ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2014

Fredy Peccerelli: A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared"

Filmed:
797,463 views

In Guatemala's 36-year conflict, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 were never identified. At the Forensic Anthropology Foundation of Guatemala, Fredy Peccerelli and his team use DNA, archeology and storytelling to help families find the bodies of their loved ones. It's a sobering task, but it can bring peace of mind — and sometimes, justice. (Contains medical imagery.)
- Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Guatemala is recovering from
a 36-year armed conflict.
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Le Guatemala se remet
d'un conflit armé de 36 ans,
00:16
A conflict that was fought
during the Cold War.
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un conflit qui a éclaté
en pleine guerre froide.
00:18
It was really just
a small leftist insurgency
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Ce n'était qu'une petite
insurrection de gauche,
00:22
and a devastating response by the state.
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qui s'est néanmoins soldée
par une réponse dévastatrice de l'État
00:25
What we have as a result
is 200,000 civilian victims,
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Le résultat :
200 000 victimes civiles,
00:28
160,000 of those
killed in the communities:
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dont 160 000 tuées dans les communautés;
00:32
small children, men, women,
the elderly even.
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Des enfants, des hommes,
des femmes, même des aînés.
00:36
And then we have
about 40,000 others, the missing,
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Et il y en a 40 000 autres, les disparus,
00:39
the ones we're still looking for today.
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ceux que l'on recherche encore,
00:42
We call them the Desaparecidos.
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qu'on appelle les Desaparecidos.
00:44
Now, 83 percent of the victims
are Mayan victims,
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83 % des victimes sont d'origine maya,
00:47
victims that are the descendants
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c'est-à-dire des descendants
00:50
of the original inhabitants of
Central America.
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des premiers habitants
de l'Amérique centrale
00:52
And only about 17 percent are of
European descent.
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Seulement 17 % des victimes
sont d'origine européenne.
00:56
But the most important thing here is that
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Mais le plus dérangeant, c'est que
les personnes sensées nous protéger,
00:58
the very people who are supposed to
defend us, the police, the military,
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les policiers et les militaires,
01:04
are the ones that committed
most of the crimes.
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sont ceux qui ont commis
la plupart des crimes.
01:08
Now the families,
they want information.
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Aujourd'hui, les familles veulent savoir,
elles veulent connaître la vérité.
01:11
They want to know what happened.
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01:12
They want the bodies of their loved ones.
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Elles veulent les corps de leurs proches.
01:15
But most of all,
what they want is they want you,
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Mais par-dessus tout,
ils veulent que vous sachiez,
01:18
they want everyone to know
that their loved ones did nothing wrong.
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que tout le monde sache
que leurs êtres chers étaient innocents.
01:23
Now, my case was that my father
received death threats in 1980.
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En 1980, mon père
a reçu des menaces de mort.
01:29
And we left.
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Alors nous avons fui.
01:30
We left Guatemala and we came here.
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Nous avons quitté le Guatemala
et nous sommes arrivés ici.
01:32
So I grew up in New York,
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J'ai grandi à New York,
01:33
I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact,
and I went to New Utrecht High School
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à Brooklyn en fait, je suis allé
à la New Utrecht High School,
01:37
and I graduated from Brooklyn College.
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et j'ai obtenu mon diplôme
du Brooklyn College.
01:39
The only thing was that
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Mais en fait,
01:40
I really didn't know what
was happening in Guatemala.
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Je n'avais aucune idée
de ce qui se passait au Guatemala.
01:44
I didn't care for it; it was too painful.
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Je m'en fichais;
ça faisait trop mal d'y penser.
01:47
But it wasn't till 1995 that I decided
to do something about it.
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Ce n'est qu'en 1995
que je me suis décidé à agir.
01:51
So I went back.
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Alors je suis revenu,
01:52
I went back to Guatemala,
to look for the bodies,
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Je suis revenu au Guatemala,
pour chercher les corps,
01:56
to understand what happened
and to look for part of myself as well.
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pour comprendre ce qui s'était passé
et retrouver aussi une partie de moi-même.
02:02
The way we work is that
we give people information.
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Voici comment nous procédons :
nous donnons des informations aux gens,
02:05
We talk to the family members
and we let them choose.
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nous parlons aux membres des familles
et leur laissons le choix
02:08
We let them decide to tell
us the stories,
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de nous parler de ce qu'ils ont vécu,
02:11
to tell us what they saw,
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de nous parler de ce qu'ils ont vu,
02:13
to tell us about their loved ones.
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de nous parler de leurs êtres chers.
02:15
And even more important,
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Plus important encore,
02:16
we let them choose to
give us a piece of themselves.
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nous les laissons choisir
de donner une partie d'eux-mêmes.
02:20
A piece, an essence, of who they are.
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Un fragment, un petit bout de leur être.
02:23
And that DNA is what we're
going to compare
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Cet ADN, nous le comparons
02:25
to the DNA that comes
from the skeletons.
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à celui prélevé sur les squelettes.
02:28
While we're doing that, though,
we're looking for the bodies.
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Simultanément,
nous recherchons les corps des victimes,
02:31
And these are skeletons by now,
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lesquels sont maintenant des squelettes,
02:33
most of these crimes
happened 32 years ago.
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étant donné que les crimes
ont eu lieu il y a 32 ans.
Après avoir trouvé une tombe,
02:36
When we find the grave,
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02:37
we take out the dirt and eventually clean
the body, document it, and exhume it.
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nous déblayons la terre,
nettoyons le corps puis, après analyse,
nous l'exhumons. Nous sortons
littéralement le squelette de terre.
02:41
We literally bring the
skeleton out of the ground.
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02:45
Once we have those bodies, though,
we take them back to the city, to our lab,
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Une fois les corps exhumés,
nous les emmenons avec nous au laboratoire
