人总是担心随时会被截停、搜身和逮捕
03:28
Not just in the streets街道,
but in their homes家园,
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无论是在街上还是在家
03:31
at school学校 and at work.
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在学校还是在工作
03:34
I got interested有兴趣 in this
other path路径 to adulthood成年
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大约2000年年初的时候
03:38
when I was myself a college学院 student学生
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当时我自己在宾夕法尼亚大学上学
03:40
attending出席 the University大学 of Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚
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我对这种别样的人生成长轨迹
03:42
in the early 2000s.
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产生了兴趣
03:44
Penn佩恩 sits坐镇 within a historic历史性
African-American非裔美国人 neighborhood邻里.
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大学坐落在一个历史悠久的非裔社区旁
03:48
So you've got these two parallel平行
journeys旅程 going on simultaneously同时:
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所以在这里你能同时看到两条平行的人生轨迹
03:53
the kids孩子 attending出席
this elite原种, private私人的 university大学,
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一边是在这所精英的私立大学上学的孩子
03:56
and the kids孩子 from
the adjacent neighborhood邻里,
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另外一边是在附近社区的孩子
03:58
some of whom are making制造 it to college学院,
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他们中有一些也在努力去读大学
04:00
and many许多 of whom
are being存在 shipped to prison监狱.
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但是他们中的大多数却身陷囹圄
04:04
In my sophomore二年级 year, I started开始 tutoring家教
a young年轻 woman女人 who was in high school学校
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在我大二的时候,我开始辅导一位高中的年轻姑娘
04:09
who lived生活 about 10 minutes分钟
away from the university大学.
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她住在离大学10分钟路程的地方
04:12
Soon不久, her cousin表姐 came来了 home
from a juvenile少年 detention拘留 center中央.
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不久,她的表弟(堂弟)从少年拘留所回到家
04:15
He was 15, a freshman新生 in high school学校.
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他当时15岁,上高中一年级
04:18
I began开始 to get to know him
and his friends朋友 and family家庭,
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我开始了解他以及他的朋友们和家庭
04:22
and I asked him what he thought
about me writing写作 about his life
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我问他能否在我的毕业论文中
04:25
for my senior前辈 thesis论文 in college学院.
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讲述他的生活
04:28
This senior前辈 thesis论文 became成为
a dissertation论文 at Princeton普林斯顿
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这篇论文也成为了我在普林斯顿的博士论文
04:32
and now a book.
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现在则集结成书
04:33
By the end结束 of my sophomore二年级 year,
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在我大学二年级结束的时候
04:35
I moved移动 into the neighborhood邻里
and I spent花费 the next下一个 six years年份
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我搬进了这个社区,而且花了6年时间
04:38
trying to understand理解 what young年轻 people
were facing面对 as they came来了 of age年龄.
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去尝试理解年轻人在成长中要面对的是什么
04:44
The first week I spent花费
in this neighborhood邻里,
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在这个社区中生活的第一周
04:46
I saw two boys男孩, five and seven years年份 old,
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我看到了两个男孩,一个5岁一个7岁
04:48
play this game游戏 of chase,
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在玩一个追逐游戏
04:50
where the older旧的 boy男孩
ran after the other boy男孩.
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大一点的男孩在追另外一个
04:53
He played发挥 the cop警察.
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他演“警察”
04:54
When the cop警察 caught抓住 up
to the younger更年轻 boy男孩,
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当“警察”抓到了小一点的男孩
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he pushed him down,
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他把小男孩按到身下
04:58
handcuffed戴上手铐 him with imaginary假想 handcuffs手铐,
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假装用手铐把他铐起来
05:00
took a quarter25美分硬币 out of
the other child's孩子的 pocket口袋,
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然后从小男孩的口袋里掏出一个25分硬币
05:03
saying, "I'm seizing抓住 that."
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说到:“这个归我了”
05:06
He asked the child儿童 if
he was carrying携带 any drugs毒品
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他问他是否带了毒品
05:10
or if he had a warrant保证.
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是否在被通缉
05:12
Many许多 times, I saw this game游戏 repeated重复,
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我经常看到孩子们玩儿这个游戏
05:14
sometimes有时 children孩子 would
simply只是 give up running赛跑,
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有时候,孩子们只是简单的放弃逃跑
05:17
and stick their bodies身体 flat平面
against反对 the ground地面
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平躺在地上
05:19
with their hands above以上 their heads,
or flat平面 up against反对 a wall.
