ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.

Why you should listen

In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.

Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.

Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.

Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.

Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work

More profile about the speaker
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com
TED2014

Barry Schwartz: The way we think about work is broken

Barry Schwartz: A maneira que pensamos sobre trabalho está falida

Filmed:
3,253,011 views

O que faz o trabalho satisfatório? Além do pagamento, existem valores intangíveis que, Barry Schwartz sugere, nosso modo de pensar sobre o trabalho simplesmente ignora. Está na hora de parar de pensar em trabalhadores como engrenagens de uma roda.
- Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Today I'm going to talk about work.
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Hoje vou falar sobre trabalho.
00:15
And the question I want to ask
and answer is this:
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E a pergunta que quero fazer
e responder é esta:
00:18
"Why do we work?"
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"Por que trabalhamos?"
00:21
Why do we drag ourselves
out of bed every morning
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Por que nos arrastamos da cama
todos os dias de manhã
00:25
instead of living our lives
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ao invés de vivermos nossas vidas
00:27
just filled with bouncing from one
TED-like adventure to another?
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apenas pulando
de uma aventura TED a outra?
00:32
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
00:34
You may be asking yourselves
that very question.
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Vocês podem estar se perguntando
essa mesma questão.
00:37
Now, I know of course,
we have to make a living,
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Sei que, certamente,
temos que ganhar a vida,
00:39
but nobody in this room thinks
that that's the answer to the question,
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mas ninguém nesse auditório acha
que essa é a resposta para a pergunta:
00:43
"Why do we work?"
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"Por que trabalhamos?"
00:44
For folks in this room,
the work we do is challenging,
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Para as pessoas nessa sala
o trabalho que fazemos é desafiador,
00:48
it's engaging, it's stimulating,
it's meaningful.
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atraente, estimulante, significativo.
00:52
And if we're lucky,
it might even be important.
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E se temos sorte,
ele pode até ser importante.
00:55
So, we wouldn't work
if we didn't get paid,
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Não trabalharíamos
se não nos pagassem,
00:57
but that's not why we do what we do.
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mas não é por isso
que fazemos o que fazemos.
01:00
And in general,
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E, no geral,
01:01
I think we think that material rewards
are a pretty bad reason
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acho que cremos que recompensas
materiais são razões ruins
01:04
for doing the work that we do.
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para fazermos o trabalho que fazemos.
01:06
When we say of somebody
that he's "in it for the money,"
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Quando dizemos que alguém está
"fazendo por dinheiro",
01:10
we are not just being descriptive.
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não estamos apenas sendo descritivos.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
01:14
Now, I think this is totally obvious,
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Acho que isso é bem óbvio,
01:16
but the very obviousness of it
raises what is for me
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mas a obviedade disso levanta,
o que pra mim,
01:19
an incredibly profound question.
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é uma questão incrivelmente profunda.
01:21
Why, if this is so obvious,
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Por que, se é tão óbvio,
01:24
why is it that for the overwhelming
majority of people on the planet,
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por que é que para a esmagadora
maioria das pessoas no planeta,
o trabalho que fazem
não tem nenhuma das características
01:30
the work they do
has none of the characteristics
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01:34
that get us up and out of bed
and off to the office every morning?
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que nos faz levantar, sair da cama
e ir para o escritório de manhã?
01:38
How is it that we allow
the majority of people on the planet
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Como é que permitimos
que a maioria das pessoas no planeta
01:42
to do work that is monotonous,
meaningless and soul-deadening?
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faça trabalhos monótonos,
sem sentido e sufocantes?
01:47
Why is it that as capitalism developed,
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Por que é que ao longo
do desenvolvimento do capitalismo
01:50
it created a mode of production,
of goods and services,
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ele criou um modo de produção
de bens e serviços,
01:53
in which all the nonmaterial satisfactions
that might come from work were eliminated?
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nos quais as satisfações não materiais
que vêm do trabalho foram eliminadas?
Trabalhadores que fazem
esse tipo de trabalho,
02:00
Workers who do this kind of work,
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02:02
whether they do it in factories,
in call centers,
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seja em fábricas,
em centrais de atendimento,
02:05
or in fulfillment warehouses,
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ou em armazéns,
02:07
do it for pay.
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o fazem pelo pagamento.
02:09
There is certainly no other earthly reason
to do what they do except for pay.
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Com certeza, não há outra razão para que
façam o que fazem, exceto pelo pagamento.
02:15
So the question is, "Why?"
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Então a pergunta é: "Por quê?"
02:18
And here's the answer:
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E aqui está a resposta:
02:20
the answer is technology.
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a resposta é tecnologia.
02:23
Now, I know, I know --
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Agora, eu sei...
02:24
yeah, yeah, yeah, technology, automation
screws people, blah blah --
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sim, tecnologia, automação,
estraga as pessoas, blá blá...
Não é o que quero dizer.
02:28
that's not what I mean.
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02:29
I'm not talking about
the kind of technology
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Não estou falando do tipo de tecnologia
02:32
that has enveloped our lives,
and that people come to TED to hear about.