02:49
and we begin a process of trying
to understand mainly two things:
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et nous essayons
principalement d'établir deux choses :
02:52
One is how people died.
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Tout d'abord, la cause de de la mort.
02:54
So here you see a gunshot
wound to the back of the head
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Ici, on remarque une blessure
par balle à l'arrière de la tête.
02:57
or a machete wound, for example.
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Ici, une blessure de machette.
03:00
The other thing we want to understand
is who they are.
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Nous voulons ensuite
déterminer l'identité des victimes;
03:03
Whether it's a baby,
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si c'est un enfant
03:07
or an adult.
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ou bien un adulte;
03:08
Whether it's a woman or a man.
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si c'est une femme ou un homme.
03:10
But when we're done
with that analysis
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Une fois cette analyse complétée,
03:12
what we'll do is we'll take a small
fragment of the bone
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nous prélevons un petit fragment d'os,
03:15
and we'll extract DNA from it.
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duquel nous extrayons de l'ADN.
03:18
We'll take that DNA
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Et cet ADN,
03:19
and then we'll compare it with the
DNA of the families, of course.
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nous le comparons,
bien sûr, à celui fourni par les familles.
03:24
The best way to explain this to you
is by showing you two cases.
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Pour illustrer ce processus,
prenons par exemple deux cas.
03:27
The first is the case
of the military diary.
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Le premier
est celui de ce journal militaire,
03:30
Now this is a document that was smuggled
out of somewhere in 1999.
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obtenu clandestinement en 1999.
03:34
And what you see there
is the state following individuals,
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Ce sont les fiches
de personnes surveillées par l'État,
03:39
people that, like you,
wanted to change their country,
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− des personnes qui,
comme vous, voulaient changer leur pays −,
03:43
and they jotted everything down.
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dans lesquelles sont consignées
bon nombre d'informations,
03:46
And one of the things that they wrote
down is when they executed them.
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parmi lesquelles
figure la date de leur exécution.
03:50
Inside that yellow rectangle,
you see a code,
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À l'intérieur de ce rectangle jaune,
il y a un code.
03:53
it's a secret code: 300.
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C'est un code secret : 300.
03:56
And then you see a date.
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Puis, il y une date.
03:57
The 300 means "executed" and the date
means when they were executed.
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Le 300 signifie « exécuté »,
et la date est celle de l'exécution.
04:01
Now that's going to come
into play in a second.
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Nous y reviendrons.
04:05
What we did is we conducted
an exhumation in 2003,
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En 2003, nous avons mené une exhumation
04:08
where we exhumed 220 bodies
from 53 graves in a military base.
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durant laquelle l'on retire 220 corps
de 53 tombes, près d'une base militaire.
04:14
Grave 9, though, matched the family
of Sergio Saul Linares.
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Nous établissons un lien entre la tombe 9
et la famille de Sergio Paul Linares.
04:18
Now Sergio was a professor
at the university.
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Sergio était professeur d'université.
04:21
He graduted from Iowa State University
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Diplômé de la Iowa State University,
04:23
and went back to Guatemala
to change his country.
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il était revenu au Guatemala
pour changer son pays.
04:26
And he was captured on
February 23, 1984.
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Il a été capturé le 23 février 1984 et,
04:30
And if you can see there, he was
executed on March 29, 1984,
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comme vous pouvez le constater ici,
il a été exécuté le 29 mars 1984.
04:34
which was incredible.
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C'était incroyable :
04:35
We had the body, we had the family's
information and their DNA,
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nous avions le corps,
les témoignage de la famille, l'ADN,
04:38
and now we have documents
that told us exactly what happened.
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mais aussi les documents
décrivant ce qui s'était réellement passé.
04:42
But most important is about
two weeks later,
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Plus important encore :
deux semaines plus tard,
04:45
we go another hit, another match
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nous avons établi
une deuxième correspondance,
04:47
from the same grave to Amancio Villatoro.
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dans la même tombe,
au nom d'Amancio Villatoro.
04:52
The DNA of that body
also matched the DNA of that family.
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L'ADN correspondait
lui aussi avec celui de la famille.
04:55
And then we noticed
that he was also in the diary.
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Puis, nous avons réalisé
qu'il était aussi présent dans le journal.
04:58
But it was amazing to see that he was
also executed on March 29, 1984.
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Mais le plus incroyable était qu'il avait
lui aussi été exécuté le 29 mars 1984.
05:03
So that led us to think, hmm,
how many bodies were in the grave?
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Alors nous nous sommes demandés :
combien y a-t-il de corps dans la tombe?
05:08
Six.
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Six.
05:09
So then we said, how many people
were executed on March 29, 1984?
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Et combien de personnes
ont été exécutées le 29 mars 1984?
05:18
That's right, six as well.
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Six aussi.
05:21
So we have Juan de Dios, Hugo,
Moises and Zoilo.
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Il y avait Juan de Dios,
Hugo, Moises et Zoilo;
05:26
All of them executed on the same date,
all captured at different locations
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tous exécutés le même jour,
tous capturés à différents endroits,
05:30
and at different moments.
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à différents moments;
05:32
All put in that grave.
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tous enfouis ensemble.
05:33
The only thing we needed now
was the DNA of those four families
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Il ne nous manquait
que l'ADN de leurs familles.
05:36
So we went and we looked for them
and we found them.
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Nous les avons donc cherchées
et nous les avons trouvées.
05:39
And we identified those six bodies
and gave them back to the families.
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Ainsi, nous avons pu identifier les six
corps et les rendre à leurs familles.
05:44
The other case I want to tell you about
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L’autre cas dont je veux vous parler
05:46
is that of a military base
called CREOMPAZ.
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est celui d'une base militaire
du nom de CREOMPAZ,
05:50
It actually means, "to believe in peace,"
but the acronym really means
