ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2014

Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared"

Fredy Peccerelli: Um antropologista forense que traz um fim aos desaparecidos

Filmed:
797,463 views

Num conflito de 36 nos na Guatemala, 200.000 civis foram mortos — e mais de 40.000 nunca foram identificados. O pioneiro antropologista forense Fredy Peccerelli e sua equipe usam DNA, arqueologia e contação de história para ajudar famílias a encontrar os corpos de seus entes amados. É uma tarefa triste, mas que pode trazer paz de espírito — e, às vezes, justiça.
- Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Guatemala is recovering from
a 36-year armed conflict.
0
917
3168
A Guatemala está se recuperando
de um conflito armado de 36 anos.
00:16
A conflict that was fought
during the Cold War.
1
4085
2531
Um conflito que ocorreu
durante a Guerra Fria.
00:18
It was really just
a small leftist insurgency
2
6616
4053
Foi apenas uma pequena revolta esquerdista
00:22
and a devastating response by the state.
3
10669
3167
que teve uma resposta
devastadora do Estado.
00:25
What we have as a result
is 200,000 civilian victims,
4
13836
2842
Como resultado,
temos 200 mil vítimas civis,
00:28
160,000 of those
killed in the communities:
5
16678
3654
160 mil das quais mortas nas comunidades:
00:32
small children, men, women,
the elderly even.
6
20332
4096
crianças pequenas, homens, mulheres,
e até mesmo idosos.
00:36
And then we have
about 40,000 others, the missing,
7
24428
3430
E temos também cerca de 40 mil outros,
os desaparecidos,
00:39
the ones we're still looking for today.
8
27858
2320
os que ainda procuramos hoje.
00:42
We call them the Desaparecidos.
9
30178
2560
Os chamamos de "Desaparecidos".
00:44
Now, 83 percent of the victims
are Mayan victims,
10
32738
2865
83% das vítimas são maias,
00:47
victims that are the descendants
11
35603
2405
vítimas que são descendentes
00:50
of the original inhabitants of
Central America.
12
38008
2736
dos habitantes originais
da América Central.
00:52
And only about 17 percent are of
European descent.
13
40744
3507
E apenas cerca de 17%
são descendentes de europeus.
00:56
But the most important thing here is that
14
44251
2057
Mas o mais importante aqui é que
00:58
the very people who are supposed to
defend us, the police, the military,
15
46308
6021
as próprias pessoas de quem se espera
defesa, a polícia e os militares,
01:04
are the ones that committed
most of the crimes.
16
52329
2666
são os que cometeram a maioria dos crimes.
01:08
Now the families,
they want information.
17
56035
3292
As famílias querem informação.
01:11
They want to know what happened.
18
59335
1567
Elas querem saber o que houve.
01:12
They want the bodies of their loved ones.
19
60902
2190
Elas querem os corpos
de seus entes amados.
01:15
But most of all,
what they want is they want you,
20
63092
3247
Mas, acima de tudo,
o que elas querem é que vocês,
01:18
they want everyone to know
that their loved ones did nothing wrong.
21
66339
4056
que todos saibam, que seus entes amados
não fizeram nada de errado.
01:23
Now, my case was that my father
received death threats in 1980.
22
71515
5309
O meu caso foi que meu pai recebeu
ameaças de morte em 1980.
01:29
And we left.
23
77203
1380
E nós fugimos.
Saímos da Guatemala e viemos para cá.
01:30
We left Guatemala and we came here.
24
78583
1754
01:32
So I grew up in New York,
25
80337
1206
Então eu cresci em Nova Iorque,
01:33
I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact,
and I went to New Utrecht High School
26
81543
3780
cresci no Brooklyn, de fato,
e frequentei o Colégio New Utrecht
e me formei na Faculdade do Brooklyn.
01:37
and I graduated from Brooklyn College.
27
85323
1818
01:39
The only thing was that
28
87141
1566
O único problema é que
01:40
I really didn't know what
was happening in Guatemala.
29
88707
3871
eu realmente não sabia
o que estava acontecendo na Guatemala.