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que envolveu nossas vidas,
e pessoas vêm ao TED escutar a respeito.
02:36
I'm not talking about
the technology of things,
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Não estou falando
sobre a tecnologia das coisas,
02:39
profound though that is.
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embora isso seja profundo.
02:41
I'm talking about another technology.
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Estou falando de outra tecnologia.
02:43
I'm talking about the technology of ideas.
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Estou falando da tecnologia das ideias.
02:47
I call it, "idea technology" --
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Chamo de "tecnologia da ideia".
02:49
how clever of me.
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Que engenhoso! (Risos)
02:50
(Laughter)
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02:52
In addition to creating things,
science creates ideas.
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Além de criar coisas,
a ciência cria ideias.
02:56
Science creates ways of understanding.
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A ciência cria meios de entendimento.
02:59
And in the social sciences,
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E nas ciências sociais,
03:01
the ways of understanding that get created
are ways of understanding ourselves.
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os meios de entendimento que são criados,
são meios de nos entendermos.
03:06
And they have an enormous influence
on how we think, what we aspire to,
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E eles têm uma influência enorme
em como pensamos, o que almejamos ser,
03:10
and how we act.
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e como agimos.
03:12
If you think your poverty
is God's will, you pray.
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Se você acha que sua pobreza
é a vontade de Deus, você reza.
Se você acha que sua pobreza
é resultado da sua inadequação,
03:16
If you think your poverty is the result
of your own inadequacy,
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03:20
you shrink into despair.
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você se desespera.
03:23
And if you think your poverty is
the result of oppression and domination,
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E se você pensa que sua pobreza
é o resultado de opressão e dominação,
03:27
then you rise up in revolt.
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então você se ergue em revolta.
03:29
Whether your response to poverty
is resignation or revolution,
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Se sua resposta à pobreza
é resignação ou revolução,
03:34
depends on how you understand
the sources of your poverty.
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depende de como você entende
as origens da sua pobreza.
03:37
This is the role that ideas play
in shaping us as human beings,
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Esse é o papel que as ideias têm
em nos moldar como seres humanos,
03:43
and this is why idea technology may be
the most profoundly important technology
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e é por isso que a "tecnologia da ideia"
pode ser a tecnologia mais importante
03:49
that science gives us.
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que a ciência nos dá.
03:51
And there's something special
about idea technology,
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E há algo de especial
sobre a "tecnologia da ideia",
03:55
that makes it different
from the technology of things.
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que a faz diferente
da tecnologia das coisas.
03:58
With things, if the technology sucks,
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Com as coisas, se a tecnologia é um saco,
04:01
it just vanishes, right?
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ela simplesmente some, certo?
04:04
Bad technology disappears.
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Tecnologia ruim desaparece.
04:06
With ideas --
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Com ideias,
04:08
false ideas about human beings
will not go away
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falsas ideias sobre seres humanos
não vão embora,
04:13
if people believe that they're true.
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se as pessoas acreditarem que são verdade.
04:16
Because if people believe
that they're true,
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Porque se as pessoas
acreditam que são verdade,
04:19
they create ways of living
and institutions
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elas criam maneiras
de viver e instituições
04:22
that are consistent
with these very false ideas.
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que são consistentes
com essas ideias falsas.
04:26
And that's how the industrial revolution
created a factory system
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E é assim que a Revolução Industrial
criou um sistema de fábricas
04:30
in which there was really nothing you
could possibly get out of your day's work,
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no qual não havia nada que você
pudesse obter do seu dia de trabalho,
04:34
except for the pay at the end of the day.
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exceto o pagamento no final do dia.
04:37
Because the father --
one of the fathers
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Porque um dos pais
da Revolução Industrial, Adam Smith,
04:39
of the Industrial Revolution,
Adam Smith --
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04:41
was convinced that human beings
were by their very natures lazy,
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estava convencido de que os seres humanos
eram preguiçosos por natureza
04:45
and wouldn't do anything
unless you made it worth their while,
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e não fariam nada,
a não ser que valesse a pena.
E a maneira que se fazia
com que valesse a pena
04:48
and the way you made it worth their while
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04:50
was by incentivizing,
by giving them rewards.
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era incentivando, dando recompensas.
04:53
That was the only reason
anyone ever did anything.
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Essa era a única razão
que alguém faria alguma coisa.
04:56
So we created a factory system consistent
with that false view of human nature.
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Então, criamos um sistema de fábricas
consistente com uma falsa visão
da natureza humana.
05:01
But once that system
of production was in place,
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Mas assim que aquele sistema
de produção foi instaurado,
05:04
there was really no other way
for people to operate,
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não havia realmente outro jeito
das pessoas funcionarem,
05:07
except in a way that was consistent
with Adam Smith's vision.
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exceto da maneira que era consistente
com a visão do Adam Smith.
05:12
So the work example is merely an example
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O trabalho é só um exemplo
05:15
of how false ideas
can create a circumstance
