TED2015
Lucianne Walkowicz: Let's not use Mars as a backup planet
Lučijen Valkovic (Lucianne Walkowicz): Hajde da nam Mars ne bude rezervna planeta
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Zvezdani astronom i starija učesnica programa TED Fellows, Lučijen Valkovic, radi na NASA-inoj misiji Kepler, i traži mesta u univerzumu koja bi mogla da održavaju život. Stoga vredi poslušati kada nas upita da dobro razmislimo o Marsu. U ovom kratkom govoru, ona predlaže da prestanemo da sanjamo o Marsu kao mestu koje ćemo jednom naseliti kada uništimo Zemlju, i da počnemo da mislimo o istraživanju planeta i očuvanju Zemlje kao o dve strane istog cilja. Kako ona navodi: "Što više tragate za planetama nalik na Zemlju, to više cenite našu sopstvenu planetu."
Lucianne Walkowicz - Stellar astronomer
Lucianne Walkowicz works on NASA's Kepler mission, studying starspots and "the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares." Full bio
Lucianne Walkowicz works on NASA's Kepler mission, studying starspots and "the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We're at a tipping point in human history,
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Na ključnoj smo tački ljudske istorije,
00:15
a species poised between gaining the stars
and losing the planet we call home.
and losing the planet we call home.
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vrsta koja je spremna da prigrabi zvezde
i izgubi planetu koju zovemo domom.
i izgubi planetu koju zovemo domom.
00:21
Even in just the past few years,
we've greatly expanded
we've greatly expanded
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Samo u proteklih nekoliko godina,
znatno smo proširili
znatno smo proširili
00:24
our knowledge of how Earth fits
within the context of our universe.
within the context of our universe.
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naše znanje o tome kako se Zemlja uklapa
u kontekst našeg univerzuma.
u kontekst našeg univerzuma.
00:28
NASA's Kepler mission has discovered
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NASA-ina misija Kepler otkrila je
00:31
thousands of potential planets
around other stars,
around other stars,
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hiljade potencijalnih planeta
u okolini drugih zvezda,
u okolini drugih zvezda,
00:34
indicating that Earth is but one
of billions of planets in our galaxy.
of billions of planets in our galaxy.
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što znači da je Zemlja jedna
od milijardi planeta u našoj galaksiji.
od milijardi planeta u našoj galaksiji.
00:38
Kepler is a space telescope
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Kepler je svemirski teleskop
00:40
that measures the subtle dimming of stars
as planets pass in front of them,
as planets pass in front of them,
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koji meri suptilno tamnjenje zvezda
dok planete prolaze pred njima
dok planete prolaze pred njima
00:44
blocking just a little bit
of that light from reaching us.
of that light from reaching us.
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i blokiraju samo mali deo tog svetla
tako da ne dolazi do nas.
tako da ne dolazi do nas.
00:47
Kepler's data reveals planets' sizes
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Podaci iz Keplera
otkrivaju veličine planeta
otkrivaju veličine planeta
00:50
as well as their distance
from their parent star.
from their parent star.
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kao i njihovu udaljenost
od matične zvezde.
od matične zvezde.
00:53
Together, this helps us understand
whether these planets are small and rocky,
whether these planets are small and rocky,
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Ovo nam zajedno pomaže da razumemo
da li su ove planete male i stenovite,
da li su ove planete male i stenovite,
poput zemaljskih planeta
unutar našeg Sunčevog sistema,
unutar našeg Sunčevog sistema,
00:57
like the terrestrial planets
in our own Solar System,
in our own Solar System,
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00:59
and also how much light they receive
from their parent sun.
from their parent sun.
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kao i to koliko svetla mogu da prime
od svog matičnog sunca.
od svog matičnog sunca.
01:03
In turn, this provides clues as to whether
these planets that we discover
these planets that we discover
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Zauzvrat, ovo nam daje naznake o tome
da li ove planete koje otkrivamo
da li ove planete koje otkrivamo
01:06
might be habitable or not.
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mogu da se nastane ili ne.
01:09
Unfortunately, at the same time
as we're discovering this treasure trove
as we're discovering this treasure trove
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Nažalost, u isto vreme
dok otkrivamo ovu riznicu blaga,
dok otkrivamo ovu riznicu blaga,
01:13
of potentially habitable worlds,
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potencijalno nastanjivih svetova,
01:15
our own planet is sagging
under the weight of humanity.
under the weight of humanity.
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naša planeta posustaje
pod teretom ljudskog roda.
pod teretom ljudskog roda.
01:19
2014 was the hottest year on record.