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双手高举过头顶,或是将双手靠在墙上
05:22
Children孩子 would yell叫喊 at each other,
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孩子们彼此大叫
05:24
"I'm going to lock you up,
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“我要把你锁起来,
05:25
I'm going to lock you up
and you're never coming未来 home!"
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我要把你锁起来让你再也回不了家!“
05:29
Once一旦 I saw a six-year-old六十岁 child儿童
pull another另一个 child's孩子的 pants裤子 down
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有一次我看到一个6岁小孩把
另外一个小孩的裤子扒掉
05:33
and try to do a cavity空穴 search搜索.
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然后去试着去做肛门搜查
05:36
In the first 18 months个月 that I lived生活
in this neighborhood邻里,
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在住在这个社区的最初的18个月
05:39
I wrote down every一切 time I saw
any contact联系 between之间 police警察
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我记下了所有我看到的
05:43
and people that were my neighbors邻居.
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我的邻居与警察的接触
05:46
So in the first 18 months个月,
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所以在这最初的18个月
05:48
I watched看着 the police警察 stop
pedestrians行人 or people in cars汽车,
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我看到了警察截停行人或者在车里的人
05:52
search搜索 people, run people's人们 names,
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搜查他们,询问他们的姓名
05:54
chase people through通过 the streets街道,
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在街上追逐他们
05:56
pull people in for questioning疑问,
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抓他们去问话
05:58
or make an arrest逮捕 every一切 single day,
with five exceptions例外.
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每天都要抓一个人,只有5天例外
06:03
Fifty-two五十二 times, I watched看着 the police警察
break打破 down doors,
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我看到警察破门而入多达52次
06:07
chase people through通过 houses房屋
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穿过很多屋子去追捕
06:09
or make an arrest逮捕 of someone有人
in their home.
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或者在某人家中将其逮捕
06:12
Fourteen十四 times
in this first year and a half,
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我看到警察在逮捕这些年轻人之后
06:15
I watched看着 the police警察 punch冲床, choke,
kick, stomp跺脚 on or beat击败 young年轻 men男人
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又用极端暴力对待他们
06:20
after they had caught抓住 them.
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在这一年半时间中我一共看到14次
06:24
Bit by bit, I got to know two brothers兄弟,
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逐渐的,我和两兄弟熟悉起来
06:26
Chuck and Tim蒂姆.
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查克和提姆
06:28
Chuck was 18 when we met会见,
a senior前辈 in high school学校.
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我们相识时查克18岁,是一个高四学生
06:31
He was playing播放 on the basketball篮球 team球队
and making制造 C'sC'S and B'sB的.
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他在一个篮球队打球,大部分成绩是C和B
06:34
His younger更年轻 brother哥哥, Tim蒂姆, was 10.
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他的小弟弟,提姆,当时10岁
06:36
And Tim蒂姆 loved喜爱 Chuck;
he followed其次 him around a lot,
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提姆很喜欢查克,经常跟着他屁股后面转
06:39
looked看着 to Chuck to be a mentor导师.
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把查克当成他的导师
06:42
They lived生活 with their mom妈妈 and grandfather祖父
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他们和母亲与爷爷(姥爷)住在一起
06:44
in a two-story二层 row home
with a front面前 lawn草坪 and a back porch门廊.
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他们住在一个两层楼的联排房屋里,前面有草坪,后面有走廊
06:47
Their mom妈妈 was struggling奋斗的 with addiction
all while the boys男孩 were growing生长 up.
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他们成长过程中,他们的母亲一直都为毒瘾所扰
06:51
She never really was able能够
to hold保持 down a job工作 for very long.
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她从来没能有个长期的稳定工作
06:55
It was their grandfather's爷爷的 pension养老金
that supported支持的 the family家庭,
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是他们祖父(外祖父)的退休金在支撑这个家
06:58
not really enough足够 to pay工资
for food餐饮 and clothes衣服
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其实这不足以支付孩子们的食品和衣服
07:01
and school学校 supplies耗材 for growing生长 boys男孩.