01:44
I didn't care for it; it was too painful.
30
92578
2869
Eu não queria saber, era muito doloroso.
01:47
But it wasn't till 1995 that I decided
to do something about it.
31
95447
4307
E foi em 1995 que eu decidi
fazer algo a respeito.
01:51
So I went back.
32
99754
1154
Então voltei.
01:52
I went back to Guatemala,
to look for the bodies,
33
100908
3580
Voltei à Guatemala,
para procurar pelos corpos,
01:56
to understand what happened
and to look for part of myself as well.
34
104488
4473
para entender o que aconteceu
e para procurar uma parte de mim mesmo.
02:02
The way we work is that
we give people information.
35
110051
3363
Trabalhamos de forma
a dar informações às pessoas.
02:05
We talk to the family members
and we let them choose.
36
113414
2970
Conversamos com os membros das famílias
e os deixamos escolher.
02:08
We let them decide to tell
us the stories,
37
116384
3230
Os deixamos escolher
nos contar as histórias,
02:11
to tell us what they saw,
38
119614
1852
nos contar o que viram,
02:13
to tell us about their loved ones.
39
121466
2128
nos contar sobre seus entes amados.
02:15
And even more important,
40
123594
1286
E ainda mais importante,
02:16
we let them choose to
give us a piece of themselves.
41
124880
3998
os deixamos escolher nos dar
uma parte de si mesmos.
02:20
A piece, an essence, of who they are.
42
128878
2476
Um pedacinho, uma essência
de quem eles são.
02:23
And that DNA is what we're
going to compare
43
131354
2257
E esse DNA é o que vamos comparar
02:25
to the DNA that comes
from the skeletons.
44
133611
2720
ao DNA que provêm de esqueletos.
02:28
While we're doing that, though,
we're looking for the bodies.
45
136331
3055
Enquanto fazemos isso, no entanto,
estamos procurando pelos corpos.
02:31
And these are skeletons by now,
46
139386
1988
E estes já são esqueletos agora,
02:33
most of these crimes
happened 32 years ago.
47
141374
2906
a maior parte desses crimes
ocorreu há 32 anos.
Quando encontramos uma cova,
02:36
When we find the grave,
48
144280
1246
02:37
we take out the dirt and eventually clean
the body, document it, and exhume it.
49
145526
4130
tiramos a poeira e finalmente limpamos
o corpo, o documentamos e o exumamos.
02:41
We literally bring the
skeleton out of the ground.
50
149656
3439
Literalmente tiramos o esqueleto da terra.
02:45
Once we have those bodies, though,
we take them back to the city, to our lab,
51
153095
4142
Uma vez que temos os corpos,
os levamos à cidade, para o laboratório,
e iniciamos um processo de tentar
entender principalmente duas coisas:
02:49
and we begin a process of trying
to understand mainly two things:
52
157237
3084
02:52
One is how people died.
53
160321
2293
Uma é como a pessoa morreu.
02:54
So here you see a gunshot
wound to the back of the head
54
162614
3104
Então aqui vocês veem
um ferimento de bala atrás da cabeça
02:57
or a machete wound, for example.
55
165718
2649
ou um ferimento
feito por uma machete, por exemplo.
03:00
The other thing we want to understand
is who they are.
56
168367
3326
A outra coisa que queremos entender
é quem são eles.
03:03
Whether it's a baby,
57
171693
3459
Se é um bebê,
03:07
or an adult.
58
175152
1657
ou um adulto.
03:08
Whether it's a woman or a man.
59
176809
2140
Se é uma mulher ou um homem.
03:10
But when we're done
with that analysis
60
178949
1783
Mas ao terminarmos esta análise
03:12
what we'll do is we'll take a small
fragment of the bone
61
180732
2726
o que fazemos é tirar
um pequeno fragmento do osso
03:15
and we'll extract DNA from it.
62
183458
2814
e extrair o DNA dele.
03:18
We'll take that DNA
63
186272
1095
Pegamos esse DNA
03:19
and then we'll compare it with the
DNA of the families, of course.
64
187367
4760
e então o comparamos
com o DNA das famílias, é claro.