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Godina 2014. bila je najtoplija
po dosadašnjim merenjima.
po dosadašnjim merenjima.
01:23
Glaciers and sea ice that have
been with us for millennia
been with us for millennia
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Glečeri i led u okeanima
koji su milenijumima bili sa nama,
koji su milenijumima bili sa nama,
01:26
are now disappearing
in a matter of decades.
in a matter of decades.
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sada nestaju
za vreme od nekoliko decenija.
za vreme od nekoliko decenija.
01:29
These planetary-scale environmental
changes that we have set in motion
changes that we have set in motion
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Ove klimatske promene na nivou planete,
koje smo pokrenuli,
koje smo pokrenuli,
01:35
are rapidly outpacing our ability
to alter their course.
to alter their course.
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brzo nadmašuju našu sposobnost
da promenimo njihov tok.
da promenimo njihov tok.
01:39
But I'm not a climate scientist,
I'm an astronomer.
I'm an astronomer.
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Ali nisam klimatski stručnjak,
ja sam astronom.
ja sam astronom.
01:43
I study planetary habitability
as influenced by stars
as influenced by stars
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Proučavam planetarnu nastanjivost
kroz uticaj zvezda,
kroz uticaj zvezda,
01:46
with the hopes of finding
the places in the universe
the places in the universe
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sa nadom da ću pronaći
mesta u univerzumu
mesta u univerzumu
01:48
where we might discover
life beyond our own planet.
life beyond our own planet.
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gde bismo mogli da otkrijemo
život van naše planete.
život van naše planete.
01:51
You could say that I look for
choice alien real estate.
choice alien real estate.
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Mogli biste reći da tražim
vrhunske vanzemaljske nekretnine.
vrhunske vanzemaljske nekretnine.
01:55
Now, as somebody who is deeply embedded
in the search for life in the universe,
in the search for life in the universe,
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Kao neko ko je duboko umešan
u potragu za životom u univerzumu,
u potragu za životom u univerzumu,
02:00
I can tell you that the more
you look for planets like Earth,
you look for planets like Earth,
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mogu vam reći da što više tragate
za planetama nalik Zemlji,
za planetama nalik Zemlji,
02:03
the more you appreciate
our own planet itself.
our own planet itself.
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to više cenite našu sopstvenu planetu.
02:07
Each one of these new worlds
invites a comparison
invites a comparison
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Svaki od ovih novih svetova
poziva na poređenje
poziva na poređenje
02:09
between the newly discovered planet
and the planets we know best:
and the planets we know best:
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novootkrivene planete
i planeta koje najbolje poznajemo:
i planeta koje najbolje poznajemo:
02:13
those of our own Solar System.
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onih u našem Sunčevom sistemu.
02:15
Consider our neighbor, Mars.
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Pogledajte našeg suseda, Mars.
02:17
Mars is small and rocky,
and though it's a bit far from the Sun,
and though it's a bit far from the Sun,
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Mars je mali i stenovit,
i iako je podalje od Sunca,
i iako je podalje od Sunca,
02:21
it might be considered
a potentially habitable world
a potentially habitable world
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može se razmotriti
kao potencijalno naseljiv svet
kao potencijalno naseljiv svet
02:23
if found by a mission like Kepler.
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ako bi to otkrila
misija nalik na Kepler.
misija nalik na Kepler.
02:25
Indeed, it's possible that Mars
was habitable in the past,
was habitable in the past,
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Zaista je moguće da je Mars
nekada bio naseljiv,
nekada bio naseljiv,
02:29
and in part, this is why
we study Mars so much.
we study Mars so much.
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i ovo je delom razlog
zašto ga toliko izučavamo.
zašto ga toliko izučavamo.
02:32
Our rovers, like Curiosity,
crawl across its surface,
crawl across its surface,
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Naši roveri, poput Kjuriositija,
puze po njegovoj površini,
puze po njegovoj površini,
02:36
scratching for clues as to the origins
of life as we know it.
of life as we know it.
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grebu i traže tragove o poreklu
života kakvog ga poznajemo.
života kakvog ga poznajemo.
02:39
Orbiters like the MAVEN mission
sample the Martian atmosphere,
sample the Martian atmosphere,
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Orbiteri poput onih iz misije MAVEN
uzimaju uzorke Marsove atmosfere,
uzimaju uzorke Marsove atmosfere,
02:42
trying to understand how Mars
might have lost its past habitability.
might have lost its past habitability.
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u pokušaju da razumeju kako je Mars
izgubio svoju nekadašnju naseljivost.
izgubio svoju nekadašnju naseljivost.