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还有学习开销
07:04
The family家庭 was really struggling奋斗的.
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真的是在贫困线上挣扎
07:06
So when we met会见, Chuck was
a senior前辈 in high school学校.
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当我们认识的时候,查克正在上高中最后一年
07:08
He had just turned转身 18.
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他刚刚满18岁
07:11
That winter冬季, a kid孩子 in the schoolyard校园
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那个冬天,一个操场上的孩子
07:14
called Chuck'sChuck的 mom妈妈 a crack裂纹 whore妓女.
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叫查克的妈妈”嗑药的婊子“
07:18
Chuck pushed the kid's孩子的 face面对 into the snow
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查克把那孩子的脸按到积雪里
07:20
and the school学校 cops警察 charged带电 him
with aggravated加重 assault突击.
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然后校警以严重袭击的罪名将他逮捕
07:24
The other kid孩子 was fine the next下一个 day,
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然而骂人的孩子第二天没什么事
07:26
I think it was his pride自豪 that was injured受伤
more than anything.
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我想主要是他的自尊心受到了伤害
07:29
But anyway无论如何, since以来 Chuck was 18,
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但是无论如何,查克已经年满18岁
07:31
this aggAGG. assault突击 case案件 sent发送 him
to adult成人 county jail监狱
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他因为袭击案被送到成人监狱
07:34
on State Road in northeast东北 Philadelphia费城,
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位于费城东北部的州立公路旁
07:37
where he satSAT, unable无法 to pay工资 the bail保释 --
he couldn't不能 afford给予 it --
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他因为无力支付保释金被关在那---他根本就付不起
07:41
while the trial审讯 dates日期
dragged on and on and on
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当时审判日被一拖再拖
07:44
through通过 almost几乎 his entire整个 senior前辈 year.
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几乎占了他高中最后的一整年
07:47
Finally最后, near the end结束 of this season季节,
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最后,在接近这个季节末的时候
07:50
the judge法官 on this assault突击 case案件
threw out most of the charges收费
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法官驳回了大部分关于这起袭击案的指控
07:54
and Chuck came来了 home
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查克回家了
07:55
with only a few少数 hundred dollars'美元的 worth价值
of court法庭 fees费用 hanging over his head.
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但是他也欠下了数百美元的诉讼费
08:00
Tim蒂姆 was pretty漂亮 happy快乐 that day.
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提姆那天很开心
08:02
The next下一个 fall秋季, Chuck tried试着
to re-enroll重新注册 as a senior前辈,
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第二年秋天,查克试着去重新注册高中四年级
08:05
but the school学校 secretary秘书 told him that
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但是学校秘书告诉他
08:07
he was then 19 and too old
to be readmitted再次入院.
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他已经19岁了,已经超龄而没有资格复读了
08:10
Then the judge法官 on his assault突击 case案件
issued发行 him a warrant保证 for his arrest逮捕
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紧接着,负责他袭击案的法官又签署了一份他的通缉
08:14
because he couldn't不能 pay工资
the 225 dollars美元 in court法庭 fees费用
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因为他没有付225美元的诉讼费
08:17
that came来了 due应有 a few少数 weeks after
the case案件 ended结束.
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在他案子结束后的几个星期后发出
08:20
Then he was a high school学校 dropout退出
living活的 on the run.
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所以他从高中辍学在逃去躲避追捕
08:24
Tim's蒂姆 first arrest逮捕 came来了 later后来 that year
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提姆第一次被捕是在那一年的晚些时候
08:26
after he turned转身 11.
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那时他刚满11岁
08:28
Chuck had managed管理
to get his warrant保证 lifted取消
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那时查克的通缉刚被取消
08:30
and he was on a payment付款 plan计划
for the court法庭 fees费用
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然后他要以分期付款的方式支付他的诉讼费
08:33
and he was driving主动 Tim蒂姆 to school学校
in his girlfriend's女友 car汽车.
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当时他用他女友的车载提姆到学校
08:37
So a cop警察 pulls them over, runs运行 the car汽车,
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一个警察把他们截停,调查车的来源
08:39
and the car汽车 comes up
as stolen被盗 in California加州.
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发现车是在加州被盗的
08:43
Chuck had no idea理念 where in the history历史
of this car汽车 it had been stolen被盗.
