David Eagleman: Can we create new senses for humans?
Dejvid Iglman (David Eagleman): Možemo li da stvorimo nova čula za ljude?
David Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
a very large cosmos,
very good at understanding reality
u razumevanju stvarnosti
the world at that scale.
svet u tim razmerama.
very thin slice of perception
sitnog parčeta percepcije
that slice of reality that we call home,
i na tom parčetu stvarnosti, zvanom dom,
of the action that's going on.
radiation that bounces off objects
radijacija koja se odbija od objekte
in the back of our eyes.
na poleđini naših očiju.
all the waves out there.
of what's out there.
passing through your body right now
trenutno prolaze kroz telo,
the proper biological receptors
biološkim receptorima
of cell phone conversations
are inherently unseeable.
da su ove stvari suštinski nevidljive.
in their reality,
nešto infracrvene svetlosti,
in their view of the world,
uključuje ultraljubičastu
in the dashboards of our cars
u kontrolne table automobila
in the radio frequency range,
opsega radijskih frekvencija
to pick up on the X-ray range.
koje sakupljaju opseg iks zraka.
any of those by yourself,
sami ne možete da osetite,
with the proper sensors.
odgovarajućim senzorima.
our experience of reality
da je naše iskustvo stvarnosti
the common sense notion
pretpostavci zdravog razuma
and our fingertips
i naši vrhovi prstiju
the objective reality that's out there.
objektivnu postojeću stvarnost.
just a little bit of the world.
uzimaju uzorke malenog dela sveta.
on different parts of reality.
različite delove stvarnosti.
and deaf world of the tick,
are temperature and butyric acid;
i buterna kiselina;
by electrical fields;
električnim poljima;
out of air compression waves.
od talasa kompresovanog vazduha.
that they can pick up on,
koji mogu da dožive,
for the surrounding world.
za svet koji nas okružuje.
da svaka životinja smatra
objective reality out there,
celokupna objektivna stvarnost
what we can sense.
is we accept reality
200 million scent receptors in it,
that attract and trap scent molecules,
koje privlače i hvataju molekule mirisa,
so you can take big nosefuls of air.
da biste mogli duboko da udahnete vazduh.
with a revelation.
otkrovenje zaustavi u hodu.
and you think,
impoverished nose of a human?
osiromašen ljudski nos?
a feeble little noseful of air?
udahnete malo vazduha punim plućima?
a cat 100 yards away,
da je mačka na 90 metara od vas
this very spot six hours ago?"
bio baš na ovom mestu pre šest sati?"
that world of smell,
into our umwelt.
u sopstvenom umwelt-u.
do we have to be stuck there?
moramo li da budemo zaglavljeni tu?
in the way that technology
zainteresovan za to kako tehnologija
the experience of being human.
naše iskustvo kako je biti čovek.
our technology to our biology,
da venčamo našu tehnologiju i biologiju
of people walking around
koji šetaju okolo
and artificial vision.
a microphone and you digitize the signal,
i digitalizujete signal
directly into the inner ear.
direktno u unutrašnje uho.
you take a camera
uzmete kameru
and then you plug an electrode grid
a potom priključite mrežu elektroda
these technologies wouldn't work.
da ove tehnologije neće funkcionisati.
speak the language of Silicon Valley,
govore jezikom Silikonske doline,
as our natural biological sense organs.
naših prirodnih bioloških čulnih organa.
how to use the signals just fine.
kako da koristi ove signale.
or seeing any of this.
niti vidi bilo šta od ovoga.
and darkness inside your skull.
i mračnoj odaji unutar vaše lobanje.
electrochemical signals
and nothing more.
at taking in these signals
u primanju ovih signala
and assigning meaning,
i pripisivanju značenja,
and puts together a story
i sastavlja priču
and it doesn't care,
it just figures out what to do with it.
on prosto razmatra šta da radi s njom.
kind of machine.
computing device,
je da bude uređaj za proračunavanje,
what it's going to do with it,
sorts of input channels.
vrsta ulaznih kanala.
model of evolution,
too technical here,
that all these sensors
da su svi ovi senzori
and our ears and our fingertips,
poput naših očiju i ušiju i vrhova prstiju
plug-and-play devices:
koji automatski rade:
with the data that comes in.
koji dođu do njega.