02:46
Private spaceflight companies now offer
not just a short trip to near space
not just a short trip to near space
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Privatne kompanije za letenje sada nude
ne samo kratak put do bliskog svemira
ne samo kratak put do bliskog svemira
02:51
but the tantalizing possibility
of living our lives on Mars.
of living our lives on Mars.
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već i primamljivu mogućnost
našeg života na Marsu.
našeg života na Marsu.
02:54
But though these Martian vistas
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Ali iako ovi pejzaži Marsa
02:56
resemble the deserts
of our own home world,
of our own home world,
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podsećaju na pustinje u našem svetu,
02:59
places that are tied in our imagination
to ideas about pioneering and frontiers,
to ideas about pioneering and frontiers,
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mesta koja su u našoj mašti vezana
za ideje o pronalascima i naseljavanju,
za ideje o pronalascima i naseljavanju,
03:04
compared to Earth
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u poređenju sa Zemljom,
03:06
Mars is a pretty terrible place to live.
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Mars je prilično užasno mesto za život.
03:09
Consider the extent to which
we have not colonized
we have not colonized
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Zamislite samo do kog stepena
nismo naselili
nismo naselili
03:13
the deserts of our own planet,
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pustinje na sopstvenoj planeti,
03:15
places that are lush
by comparison with Mars.
by comparison with Mars.
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mesta koja su raskošna
u poređenju sa Marsom.
u poređenju sa Marsom.
03:17
Even in the driest,
highest places on Earth,
highest places on Earth,
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Čak i u najsuvljim i najvišim
mestima na Zemlji,
mestima na Zemlji,
03:20
the air is sweet and thick with oxygen
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vazduh je sladak i pun kiseonika
03:23
exhaled from thousands of miles away
by our rainforests.
by our rainforests.
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kojeg izdišu kišne šume,
udaljene hiljadama kilometara.
udaljene hiljadama kilometara.
03:27
I worry -- I worry that this excitement
about colonizing Mars and other planets
about colonizing Mars and other planets
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Brine me da ovo uzbuđenje u vezi sa
kolonizacijom Marsa i drugih planeta
kolonizacijom Marsa i drugih planeta
03:33
carries with it a long, dark shadow:
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sa sobom nosi dugu, tamnu senku:
03:36
the implication and belief by some
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implikaciju i verovanje nekih
03:38
that Mars will be there to save us
from the self-inflicted destruction
from the self-inflicted destruction
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da će nas Mars spasiti od samouništenja
koje smo naneli sami sebi
koje smo naneli sami sebi
03:42
of the only truly habitable planet
we know of, the Earth.
we know of, the Earth.
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i jedinoj zaista naseljivoj planeti
koju poznajemo, Zemlji.
koju poznajemo, Zemlji.
03:46
As much as I love
interplanetary exploration,
interplanetary exploration,
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Koliko god da volim
interplanteralno istraživanje,
interplanteralno istraživanje,
03:48
I deeply disagree with this idea.
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duboko se ne slažem
sa ovom zamišlju.
sa ovom zamišlju.
03:50
There are many excellent reasons
to go to Mars,
to go to Mars,
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Postoji mnogo sjajnih razloga
za odlazak na Mars,
za odlazak na Mars,
03:53
but for anyone to tell you that Mars
will be there to back up humanity
will be there to back up humanity
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ali da vam neko kaže da je Mars tu
da pruži rezervu ljudskom rodu,
da pruži rezervu ljudskom rodu,
03:57
is like the captain of the Titanic
telling you that the real party
telling you that the real party
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to je kao kada bi vam kapetan Titanika
rekao da je prava žurka
rekao da je prava žurka
04:00
is happening later on the lifeboats.
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zapravo kasnije na čamcima za spasavanje.
04:02
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:05
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
04:08
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:11
But the goals of interplanetary
exploration and planetary preservation
exploration and planetary preservation
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Ali ciljevi interplanetranog istraživanja
i očuvanja planete
i očuvanja planete
04:14
are not opposed to one another.
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nisu međusobno isključivi.
04:17
No, they're in fact two sides
of the same goal:
of the same goal:
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To su zapravo dve strane istog cilja:
04:19
to understand, preserve
and improve life into the future.
and improve life into the future.
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da se razume, sačuva i poboljša
život u budućnosti.
život u budućnosti.
04:23
The extreme environments
of our own world are alien vistas.
of our own world are alien vistas.
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Ekstremna okruženja našeg sveta
jesu vanzemaljski predeli.
jesu vanzemaljski predeli.
04:28
They're just closer to home.
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Samo su bliži domu.