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qui signifie « croire en la paix ».
Mais en réalité, l'acronyme signifie
05:55
Regional Command Center
for Peacekeeping Operations.
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centre de contrôle régional
des opérations de maintien de la paix.
05:58
And this is where the Guatemalan military
trains peacekeepers from other countries,
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C'est là que les militaires du Guatemala
forment les soldats de la paix étrangers,
06:03
the ones that serve with the U.N.
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notamment ceux
servant dans les Nations Unies
06:06
and go to countries
like Haiti and the Congo.
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et qui sont déployés
dans des pays comme Haïti ou le Congo.
06:09
Well, we have testimony that said that
within this military base,
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Nous avons des témoins
affirmant que dans cette base militaire
06:12
there were bodies, there were graves.
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se trouvaient des corps, des tombes.
06:14
So we went in there with a search warrant
and about two hours after we went in,
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Nous y sommes donc allés
avec un mandat : deux heures plus tard,
06:18
we found the first of 84 graves,
a total of 533 bodies.
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nous avons mis au jour la première
de 84 tombes, totalisant 533 corps.
06:24
Now, if you think about that,
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Quand on y pense,
06:26
peacekeepers being trained
on top of bodies.
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que des soldats de la paix
sont formés sur des fosses communes,
06:30
It's very ironic.
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c'est assez ironique.
06:33
But the bodies -- face down, most of them,
hands tied behind their backs,
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Mais ces corps − la plupart face contre
terre, les mains attachées dans le dos,
les yeux bandés,
avec de multiples traumas −,
06:38
blindfolded, all types of trauma --
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06:41
these were people who were defenseless
who were being executed.
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c'étaient des personnes
sans défense, exécutées,
06:44
People that 533 families are looking for.
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des personnes
que 533 familles recherchaient.
06:48
So we're going to focus on Grave 15.
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Intéressons-nous un instant à la tombe 15.
06:51
Grave 15, what we noticed,
was a grave full of women and children,
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Nous avons remarqué que celle-ci
était pleine de femmes et d'enfants,
06:54
63 of them.
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63 au total.
06:57
And that immediately made us think,
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Nous avons immédiatement pensé :
07:00
my goodness, where is there
a case like this?
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mon DIeu,
où mentionne-t-on un tel cas?
07:02
When I got to Guatemala in 1995,
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Lorsque je suis allé au Guatemala en 1995,
07:05
I heard of a case of a massacre
that happened on May 14, 1982,
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j'ai entendu parler
d'un massacre survenu le 14 mai 1982,
07:09
where the army came in, killed the men,
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où l'armée était arrivée, tuant les hommes
07:13
and took the women and children
in helicopters to an unknown location.
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et emmenant femmes et enfants
en hélicoptère vers un lieu inconnu.
07:18
Well, guess what?
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Devinez quoi?
07:18
The clothing from this grave matched the
clothing from the region
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Les vêtements provenant de cette tombe
correspondent à ceux portés dans la région
07:23
where these people were taken from,
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où ces personnes ont été enlevées,
07:24
where these women and children
were taken from.
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d'où viennent ces femmes et ces enfants.
07:27
So we conducted some DNA analysis,
and guess what?
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Après avoir mené des analyses d'ADN,
07:30
We identified Martina Rojas
and Manuel Chen.
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Nous avons pu identifier
Martina Rojas et Manuel Chen,
tous deux disparus à ce moment :
nous pouvions en faire la preuve.
07:33
Both of them disappeared in that case,
and now we could prove it.
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Nous détenions
des preuves tangibles attestant les faits
07:36
We have physical evidence that
proves that this happened
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et démontrant que ces personnes
avaient été emmenées à cette base.
07:39
and that those people
were taken to this base.
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07:41
Now, Manuel Chen was three years old.
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Manuel Chen avait trois ans.
Sa mère, partie à la rivière
nettoyer des vêtements,
07:45
His mother went to the river to wash
clothes, and she left him with a neighbor.
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l'avait confiée à un voisin.
07:49
That's when the army came
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C'est à ce moment
que l'armée est arrivée
07:51
and that's when he was taken away in
a helicopter and never seen again
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et que Manuel a été enlevé
pour ne jamais être revu,
jusqu'à son exhumation de la tombe 15.
07:55
until we found him in Grave 15.
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Et maintenant, avec l'aide de la science,
07:57
So now with science, with archaeology,
with anthropology, with genetics,
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de l'archéologie, de l'anthropologie et de la génétique,
08:02
what we're doing is, we're
giving a voice to the voiceless.
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nous souhaitons
redonner une voix aux muets.
08:05
But we're doing more than that.
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Mais nous faisons plus que ça :
08:07
We're actually providing
evidence for trials,
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Nous fournissons
des preuves pour des procès,
08:09
like the genocide trial that happened
last year in Guatemala
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comme le procès pour génocide
qui a eu lieu l'an dernier au Guatemala,
où le général Ríos Montt
a été déclaré coupable de génocide
08:13
where General Ríos Montt was found guilty
of genocide and sentenced to 80 years.
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et reçu une peine de 80 ans de prison.
Je suis ici aujourd'hui
pour vous dire que cela arrive partout :
08:18
So I came here to tell you today
that this is happening everywhere --
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C'est en train d'arriver
au Mexique, juste à côté.
08:21
it's happening in Mexico
right in front of us today --
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Nous ne pouvons
pas laisser ça se produire.
08:24
and we can't let it go on anymore.
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Nous devons faire front commun
08:26
We have to now come together and decide
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et décider de ne plus avoir
à chercher de disparus.
08:29
that we're not going to have
any more missing.
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2221
08:31
So no more missing, guys.
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1192
Nous ne voulons plus de disparus.
08:32
Okay? No more missing.
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2711
Plus de disparus.
Merci.
08:35
Thank you.
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(Applaudissements)
08:36
(Applause)
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Translated by Etienne Gagnon
Reviewed by Eric Dufour