the animal kingdom,
with which to detect infrared,
kojima prepoznaju infracrvenu svetlost,
electroreceptors,
a 3D model of the world,
i konstruišu maketu sveta u 3D-u,
so they can orient
kojim se orjentišu
nature doesn't have to continually
of brain operation established,
principe rada mozga,
is designing new peripherals.
je osmišljavanje novih periferija.
really special or fundamental
posebno ili suštinsko
come to the table with.
sensory substitution.
information into the brain
informacija u mozak
what to do with it.
published in the journal Nature in 1969.
je objavljen 1969. u časopisu "Nejčer".
in a modified dental chair,
u prepravljenu zubarsku stolicu
in front of the camera,
with a grid of solenoids.
solenoidnom rešetkom.
in front of the camera,
ispred kamere,
got pretty good
iznenađujuće dobri
what was in front of the camera
onoga što se nalazilo ispred kamere,
in the small of their back.
modern incarnations of this.
otelotvorenja ovoga.
right in front of you
direktno ispred vas
and get closer and farther,
približavaju i udaljavaju,
start getting pretty good
slepi ljudi postaju veoma dobri
through the ears:
on the forehead,
elektrotaktilnu rešetku na čelu,
you're feeling it on your forehead.
napajanja, osetite to na vašem čelu.
using it for much else.
ni za šta drugo.
is called the brainport,
se zove brejnport,
that sits on your tongue,
koja se smešta na vaš jezik
these little electrotactile signals,
u te malene elektrotaktilne signale,
that they can throw a ball into a basket,
ovog da mogu da ubace loptu u koš
complex obstacle courses.
u složenim deonicama s preprekama.
coursing around in your brain.
koji se kreću po vašem mozgu.
where the signals come from.
is sensory substitution for the deaf,
senzorna zamena za gluve
in my lab, Scott Novich,
sound from the world gets converted
da se zvuk iz sveta preobrati
can understand what is being said.
mogla da razume šta se govori.
and ubiquity of portable computing,
moći i sveprisutnosti prenosivih računara,
would run on cell phones and tablets,
da radi na mobilnim telefonima i tabletima
to make this a wearable,
under your clothing.
is getting captured by the tablet,
beleži tablet,
that's covered in vibratory motors,
koji je prekriven vibrirajućim motorima,
to a pattern of vibration on the vest.
u vibrirajući obrazac na prsluku.
and I'm wearing the vest right now.
i ja upravo nosim taj prsluk.
into dynamic patterns of vibration.
u dinamične obrasce vibracija.
with deaf people now,
just a little bit of time,
da nakon veoma kratkog vremena,
they can start understanding
u stanju su da počnu da razumevaju
He has a master's degree.
Ima diplomu mastera.
of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.
njegovog umwelt-a koji mu je nedostupan.
for four days, two hours a day,
četiri dana, po dva sata dnevno
a Džonatan je oseti preko prsluka
Jonathan feels it on the vest,
this complicated pattern of vibrations
ovaj komplikovani obrazac vibracija
of what's being said.
because the patterns are too complicated,
jer su obrasci suviše komplikovani,
the pattern that allows it to figure out
obrazac koji mu omogućuje da shvati
after wearing this for about three months,
oko tri meseca nošenja ovog prsluka
perceptual experience of hearing
iskustvo sluha,
passes a finger over braille,
pređe prstom preko Brajevog pisma,
without any conscious intervention at all.
bez ikakvog svesnog posredovanja.
to be a game-changer,
da bude prekretnica
for deafness is a cochlear implant,
jedino drugo rešenje za gluvoću,
than a cochlear implant,
40 puta jeftinije od kohlearnog implanta,
even for the poorest countries.
čak i u najsiromašnijim zemljama.
by our results with sensory substitution,
naši rezultati kod senzorne zamene,
is sensory addition.
o senzornim dodacima.
to add a completely new kind of sense,
da dodamo potpuno novi tip čula,
real-time data from the Internet
da pohranjujemo podatke s interneta
perceptual experience?
direktno čulno iskustvo?
we're doing in the lab.
koji izvodimo u laboratoriji.
streaming feed from the Net of data
tok napajanja s mreže podataka
and he has to make a choice.
a on mora da odabere jedno.
and he gets feedback after one second.
nakon jedne sekunde.
what all the patterns mean,
o tome šta obrasci znače,
u razumevanju toga koje dugme da pritisne.
at figuring out which button to press.
whether he did the right thing or not.
da li je dobro uradio ili ne.
can we expand the human umvelt
da proširimo ljudski umwelt,
after several weeks,
počne da stiče
of the economic movements of the planet.