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查克根本就不知道这辆车其实是赃物
08:47
His girlfriend's女友 uncle叔叔 bought it
from a used car汽车 auction拍卖
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是他女友的叔叔在一个费城东北的
08:51
in northeast东北 Philly费城.
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二手车拍卖会上买的
08:52
Chuck and Tim蒂姆 had never been
outside of the tri-state三态,
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查克和提姆从来没有离开过附近超过三个州
08:55
let alone单独 to California加州.
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更别提加州了
08:57
But anyway无论如何, the cops警察 down at the precinct管理区
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但是尽管如此,当地辖区的警察
08:59
charged带电 Chuck with
receiving接收 stolen被盗 property属性.
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还是以窝赃的罪名起诉了查克
09:03
And then a juvenile少年 judge法官,
a few少数 days later后来,
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几天后,一个青少年犯罪法官
09:06
charged带电 Tim蒂姆, age年龄 11,
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起诉了11岁的提姆
09:08
with accessory附件 to receiving接收
a stolen被盗 property属性
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作为窝赃的从犯
09:11
and then he was placed放置 on
three years年份 of probation缓刑.
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然后他被判三年的缓刑
09:16
With this probation缓刑 sentence句子
hanging over his head,
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因为背负缓刑的罪名
09:19
Chuck satSAT his little brother哥哥 down
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查克要他弟弟坐下来
09:21
and began开始 teaching教学 him
how to run from the police警察.
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开始教他怎么摆脱警察
09:24
They would sit side by side
on their back porch门廊
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他们会肩并肩坐在他们房后的走廊
09:27
looking out into the shared共享 alleyway胡同
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望着公共小巷的深处
09:29
and Chuck would coach教练 Tim蒂姆
how to spot undercover秘密 cars汽车,
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查克会叫提姆怎样辩认出伪装的警车
09:33
how to negotiate谈判 a late-night深夜 police警察 raid袭击,
how and where to hide隐藏.
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怎样和深夜巡逻的警察交涉,还有哪里能躲避
09:39
I want you to imagine想像 for a second第二
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我想让你们想象一下
09:40
what Chuck and Tim's蒂姆 lives生活 would be like
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如果查克和提姆住在
09:43
if they were living活的 in a neighborhood邻里
where kids孩子 were going to college学院,
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邻居孩子都能去大学读书,而不是去监狱的社区里
09:47
not prison监狱.
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就像我长大的社区
09:49
A neighborhood邻里 like the one
I got to grow增长 up in.
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他们的生活会是怎样?
09:53
Okay, you might威力 say.
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好的,你也许会说
09:54
But Chuck and Tim蒂姆, kids孩子 like them,
they're committing提交 crimes犯罪!
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但是像查克和提姆这样的孩子,他们确实犯罪了!
09:58
Don't they deserve值得 to be in prison监狱?
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难道他们不该去蹲监狱吗?
10:00
Don't they deserve值得 to be
living活的 in fear恐惧 of arrest逮捕?
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难道他们不该生活在被捕的恐惧之中吗?
10:04
Well, my answer回答 would be no.
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我的答案是不该
10:07
They don't.
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他们不应该被这样对待
10:08
And certainly当然 not for the same相同 things
that other young年轻 people
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他们不应该因为做了和其他年轻人一样的事而被这样对待
10:11
with more privilege特权 are doing
with impunity有罪不罚.
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比他们条件更好的年轻人做同样的事却免受惩罚
10:14
If Chuck had gone走了 to my high school学校,
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如果查克去了我的高中
10:16
that schoolyard校园 fight斗争
would have ended结束 there,
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那次操场打架也只会作为一次操场打架
10:19
as a schoolyard校园 fight斗争.
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而止于学校内部
10:20
It never would have become成为
an aggravated加重 assault突击 case案件.
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根本就不会成为一起严重袭击案件
10:24
Not a single kid孩子 that
I went to college学院 with
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从来就没有任何一位我的大学同学
10:27
has a criminal刑事 record记录 right now.
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现在有犯罪记录
10:29
Not a single one.
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从来没有一个
10:31
But can you imagine想像 how many许多 might威力 have
if the police警察 had stopped停止 those kids孩子
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但是你能想象如果警察截停这些上学路上的孩子
10:35
and searched搜索 their pockets口袋 for drugs毒品
as they walked to class?