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de como falsas ideias
podem criar uma circunstância
05:19
that ends up making them true.
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que acaba tornando-as verdadeiras.
05:23
It is not true
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Não é verdade
05:25
that you "just can't get
good help anymore."
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que "não se consegue mais boa ajuda".
05:29
It is true
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É verdade
05:31
that you "can't get good help anymore"
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que "não se consegue mais boa ajuda"
05:34
when you give people work to do
that is demeaning and soulless.
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quando se dá para as pessoas trabalhos
que são humilhantes e desalmados.
05:39
And interestingly enough, Adam Smith --
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E mais interessante, Adam Smith,
05:41
the same guy who gave us
this incredible invention
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o mesmo cara que nos deu
essa incrível invenção
da produção em massa
e divisão de trabalho,
05:45
of mass production, and division of labor
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05:47
-- understood this.
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entendeu isso.
05:48
He said, of people who worked
in assembly lines,
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Ele disse, sobre homens que trabalhavam
nas linhas de montagem:
05:52
of men who worked
in assembly lines, he says:
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"Ele geralmente se torna tão estúpido
quanto um ser humano pode se tornar".
05:54
"He generally becomes as stupid as it is
possible for a human being to become."
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06:01
Now, notice the word here is "become."
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Agora, observem a palavra "tornar-se".
06:03
"He generally becomes as stupid as it is
possible for a human being to become."
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"Ele geralmente se torna tão estúpido
quanto um ser humano pode se tornar".
06:09
Whether he intended it or not,
what Adam Smith was telling us there,
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Tenha ele planejado ou não,
o que Adam Smith estava nos dizendo
06:13
is that the very shape of the institution
within which people work
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é que, a estrutura da instituição
na qual as pessoas trabalham,
06:17
creates people who are fitted
to the demands of that institution
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cria pessoas que são aptas
às demandas daquela instituição,
06:21
and deprives people of the opportunity
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e priva as pessoas da oportunidade
06:24
to derive the kinds of satisfactions
from their work that we take for granted.
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de sentir satisfação pelo seu trabalho,
algo que nós consideramos normal.
06:29
The thing about science --
natural science --
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O que acontece com as ciências naturais,
06:32
is that we can spin fantastic
theories about the cosmos,
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é que podemos arquitetar fantásticas
teorias sobre o cosmos
06:36
and have complete confidence
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e ter total confiança
06:38
that the cosmos is completely
indifferent to our theories.
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de que o cosmos é completamente
indiferente às nossas teorias.
Vai funcionar do mesmo jeito,
06:43
It's going to work the same damn way
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06:45
no matter what theories
we have about the cosmos.
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não importa quais teorias
temos sobre o cosmos.
06:48
But we do have to worry about
the theories we have of human nature,
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Mas temos que nos preocupar
com as teorias sobre a natureza humana,
06:54
because human nature will be changed
by the theories we have
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porque a natureza humana será alterada
pelas teorias que temos
06:59
that are designed to explain
and help us understand human beings.
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que são elaboradas para explicar
e nos ajudar a entender os seres humanos.
07:03
The distinguished anthropologist,
Clifford Geertz, said, years ago,
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O ilustre antropologista
Clifford Geertz disse, anos atrás,
07:08
that human beings
are the "unfinished animals."
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que seres humanos
são os "animais inacabados".
07:12
And what he meant by that
was that it is only human nature
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E o que ele quis dizer
foi, que é da natureza humana
ter uma natureza humana,
07:16
to have a human nature
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07:18
that is very much the product
of the society in which people live.
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a qual é praticamente o produto
da sociedade em que as pessoas vivem.
07:23
That human nature,
that is to say our human nature,
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Essa natureza humana,
ou seja, nossa natureza humana,
07:26
is much more created
than it is discovered.
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é muito mais criada do que é descoberta.
07:30
We design human nature
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Nós moldamos a natureza humana
07:32
by designing the institutions
within which people live and work.
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moldando as instituições
nas quais pessoas vivem e trabalham.
07:37
And so you people --
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Então vocês,
07:38
pretty much the closest I ever get
to being with masters of the universe --
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certamente o mais perto que chegarei
de estar com mestres do universo,
07:43
you people should be asking
yourself a question,
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vocês deveriam estar
se perguntando uma coisa,
07:47
as you go back home
to run your organizations.
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quando forem embora para casa,
para administrarem suas empresas.
07:50
Just what kind of human nature
do you want to help design?
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Que tipo de natureza humana
vocês querem ajudar a moldar?
07:54
Thank you.
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Obrigado.
07:55
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
07:57
Thanks.
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Obrigado.
Translated by Gabriela Balieiro Moreira
Reviewed by Maricene Crus

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.

Why you should listen

In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.

Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.

Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.

Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.

Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work

More profile about the speaker
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com