David Eagleman: Can we create new senses for humans?
David Eagleman: Možemo li stvoriti nova osjetila za ljude?
David Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
a very large cosmos,
very good at understanding reality
dobro razumijevanje stvarnosti
the world at that scale.
svijeta u tim skalama.
very thin slice of perception
u ovom vrlo uskom dijelu percepcije
that slice of reality that we call home,
dijelu stvarnosti koji nazivamo dom,
of the action that's going on.
radnji koje se dešavaju.
radiation that bounces off objects
zračenje koje odskače od objekata
in the back of our eyes.
u pozadini našeg oka.
all the waves out there.
koji postoje.
of what's out there.
od onoga što postoji.
passing through your body right now
koje trenutno prolaze kroz vaše tijelo
the proper biological receptors
of cell phone conversations
mobilnim telefonom
are inherently unseeable.
in their reality,
u svojoj stvarnosti,
in their view of the world,
u svoj pogled na svijet,
in the dashboards of our cars
u naše automobile
in the radio frequency range,
u rasponu radijske frekvencije,
to pick up on the X-ray range.
koji detektiraju raspon x-zraka.
any of those by yourself,
ništa od toga sami,
with the proper sensors.
s pravim senzorima.
our experience of reality
je naš doživljaj stvarnosti
the common sense notion
opće prihvaćene ideje
and our fingertips
i naši prsti
the objective reality that's out there.
koja je vani.
just a little bit of the world.
samo mali dio svijeta.
on different parts of reality.
različite dijelove stvarnosti.
and deaf world of the tick,
svijetu krpelja,
are temperature and butyric acid;
temperatura i maslačna kiselina;
by electrical fields;
električnim poljem;
out of air compression waves.
pomoću valova stlačenog zraka.
that they can pick up on,
koji mogu osjetiti,
for the surrounding world.
za svijet oko nas.
životinja pretpostavlja
objective reality out there,
objektivna stvarnost koja postoji,
what we can sense.
onoga što osjetimo.
is we accept reality
je prihvaćamo stvarnost
200 million scent receptors in it,
200 milijuna mirisnih receptora u sebi,
that attract and trap scent molecules,
i hvataju mirisne molekule,
so you can take big nosefuls of air.
tako da možete ispuniti nos zrakom.
with a revelation.
u svom traganju s otkrićem.
and you think,
i pomislite,
impoverished nose of a human?
osiromašen nos kao čovjek?
a feeble little noseful of air?
mizerno male količine zraka?
a cat 100 yards away,
tamo mačka udaljena 100 metara,
this very spot six hours ago?"
upravo ovom mjestu prije šest sati?"
that world of smell,
taj svijet mirisa,
into our umwelt.
u naš umwelt.
do we have to be stuck there?
moramo li biti u njemu?
in the way that technology
na koje načine tehnologija
the experience of being human.
iskustvo bivanja čovjekom.
our technology to our biology,
našu tehnologiju s biologijom,
of people walking around
koji hodaju uokolo
and artificial vision.
i umjetnim vidom.
a microphone and you digitize the signal,
mikrofon i digitalizirate signal,
directly into the inner ear.
direktno u unutarnje uho.
you take a camera
uzmete kameru
and then you plug an electrode grid
i zatim stavite ploču elektroda
these technologies wouldn't work.
mislili da ovakva tehnologija neće raditi.
speak the language of Silicon Valley,
jezikom Silicijske doline,
as our natural biological sense organs.
prirodnih bioloških osjetnih organa.
how to use the signals just fine.
shvatio signale.
or seeing any of this.
ništa od ovoga.
and darkness inside your skull.
i mraka unutar vaše lubanje.
electrochemical signals
elektrokemijski signali
and nothing more.
ništa više.
at taking in these signals
u primanju ovih signala
and assigning meaning,
i pridavajući im značenja,
and puts together a story
i od toga sastavlja priču
and it doesn't care,
i ne zanima ga
it just figures out what to do with it.
on prepozna što treba raditi s njom.
kind of machine.
computing device,
what it's going to do with it,
raditi s time,
sorts of input channels.
metodama ulaza.
model of evolution,
model evolucije,
too technical here,
o tehnikalijama,
that all these sensors
sve ove senzore
and our ears and our fingertips,
i naših ušiju i naših prstiju,
plug-and-play devices:
plug-and-play uređaji:
with the data that comes in.