03:24
The best way to explain this to you
is by showing you two cases.
65
192127
3644
A melhor maneira de explicar isso
a vocês é mostrando dois casos.
03:27
The first is the case
of the military diary.
66
195771
2547
O primeiro é o caso de um diário militar.
03:30
Now this is a document that was smuggled
out of somewhere in 1999.
67
198318
4675
Este documento foi contrabandeado
de algum lugar em 1999.
03:34
And what you see there
is the state following individuals,
68
202993
4680
E o que vocês veem aqui é o Estado
perseguindo indivíduos,
03:39
people that, like you,
wanted to change their country,
69
207673
3931
pessoas que, como vocês,
queriam mudar seu país,
03:43
and they jotted everything down.
70
211604
2880
e eles anotavam tudo.
03:46
And one of the things that they wrote
down is when they executed them.
71
214484
4250
Uma das coisas que eles escreviam
era quando eles faziam execuções.
03:50
Inside that yellow rectangle,
you see a code,
72
218734
2981
Dentro desse retângulo amarelo,
vocês podem ver um código,
03:53
it's a secret code: 300.
73
221715
2311
é um código secreto: 300.
03:56
And then you see a date.
74
224026
1497
E então vocês veem uma data.
03:57
The 300 means "executed" and the date
means when they were executed.
75
225523
3673
O 300 significa "executado",
e a data aponta quando isto ocorreu.
04:01
Now that's going to come
into play in a second.
76
229196
3388
Vamos falar disso em um segundo.
O que fizemos foi conduzir
uma exumação em 2003,
04:05
What we did is we conducted
an exhumation in 2003,
77
233064
3625
04:08
where we exhumed 220 bodies
from 53 graves in a military base.
78
236689
4841
em que exumamos 220 corpos
de 53 covas em uma base militar.
04:14
Grave 9, though, matched the family
of Sergio Saul Linares.
79
242640
3995
A cova 9, no entanto, correspondia
à família de Sergio Saul Linares.
04:18
Now Sergio was a professor
at the university.
80
246635
2726
Sergio era professor na universidade.
04:21
He graduted from Iowa State University
81
249361
2391
Ele se graduou na
Universidade do Estado de Iowa
04:23
and went back to Guatemala
to change his country.
82
251752
2377
e voltou à Guatemala para mudar seu país.
04:26
And he was captured on
February 23, 1984.
83
254129
3874
E ele foi capturado em
23 de fevereiro de 1984.
04:30
And if you can see there, he was
executed on March 29, 1984,
84
258003
4089
E, se vocês conseguirem ver, ele foi
executado em 29 de março de 1984,
04:34
which was incredible.
85
262092
1566
o que foi incrível.
04:35
We had the body, we had the family's
information and their DNA,
86
263658
3022
Tínhamos o corpo, tínhamos
a informação da família e seu DNA,
04:38
and now we have documents
that told us exactly what happened.
87
266680
3346
e agora tínhamos documentos que diziam
exatamente o que tinha ocorrido.
04:42
But most important is about
two weeks later,
88
270026
3103
Mas o mais importante é que
cerca de duas semanas depois,
04:45
we go another hit, another match
89
273129
2687
conseguimos outra correspondência
04:47
from the same grave to Amancio Villatoro.
90
275816
4801
vinda da mesma cova,
com Amancio Villatoro.
04:52
The DNA of that body
also matched the DNA of that family.
91
280617
2746
O DNA daquele corpo
também correspondia ao DNA da família.
04:55
And then we noticed
that he was also in the diary.
92
283363
3369
E então percebemos
que ele também estava no diário.
04:58
But it was amazing to see that he was
also executed on March 29, 1984.
93
286732
5171
Mas foi incrível ver que ele tinha sido
executado em 29 de março de 1984 também.
05:03
So that led us to think, hmm,
how many bodies were in the grave?
94
291903
3846
E isso nos levou a pensar: "Hmm,
quantos corpos havia na cova?"
Seis.
05:08
Six.
95
296226
1187
05:09
So then we said, how many people
were executed on March 29, 1984?