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从他们的口袋中搜查毒品
10:39
Or had raided搜查 their frat兄弟会 parties派对
in the middle中间 of the night?
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或者在半夜突击检查他们的朋友聚会,他们会留下多少犯罪记录吗?
10:44
Okay, you might威力 say.
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好的,你也许会说
10:45
But doesn't this high incarceration监禁 rate
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但是高服刑率
10:47
partly部分地 account帐户 for our
really low crime犯罪 rate?
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不是一定程度上降低了犯罪率吗?
10:50
Crime犯罪 is down. That's a good thing.
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犯罪率下降了,这是好事。
10:52
Totally完全, that is a good thing.
Crime犯罪 is down.
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没错,犯罪率下降是好事。
10:55
It dropped下降 precipitously陡然 in
the '90s and through通过 the 2000s.
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从90年代到本世纪初,犯罪率大幅下降
10:58
But according根据 to a committee委员会 of academics学者
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但是根据一个由国家科学院去年召开的
11:00
convened召开 by the National国民 Academy学院
of Sciences科学 last year,
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学术会议的测算
11:04
the relationship关系 between之间 our
historically历史 high incarceration监禁 rates利率
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我们历史上高服刑率
11:08
and our low crime犯罪 rate is pretty漂亮 shaky摇摇欲坠.
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和我们的低犯罪率的关系并不十分牢靠
11:12
It turns out that the crime犯罪 rate
goes up and down
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犯罪率的高低
11:15
irrespective不管 of how many许多 young年轻 people
we send发送 to prison监狱.
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和我们送多少年轻人进监狱并无关系
11:21
We tend趋向 to think about justice正义
in a pretty漂亮 narrow狭窄 way:
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我们总是在一个狭窄的范围下思考正义
11:24
good and bad, innocent无辜 and guilty有罪.
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好或者坏,无罪或者有罪
11:27
Injustice不公正 is about being存在
wrongfully非法 convicted被定罪.
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不正义就是被错误的定罪
11:31
So if you're convicted被定罪
of something you did do,
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所以如果你因为自己做过的事被定罪
11:33
you should be punished处罚 for it.
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你就应该受到相应的惩罚
11:35
There are innocent无辜 and guilty有罪 people,
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总是用无辜的和有罪的人
11:37
there are victims受害者 and
there are perpetrators肇事者.
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总是有被害者和犯罪者
11:39
Maybe we could think a little bit
more broadly宽广地 than that.
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如果我们能再思考地更广一点
11:44
Right now, we're asking kids孩子 who live生活
in the most disadvantaged劣势 neighborhoods社区,
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现在,我们却要求这些住在最恶劣的社区的小孩
11:48
who have the least最小 amount
of family家庭 resources资源,
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2281
他们只有最少的家庭资源
11:50
who are attending出席
the country's worst最差 schools学校,
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2561
他们上着全国最差的学校
11:53
who are facing面对 the toughest最艰难的 time
in the labor劳动 market市场,
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他们面对着劳动力市场的最艰难的时刻
11:56
who are living活的 in neighborhoods社区
where violence暴力 is an everyday每天 problem问题,
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704253
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他们住在每天都有暴力问题发生的社区
11:59
we're asking these kids孩子 to walk步行
the thinnest最薄 possible可能 line线 --
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我们却要求他们实现几乎不可能完成的事情
12:04
to basically基本上 never do anything wrong错误.
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不允许一丝错误
12:08
Why are we not providing提供 support支持
to young年轻 kids孩子 facing面对 these challenges挑战?
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为什么我们不提供给这些孩子
面对这些挑战的帮助呢?
12:12
Why are we offering only handcuffs手铐,
jail监狱 time and this fugitive逃亡 existence存在?
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为什么我们提供的只有手铐,监狱和逃亡生活呢?
12:20
Can we imagine想像 something better?
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我们就不能想象一点更好的事情吗?
12:22
Can we imagine想像 a criminal刑事 justice正义 system系统
that prioritizes优先排序 recovery复苏,
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难道我们就不能想象一个重视重归社会
12:26
prevention预防, civic公民 inclusion包容,
235
734798
2587
重视预防犯罪和城市包容性
12:29
rather than punishment惩罚?