s podacima koji ulaze.
the animal kingdom,
životinjsko carstvo,
with which to detect infrared,
pomoću kojih detektiraju infracrveno,
electroreceptors,
a 3D model of the world,
3D model svijeta,
so they can orient
pa se mogu orijentirati
nature doesn't have to continually
ne mora konstantno
of brain operation established,
funkcioniranja mozga,
is designing new peripherals.
dizajniranje novih periferija.
really special or fundamental
stvarno specijalno ili fundamentalno
come to the table with.
dolazimo na ovaj svijet.
sensory substitution.
osjetna supstitucija.
information into the brain
informacija u mozak
what to do with it.
published in the journal Nature in 1969.
objavljen u časopisu Nature 1969.
in a modified dental chair,
u prerađenu zubarsku stolicu
in front of the camera,
with a grid of solenoids.
uz pomoć ploče uzvojnica.
in front of the camera,
ispred kamere,
got pretty good
su vrlo dobro
what was in front of the camera
što je ispred kamere
in the small of their back.
to u dijelu njihovih leđa.
modern incarnations of this.
modeli ovoga.
right in front of you
onoga što je ispred vas
and get closer and farther,
postaju bliže i dalje,
start getting pretty good
postaju vrlo dobri
through the ears:
on the forehead,
elektrotaktilnu ploču na čelu,
you're feeling it on your forehead.
to osjetite na vašem čelu.
using it for much else.
previše za nešto drugo.
is called the brainport,
se zove brainport,
that sits on your tongue,
koja se nalazi na vašem jeziku,
these little electrotactile signals,
u male elektrotaktilne signale
that they can throw a ball into a basket,
ovoga da uspiju ubaciti loptu u koš
complex obstacle courses.
poligon s preprekama.
coursing around in your brain.
koji putuje kroz vaš mozak.
where the signals come from.
is sensory substitution for the deaf,
zamjena osjetila za gluhe,
in my lab, Scott Novich,
sound from the world gets converted
can understand what is being said.
razumjela što je rečeno.
and ubiquity of portable computing,
sveprisutnost prijenosnih računala
would run on cell phones and tablets,
putem mobitela ili tableta,
to make this a wearable,
under your clothing.
is getting captured by the tablet,
uz pomoć tableta,
that's covered in vibratory motors,
pokriven s vibrirajućim motorima,
to a pattern of vibration on the vest.
u obrazac vibracija na vesti.
and I'm wearing the vest right now.
a ja trenutno koristim prsluk.
into dynamic patterns of vibration.
u dinamički obrazac vibracija.
with deaf people now,
just a little bit of time,
they can start understanding
He has a master's degree.
Diplomirao je.
of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.
umwelta koji mu je nedostupan.
for four days, two hours a day,
četiri dana, dva sata po danu,
Jonathan feels it on the vest,
Jonathan ju osjeti na vesti,
this complicated pattern of vibrations
ovaj komplicirani obrazac vibracija
of what's being said.
because the patterns are too complicated,
jer obrazac je prekompliciran,
the pattern that allows it to figure out
uzorke i prepoznaje
after wearing this for about three months,
nakon nošenja ovoga oko tri mjeseca,
perceptual experience of hearing
percepcijsko iskustvo sluha
passes a finger over braille,
prelazi prstima preko braillea,
without any conscious intervention at all.
bez ikakvih svjesnih radnji.
to be a game-changer,
mogla promjeniti igre,
for deafness is a cochlear implant,
za gluhoću je implant kohleje,
than a cochlear implant,
jeftinije od implantata kohleje
even for the poorest countries.
čak i najsiromašnijim zemljama.
by our results with sensory substitution,
osjetne supstitucije,
is sensory addition.
je osjetna nadogradnja.
to add a completely new kind of sense,
i dodali posve novu vrstu osjetila,
real-time data from the Internet
trenutne podatke s Interneta
perceptual experience?
direktno perceptivno iskustvo?
we're doing in the lab.
koji radimo u laboratoriju.
streaming feed from the Net of data
and he has to make a choice.
i mora odlučiti.
and he gets feedback after one second.
i dobije odgovor nakon jedne sekunde.
what all the patterns mean,
at figuring out which button to press.
koje dugme pritisnuti.
whether he did the right thing or not.