04:29
If we can understand how to create
and maintain habitable spaces
and maintain habitable spaces
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Ukoliko možemo da razumemo
kako da stvorimo i održimo naseljiva mesta
kako da stvorimo i održimo naseljiva mesta
04:34
out of hostile, inhospitable
spaces here on Earth,
spaces here on Earth,
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iz neprijateljskih i nenaseljivih mesta
ovde na Zemlji,
ovde na Zemlji,
04:37
perhaps we can meet the needs
of both preserving our own environment
of both preserving our own environment
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možda možemo da izađemo u susret
očuvanju sopstvenog okruženja
očuvanju sopstvenog okruženja
04:40
and moving beyond it.
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i odlasku dalje od njega.
04:43
I leave you with a final
thought experiment:
thought experiment:
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Ostavljam vas sa konačnim
misaonim eksperimentom:
misaonim eksperimentom:
04:45
Fermi's paradox.
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Fermijevim paradoksom.
04:47
Many years ago, the physicist Enrico Fermi
asked that, given the fact
asked that, given the fact
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Pre mnogo godina, fizičar Enriko Fermi
pitao se, uzevši činjenicu
pitao se, uzevši činjenicu
04:52
that our universe has been around
for a very long time
for a very long time
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da je naš univerzum postojao
dug vremenski period
dug vremenski period
04:54
and we expect that there
are many planets within it,
are many planets within it,
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i očekujemo da u njemu
postoje mnoge planete,
postoje mnoge planete,
trebalo bi da smo do sada pronašli
dokaze o vanzemljskom životu.
dokaze o vanzemljskom životu.
04:57
we should have found evidence
for alien life by now.
for alien life by now.
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05:00
So where are they?
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Pa gde su oni?
05:02
Well, one possible solution
to Fermi's paradox
to Fermi's paradox
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Pa, jedno moguće rešenje
Fermijevog paradoksa je
Fermijevog paradoksa je
05:06
is that, as civilizations become
technologically advanced enough
technologically advanced enough
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da ako su civlizacije postale
dovoljno tehnološki razvijene
dovoljno tehnološki razvijene
05:09
to consider living amongst the stars,
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da uzmu u obzir život među zvezdama,
05:11
they lose sight of how important it is
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onda izgube svest o tome
koliko je bitno
koliko je bitno
05:14
to safeguard the home worlds that fostered
that advancement to begin with.
that advancement to begin with.
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sačuvati svetove koji su im dom
i koji su im pružili taj napredak.
i koji su im pružili taj napredak.
05:18
It is hubris to believe
that interplanetary colonization alone
that interplanetary colonization alone
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Oholo je verovati da će nas isključivo
interplanetarna kolonizacija
interplanetarna kolonizacija
05:23
will save us from ourselves,
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spasiti od nas samih,
05:25
but planetary preservation
and interplanetary exploration
and interplanetary exploration
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ali očuvanje planete
i interplanetarno istraživanje
i interplanetarno istraživanje
05:28
can work together.
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mogu postojati zajedno.
05:30
If we truly believe in our ability
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Ako iskreno verujemo u našu sposobnost
05:32
to bend the hostile environments of Mars
for human habitation,
for human habitation,
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da ukrotimo neprijateljska okruženja Marsa
za ljudsko naseljavanje,
za ljudsko naseljavanje,
05:36
then we should be able to surmount
the far easier task of preserving
the far easier task of preserving
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onda bi trebalo da možemo da prevaziđemo
znatno lakši zadatak,
znatno lakši zadatak,
05:39
the habitability of the Earth.
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očuvanja naseljivosti na Zemlji.
05:41
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:42
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lucianne Walkowicz - Stellar astronomerLucianne Walkowicz works on NASA's Kepler mission, studying starspots and "the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares."
Why you should listen
Lucianne Walkowicz is an Astronomer at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago. She studies stellar magnetic activity and how stars influence a planet's suitability as a host for alien life. She is also an artist and works in a variety of media, from oil paint to sound. She got her taste for astronomy as an undergrad at Johns Hopkins, testing detectors for the Hubble Space Telescope’s new camera (installed in 2002). She also learned to love the dark stellar denizens of our galaxy, the red dwarfs, which became the topic of her PhD dissertation at University of Washington. Nowadays, she works on NASA’s Kepler mission, studying starspots and the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares to understand stellar magnetic fields. She is particularly interested in how the high energy radiation from stars influences the habitability of planets around alien suns. Lucianne is also a leader in the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, a new project that will scan the sky every night for 10 years to create a huge cosmic movie of our Universe.
Lucianne Walkowicz | Speaker | TED.com