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fredy Peccerelli - Forensic anthropologist
Fredy Peccerelli works with families whose loved ones “disappeared” in the 36-year armed conflict in Guatemala. The executive director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, he helps locate bodies and give back identities to those buried in mass graves.

Why you should listen

In Guatemala’s brutal civil war, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 of them were never found. They are referred to as the “disappeared,” and since the end of the conflict, their bodies have been found in unmarked mass graves with very little information to identify them. 

Fredy Peccerelli has a personal connection to this tragic story. He was born in Guatemala, but when his father received threats from a death squad, his family left for the United States. It was 1980 and Peccerelli was 9. He quickly adapted to life in Brooklyn, New York. But in 1994, while a college student, he heard a presentation on the emerging field of forensic anthropology. The speakers talked about exhuming bodies from mass graves in Guatemala, and Peccerelli was fascinated. He wanted to help.

Peccerelli founded the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, which meets with the families of the “disappeared,” listens to their stories and takes DNA samples to match to exhumed bodies. In this way, they are able to piece together narratives of what happened — in order to give families closure and to provide evidence for the trials of those involved in the deaths. 

Pecerrelli has been profiled on PBS, in The New York Times and more. He recently launched the “No More Missing” campaign to raise money for an interactive website to tell the stories of the Guatemalan "disappeared" on the global stage. He wants people across the world to see the connection between what happened Guatemala and what is happening today in countries like Mexico. 

More profile about the speaker
Fredy Peccerelli | Speaker | TED.com