96
297413
6677
Então dissemos: "Quantas pessoas
foram executadas em 29 de março de 1984?"
Exato, seis também.
05:18
That's right, six as well.
97
306716
2318
05:21
So we have Juan de Dios, Hugo,
Moises and Zoilo.
98
309034
5692
Então tínhamos Juan de Dios,
Hugo, Moises e Zoilo.
05:26
All of them executed on the same date,
all captured at different locations
99
314726
3848
Todos eles executados na mesma data,
todos capturados em diferentes locais
05:30
and at different moments.
100
318574
1754
e em momentos diferentes.
Todos colocados naquela cova.
05:32
All put in that grave.
101
320328
1164
05:33
The only thing we needed now
was the DNA of those four families
102
321492
3144
Só o que precisávamos então
era o DNA daquelas quatro famílias.
05:36
So we went and we looked for them
and we found them.
103
324636
3245
Então nós fomos procurá-las,
e as encontramos.
05:39
And we identified those six bodies
and gave them back to the families.
104
327881
3963
Identificamos os seis corpos
e os devolvemos às suas famílias.
05:44
The other case I want to tell you about
105
332344
2439
O outro caso que quero contar a vocês
05:46
is that of a military base
called CREOMPAZ.
106
334783
4088
é de uma base militar chamada CREOMPAZ.
05:50
It actually means, "to believe in peace,"
but the acronym really means
107
338871
4611
Significa na verdade "acreditar na paz",
mas a sigla realmente significa
05:55
Regional Command Center
for Peacekeeping Operations.
108
343482
3019
Centro de Comando Regional
para Operações Pacificadoras.
05:58
And this is where the Guatemalan military
trains peacekeepers from other countries,
109
346501
4990
E é ali que os militares da Guatemala
treinam pacificadores de outros países,
06:03
the ones that serve with the U.N.
110
351491
2841
os que servem junto à ONU
06:06
and go to countries
like Haiti and the Congo.
111
354332
2763
e vão para países como o Haiti e o Congo.
06:09
Well, we have testimony that said that
within this military base,
112
357095
3513
Bem, temos testemunhos que dizem
que dentro dessa base militar,
06:12
there were bodies, there were graves.
113
360608
2105
haviam corpos, haviam covas.
06:14
So we went in there with a search warrant
and about two hours after we went in,
114
362713
3855
Então fomos lá com um mandado de busca
e cerca de duas horas depois de chegarmos,
06:18
we found the first of 84 graves,
a total of 533 bodies.
115
366568
5624
encontramos 84 covas,
um total de 533 corpos.
06:24
Now, if you think about that,
116
372192
2637
Agora, se pensarmos um pouco,
06:26
peacekeepers being trained
on top of bodies.
117
374829
3337
pacificadores sendo treinados
em cima de corpos,
06:30
It's very ironic.
118
378166
1799
é muita ironia.
06:33
But the bodies -- face down, most of them,
hands tied behind their backs,
119
381545
5257
Mas os corpos, com mãos atadas para trás
virados para baixo em sua maioria,
06:38
blindfolded, all types of trauma --
120
386802
2624
vendados, com todos os tipos de traumas,
06:41
these were people who were defenseless
who were being executed.
121
389426
3079
essas eram pessoas indefesas
que estavam sendo executadas.
06:44
People that 533 families are looking for.
122
392505
4025
Pessoas que 533 famílias estão procurando.
06:48
So we're going to focus on Grave 15.
123
396530
2612
Vamos agora focar na cova 15.
06:51
Grave 15, what we noticed,
was a grave full of women and children,
124
399142
3696
A cova 15, conforme notamos,
era uma cova cheia de mulheres e crianças,
06:54
63 of them.
125
402838
2203
63 delas.
06:57
And that immediately made us think,
126
405041
3228
E isso imediatamente nos fez pensar,
07:00
my goodness, where is there
a case like this?
127
408269
2275
caramba, onde há um caso assim?