ekonomskih kretanja u svetu.
to see how well this goes.
da znate kako nam ide.
we've been automatically scraping Twitter
automatski smo pročešljavali Tviter
an automated sentiment analysis,
automatizovanu analizu osećanja,
words or negative words or neutral?
pozitivne, negativne ili neutralne reči?
to the aggregate emotion
because now I can know
jer sad mogu da znam
and how much you're loving this.
than a human can normally have.
normalna ljudska iskustva.
nine different measures
devet različitih merenja
and orientation and heading,
orjentaciju i pravac
this pilot's ability to fly it.
pilotovu sposobnost upravljanja.
his skin up there, far away.
njegove kože visoko gore u daljini.
a modern cockpit full of gauges
savremeni kokpit, ispunjen spravama
to read the whole thing, you feel it.
da ga tumačite, osećate ga.
between accessing big data
to the possibilities
ne postoje granice mogućnostima
being able to feel
koji je u stanju da oseti
of the International Space Station,
međunarodne svemirske stanice
the invisible states of your own health,
nevidljiva stanja sopstvenog zdravlja.
and the state of your microbiome,
i stanja vašeg mikrobioma
or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
da vidite infracrvenu ili ultraljubičastu.
As we move into the future,
kako budemo odmicali u budućnost,
to choose our own peripheral devices.
da izaberemo sopstvene periferne uređaje.
for Mother Nature's sensory gifts
na čulne darove majke prirode
she's given us the tools that we need
dobar roditelj, dala potrebna oruđa
sopstvene putanje.
and experience your universe?
i da doživite sopstveni univerzum?
DE: Yeah.
DI: Da.
I felt applause on the vest.
Twitter's going mad.
that secures its funding forevermore,
koji je sebi osigurao finansiranje zauvek,
have to write to NIH anymore.
morati da pišem zdravstvu.
skeptical for a minute,
but isn't most of the evidence so far
ali zar nije većina dosadašnjih dokaza
that sensory addition works?
i da čulni dodaci funkcionišu?
blind person can see through their tongue
da slepa osoba može da vidi preko jezika
ready to process,
spreman da obrađuje podatke
We actually have no idea
Zapravo nemamo pojma
kind of data the brain can take in.
podataka koje naš mozak može da primi.
is that it's extraordinarily flexible.
da je neverovatno fleksibilan.
what we used to call their visual cortex
što smo nekad zvali vizuelnim korteksom
by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.
the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.
mađioničar koji zna jedan trik.
of computations on things.
proračune o stvarima.
at things like braille, for example,
poput Brajevog pisma, na primer,
through bumps on their fingers.
preko jagodica na prstima.
to think there's a theoretical limit
da postoje teorijska ograničenja
you're going to be deluged.
possible applications for this.
excited about, the direction it might go?
kojim ovo može da krene, najuzbudljiviji?
a lot of applications here.
ovoga mnogostruke.
the things I started mentioning
stvari koje sam počeo da nabrajam;
they spend a lot of their time
provode mnogo vremena
just get what's going on,
bi mogli prosto da osete šta se dešava
is multidimensional data.
za višedimenzionalne podatke.
are good at detecting blobs and edges,
su dobri u zapažanju grudvica i ivica,
at what our world has become,
u snalaženju u savremenom svetu,
with lots and lots of data.
s mnogo, mnogo podataka.
with our attentional systems.
našim sistemima za pažnju.
feeling the state of something,
osetite stanje nečeg,
of your body as you're standing around.
stanje vašeg tela dok stojite.
sigurnost, osećanje stanja fabrike,
feeling the state of a factory,
it'll go right away.
gde će odmah da se primeni.
mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
impresivan govor. Mnogo ti hvala.
(Applause)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Eagleman - NeuroscientistDavid Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human.
Why you should listen
As the creator of stacks of compelling research, books and now the 6-part PBS series The Brain, grey matter expert David Eagleman is our most visible evangelist for neuroscience. He has helmed ground-breaking studies on time perception, brain plasticity and neurolaw. His latest research explores technology that bypasses sensory impairment -- such as a smartphone-controlled vest that translates sound into patterns of vibration for the deaf.
Eagleman is also the author of Sum, an internationally bestselling short story collection speculating on life, death and what it means to be human. Translated into 28 languages, Sum has been turned into two separate operas at the Sydney Opera House and the Royal Opera House in London.
David Eagleman | Speaker | TED.com