je li postupio dobro ili ne.
can we expand the human umvelt
možemo li proširiti ljudski umwelt
after several weeks,
nakon nekoliko tjedana,
of the economic movements of the planet.
o ekonomskim promjenama ovoga planeta.
to see how well this goes.
gdje smo dospjeli s tim.
we've been automatically scraping Twitter
automatski smo pretražili Twitter
an automated sentiment analysis,
sentimentalnu analizu,
words or negative words or neutral?
ili negativne ili neutralne?
to the aggregate emotion
agregat emocija
because now I can know
jer sad mogu znati
and how much you're loving this.
koliko vam se ovo sviđa.
than a human can normally have.
može normalno doživjeti.
nine different measures
devet različitih veličina
and orientation and heading,
i orjentacija i slušanje
this pilot's ability to fly it.
sposobnost da leti.
his skin up there, far away.
svoju kožu tamo gore daleko.
a modern cockpit full of gauges
pilotska kabina sa svim mjerilima,
to read the whole thing, you feel it.
svega toga, možete to osjetiti.
between accessing big data
pristupa hrpi podataka
to the possibilities
being able to feel
koji može osjetiti
of the International Space Station,
međunarodnoj svemirskoj stanici
the invisible states of your own health,
oblik osobnog zdravlja
and the state of your microbiome,
i stanja svog mikrobioma,
or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
ili vidjeti infracrveno ili ultraljubičasto.
As we move into the future,
kako se krećemo prema budućnosti,
to choose our own peripheral devices.
naše periferne uređaje.
for Mother Nature's sensory gifts
senzorne poklone prirode
she's given us the tools that we need
dala nam je oruđe koje trebamo
and experience your universe?
DE: Yeah.
DE: Da.
I felt applause on the vest.
da osjetim pljesak na prsluku.
Twitter's going mad.
Twitter je poludio.
that secures its funding forevermore,
koji sam sebi osigurava financije,
have to write to NIH anymore.
ne bi morao više pisati NIH-u.
skeptical for a minute,
but isn't most of the evidence so far
ali nije li većina dokaza dosad
that sensory addition works?
blind person can see through their tongue
može vidjeti kroz svoj jezik
ready to process,
spreman za procesuiranje,
We actually have no idea
Zapravo ne znamo
kind of data the brain can take in.
podataka mozak može primiiti.
is that it's extraordinarily flexible.
what we used to call their visual cortex
ono što smo zvali njihovim vidnom korom
by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.
the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.
radi jednu te istu stvar.
of computations on things.
računica na stvarima.
at things like braille, for example,
na braillea, na primjer,
through bumps on their fingers.
putem njihovih pristiju.
to think there's a theoretical limit
mislimo kako postoji teorijski limit
you're going to be deluged.
bit ćete preplavljeni.
possible applications for this.
excited about, the direction it might go?
uzbuđeni, smjerom kojim ovo može ići?
a lot of applications here.
jako puno primjena ovdje.
the things I started mentioning
ono što sam spomenuo
they spend a lot of their time
oni provode puno vremena
just get what's going on,
jednostavno dobiti što se događa,
is multidimensional data.
are good at detecting blobs and edges,
dobar u detektiranju mrlja i rubova,
at what our world has become,
with lots and lots of data.
s puno, puno podataka.
with our attentional systems.
s našim sustavima za pažnju.
feeling the state of something,
jednostavno osjetimo stanje stvari,
of your body as you're standing around.
dok stojite.
feeling the state of a factory,
osjećanje stanja tvornice,
it'll go right away.
na kojem će ovo odmah proći.
mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
jedan fantastičan govor. Puno ti hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Eagleman - NeuroscientistDavid Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human.
Why you should listen
As the creator of stacks of compelling research, books and now the 6-part PBS series The Brain, grey matter expert David Eagleman is our most visible evangelist for neuroscience. He has helmed ground-breaking studies on time perception, brain plasticity and neurolaw. His latest research explores technology that bypasses sensory impairment -- such as a smartphone-controlled vest that translates sound into patterns of vibration for the deaf.
Eagleman is also the author of Sum, an internationally bestselling short story collection speculating on life, death and what it means to be human. Translated into 28 languages, Sum has been turned into two separate operas at the Sydney Opera House and the Royal Opera House in London.
David Eagleman | Speaker | TED.com