236
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而不是只重视惩罚的司法系统吗?
12:32
(Applause掌声)
237
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3389
(鼓掌)
12:39
A criminal刑事 justice正义 system系统
that acknowledges承认
238
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这个司法系统
12:42
the legacy遗产 of exclusion排除 that poor较差的 people
of color颜色 in the U.S. have faced面对
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承认有色人种在美国被隔离和疏远的历史
12:46
and that does not promote促进
and perpetuate延续 those exclusions排除.
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并且不会再促进和保持这种隔离和疏远
12:50
(Applause掌声)
241
758266
3385
(鼓掌)
12:55
And finally最后, a criminal刑事 justice正义 system系统
that believes相信 in black黑色 young年轻 people,
242
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4562
最终,这个司法系统更信任这些黑人青年
12:59
rather than treating治疗 black黑色 young年轻 people
as the enemy敌人 to be rounded up.
243
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3864
而不是不是把这些黑人青年当作敌人来对待
13:03
(Applause掌声)
244
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3723
(鼓掌)
13:11
The good news新闻 is that we already已经 are.
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好消息是,我们已经在努力之中
13:14
A few少数 years年份 ago, Michelle米歇尔 Alexander亚历山大
wrote "The New Jim吉姆 Crow乌鸦,"
246
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几年前,米歇尔亚历山大撰写了
《The New Jim Crow》这本书
13:19
which哪一个 got Americans美国人 to see
incarceration监禁 as a civil国内 rights权利 issue问题
247
787110
4013
这本书让美国人认识到
13:23
of historic历史性 proportions比例 in a way
they had not seen看到 it before.
248
791123
4356
服刑率在历史上也是一个重要的人权问题,而且是前所未见的
13:27
President主席 Obama奥巴马 and Attorney律师 General一般
Eric埃里克 Holder持有人 have come out very strongly非常
249
795479
3759
总统奥巴马和首席检察官埃里克候得对于量刑改革
13:31
on sentencing宣判 reform改革,
250
799238
1717
以及在量刑中的种族不平等
13:32
on the need to address地址
racial种族 disparity差距 in incarceration监禁.
251
800955
3744
十分的重视
13:36
We're seeing眼看 states状态 throw out
Stop and Frisk欢跃
252
804699
2610
我们看到有些州开始禁止截查和搜身
13:39
as the civil国内 rights权利 violation违反 that it is.
253
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3036
因为这些侵犯了人权
13:42
We're seeing眼看 cities城市 and states状态
decriminalize合法化 possession所有权 of marijuana大麻.
254
810345
5055
我们看到有些州和城市拥有大麻合法化
13:47
New York纽约, New Jersey新泽西
and California加州
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1857
他们是纽约,新泽西和加利福尼亚
13:49
have been dropping落下 their
prison监狱 populations人群, closing关闭 prisons监狱,
256
817257
3837
这些措施减少了他们的服刑人数,关闭了一些监狱
13:53
while also seeing眼看 a big drop下降 in crime犯罪.
257
821094
2281
但是于此同时犯罪率也大幅地降低了
13:55
Texas德州 has gotten得到 into the game游戏 now,
258
823375
1693
德克萨斯也开始了相同的举措
13:57
also closing关闭 prisons监狱,
investing投资 in education教育.
259
825068
3845
同样关闭监狱,投资教育
14:00
This curious好奇 coalition联盟 is building建造
from the right and the left,
260
828913
3657
一个从左派到右派的奇异的联盟正在建立起来
14:04
made制作 up of former前任的 prisoners囚犯
and fiscal conservatives保守派,
261
832570
3448
成员有前服刑人员和财政保守派
14:08
of civil国内 rights权利 activists活动家
and libertarians自由主义者,
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3331
还有人权活动家和自由主义者
14:11
of young年轻 people taking服用 to the streets街道
to protest抗议 police警察 violence暴力
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年轻人走上大街去抗议那些
14:15
against反对 unarmed徒手 black黑色 teenagers青少年,
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暴力对待手无寸铁的黑人青少年的警察
14:18
and older旧的, wealthier富裕 people --
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而年长的,富有的人——
14:20
some of you are here in the audience听众 --
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有一些是我们这里的观众——
14:22
pumping big money into
decarcerationdecarceration initiatives倡议
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也捐助了巨额资金到这些反监禁的活动中
14:27
In a deeply divided分为 Congress国会,
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在严重分离的国会
14:29
the work of reforming改革
our criminal刑事 justice正义 system系统
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司法系统变革的工作
14:31
is just about the only thing
that the right and the left
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也是唯一一个能让左派和右派
14:34
are coming未来 together一起 on.