07:02
When I got to Guatemala in 1995,
128
410544
2693
Quando cheguei à Guatemala em 1995,
07:05
I heard of a case of a massacre
that happened on May 14, 1982,
129
413237
4651
ouvi falar de um massacre que
tinha acontecido em 14 de maio de 1982,
07:09
where the army came in, killed the men,
130
417888
3133
em que o exército apareceu,
matou os homens,
07:13
and took the women and children
in helicopters to an unknown location.
131
421021
4235
e levou as mulheres e crianças em
helicópteros para um local desconhecido.
Bem, adivinhe só.
07:18
Well, guess what?
132
426026
942
07:18
The clothing from this grave matched the
clothing from the region
133
426968
4193
As roupas nesta cova correspondiam
às roupas da região
07:23
where these people were taken from,
134
431161
1730
de onde estas pessoas foram levadas,
07:24
where these women and children
were taken from.
135
432891
2383
de onde estas mulheres
e crianças foram tiradas.
07:27
So we conducted some DNA analysis,
and guess what?
136
435274
2472
Então conduzimos
análises de DNA e adivinhem?
07:30
We identified Martina Rojas
and Manuel Chen.
137
438767
2267
Identificamos Martina Rojas e Manuel Chen.
07:33
Both of them disappeared in that case,
and now we could prove it.
138
441034
3075
Ambos desapareceram naquele caso,
e agora podemos provar.
07:36
We have physical evidence that
proves that this happened
139
444109
3010
Temos evidência física
que prova que isto aconteceu
07:39
and that those people
were taken to this base.
140
447119
2741
e que aquelas pessoas
tinham sido levadas a esta base.
07:41
Now, Manuel Chen was three years old.
141
449860
3258
Manuel Chen tinha três anos de idade.
07:45
His mother went to the river to wash
clothes, and she left him with a neighbor.
142
453118
4867
Sua mãe foi ao riacho lavar roupas,
e o deixou com uma vizinha.
07:49
That's when the army came
143
457985
1704
Foi aí que o exército chegou
07:51
and that's when he was taken away in
a helicopter and never seen again
144
459689
3340
e foi aí que ele foi levado
num helicóptero e nunca mais visto
07:55
until we found him in Grave 15.
145
463029
1979
até que o encontramos na cova 15.
07:57
So now with science, with archaeology,
with anthropology, with genetics,
146
465008
5718
Então hoje, com ciência, com arqueologia,
com antropologia, com genética,
08:02
what we're doing is, we're
giving a voice to the voiceless.
147
470726
3234
o que estamos fazendo
é dar voz aos que não a tem.
08:05
But we're doing more than that.
148
473960
1685
Mas estamos fazendo mais.
08:07
We're actually providing
evidence for trials,
149
475645
2165
Estamos de fato
trazendo evidência a julgamentos,
08:09
like the genocide trial that happened
last year in Guatemala
150
477810
3521
como o julgamento que ocorreu ano passado
de um genocídio na Guatemala
08:13
where General Ríos Montt was found guilty
of genocide and sentenced to 80 years.
151
481332
4810
em que o General Ríos Montt
foi considerado culpado de genocídio
e sentenciado a 80 anos de prisão.
08:18
So I came here to tell you today
that this is happening everywhere --
152
486142
3644
Então vim hoje aqui dizer a vocês
que isto acontece em toda a parte...
08:21
it's happening in Mexico
right in front of us today --
153
489787
2724
está acontecendo no México,
bem na nossa frente hoje...
08:24
and we can't let it go on anymore.
154
492511
1940
e não podemos deixar mais que continue.
08:26
We have to now come together and decide
155
494451
2901
Temos que nos unir e decidir
08:29
that we're not going to have
any more missing.
156
497352
2221
que não vamos ter mais desaparecidos.
08:31
So no more missing, guys.
157
499573
1192
Sem mais desaparecidos, pessoal, OK?
08:32
Okay? No more missing.
158
500765
2711
Sem mais desaparecidos.
Obrigado.
08:35
Thank you.
159
503476
1243
08:36
(Applause)
160
504719
3216
(Aplausos)
Translated by Thiago Hilger
Reviewed by Nadja Nathan

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com