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走到一起的工作
14:37
I did not think I would see
this political政治 moment时刻 in my lifetime一生.
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我并不认为在我的有生之年能
看到这个政治时刻的到来
14:41
I think many许多 of the people
who have been working加工 tirelessly孜孜不倦地
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我想很多正在不止疲倦的书写
14:44
to write about the causes原因 and consequences后果
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关于我们历史性的高服刑率
14:46
of our historically历史
high incarceration监禁 rates利率
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的起因和结果的人
14:49
did not think we would see
this moment时刻 in our lifetime一生.
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也不会认为能在有生之年能看到这个时刻的来临
14:52
The question for us now is,
how much can we make of it?
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现在我们的问题是,我们究竟能达成多少目标?
14:56
How much can we change更改?
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我们究竟能改变到何种程度?
14:59
I want to end结束 with a call to young年轻 people,
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最后,我想对年轻人呼吁
15:02
the young年轻 people attending出席 college学院
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对正在上大学的年轻人
15:03
and the young年轻 people
struggling奋斗的 to stay out of prison监狱
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对正在监狱外挣扎抗争的年轻人
15:06
or to make it through通过 prison监狱
and return返回 home.
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对服刑结束重返家庭的年轻人
15:10
It may可能 seem似乎 like these paths路径
to adulthood成年 are worlds世界 apart距离,
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这也许看上去是几种完全不同的成人之路
15:14
but the young年轻 people participating参与
in these two institutions机构
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但是年轻人参加这两种机构
15:18
conveying输送 us to adulthood成年,
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最终成人
15:20
they have one thing in common共同:
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他们有着共同点:
15:22
Both can be leaders领导者 in the work
of reforming改革 our criminal刑事 justice正义 system系统.
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他们都可以成为重建我们司法系统的工作的领导者
15:28
Young年轻 people have always been leaders领导者
in the fight斗争 for equal等于 rights权利,
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青年们永远都是为了公平权利的斗争
15:31
the fight斗争 for more people
to be granted理所当然 dignity尊严
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为了更多的人赢得尊严的斗争
15:34
and a fighting战斗 chance机会 at freedom自由.
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为了自由的机会的斗争的领导者
15:36
The mission任务 for the generation
of young年轻 people
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赋予给这一代青年的使命
15:39
coming未来 of age年龄 in this, a sea-change巨变
moment时刻, potentially可能,
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在这个即将到来的时代,历史性的时刻,
15:43
is to end结束 mass incarceration监禁 and
build建立 a new criminal刑事 justice正义 system系统,
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终结高服刑率,建造一个能充分表达
15:49
emphasis重点 on the word justice正义.
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“正义”这个词的全新的司法系统
15:52
Thanks谢谢.
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谢谢!
15:53
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Yu Liu
Reviewed by 宁宁 董

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alice Goffman - Urban sociologist
Alice Goffman’s fieldwork in a struggling Philadelphia neighborhood sheds harsh light on a justice system that creates suspects rather than citizens.

Why you should listen

As an undergraduate studying sociology at the University of Pennsylvania, Alice Goffman was inspired to write her senior thesis about the lives of the young people living in the historic African-American neighborhood that surrounded the school. She lived side-by-side with a group of young men in one of the US’s most distressed communities, experiencing a troubling and rarely discussed side of urban policing -- the beatings, late night raids and body searches that systematically pit young men against authority.

Goffman spent six years in the community, the work transforming into her dissertation at Princeton and then into the book, On the Run. In it, Goffman weaves groundbreaking research into a narrative amplifying neglected and often-ignored voices into a stirring, personal indictment of the social, economic and political forces that unwittingly conspire to push entire communities to the margins of society.

Goffman is now an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and a vocal advocate for change in America.

More profile about the speaker
Alice Goffman | Speaker | TED.com