ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lucianne Walkowicz - Stellar astronomer
Lucianne Walkowicz works on NASA's Kepler mission, studying starspots and "the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares."

Why you should listen

Lucianne Walkowicz is an Astronomer at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago. She studies stellar magnetic activity and how stars influence a planet's suitability as a host for alien life. She is also an artist and works in a variety of media, from oil paint to sound. She got her taste for astronomy as an undergrad at Johns Hopkins, testing detectors for the Hubble Space Telescope’s new camera (installed in 2002). She also learned to love the dark stellar denizens of our galaxy, the red dwarfs, which became the topic of her PhD dissertation at University of Washington. Nowadays, she works on NASA’s Kepler mission, studying starspots and the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares to understand stellar magnetic fields. She is particularly interested in how the high energy radiation from stars influences the habitability of planets around alien suns. Lucianne is also a leader in the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, a new project that will scan the sky every night for 10 years to create a huge cosmic movie of our Universe.

More profile about the speaker
Lucianne Walkowicz | Speaker | TED.com
TED2015

Lucianne Walkowicz: Let's not use Mars as a backup planet

Lucianne Walkowicz: 火星唔係後備星球

Filmed:
2,273,259 views

星體天文學家、TED 資深研究生 Lucianne Walkowicz 參與美國太空總署開普勒計劃,尋找宇宙裏面可以支持生命嘅地方。所以我哋應該認真諗下火星究竟係咩嘅角色。喺呢場簡短嘅演講度,佢提出我哋應該唔好發夢,以為當我哋搞亂咗地球之後,就可以移居火星;反之,我哋應該將探索星球同保護地球睇成同一個銀仔嘅兩面。正如佢講︰「當你越係搵一個類似地球咁嘅星球,你越係會珍惜我哋宜家擁有嘅地球。」
- Stellar astronomer
Lucianne Walkowicz works on NASA's Kepler mission, studying starspots and "the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
We're at a tipping貼士 pointD in human人類 history歷史,
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我哋而家喺人類歷史嘅轉捩點
00:15
a species物種 poised準備 between之間 gaining獲得 the stars星星
and losing失去 the planet星球 we call home.
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人類處於得到新星球
同失去舊星球之間
失去嘅舊星球就係我哋稱為家嘅地球
00:21
Even in just the past過去 few幾個 years,
we've我哋都 greatly大大 expanded擴大
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就算只係過去幾年
我哋對地球喺宇宙扮演
咩角色嘅知識都增長咗唔少
00:24
our knowledge知識 of how Earth地球 fits
within the context上下文 of our universe宇宙.
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00:28
NASA'sNASA 嘅 Kepler mission任務 has discovered發現
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美國太空總處嘅開普勒任務
發現有成千上萬個類似地球嘅行星
圍繞住其他恆星運行
00:31
thousands數以千計 of potential planets行星
around other stars星星,
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證明地球只係銀河系
數以千萬宜居行星嘅其中一個
00:34
indicating指示 that Earth地球 is but one
of billions数十亿 of planets行星 in our galaxy星系.
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00:38
Kepler is a space空間 telescope望遠鏡
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開普勒係一台太空望遠鏡
當星體喺恆星前面經過
00:40
that measures措施 the subtle微妙 dimming變暗 of stars星星
as planets行星 pass透過 in front前面 of them,
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會輕微阻擋恆星嘅光線
令恆星睇起嚟暗啲
00:44
blocking阻塞 just a little bit
of that light from reaching達到 us.
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開普勒就係量度呢啲稍為暗淡嘅光線
00:47
Kepler's開普勒的 data數據 reveals揭示 planets'行星 ' sizes大小
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開普勒嘅數據可以推算到星體嘅體積
00:50
as well as their佢哋 distance距離
from their佢哋 parent父母 star明星.
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同埋佢哋同母恆星之間嘅距離
呢兩樣都有助我哋了解星體
00:53
Together一起, this helps幫手 us understand理解
whether係唔係 these planets行星 are small and rocky岩石,
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係唔係好似太陽系類地行星咁
體積小而且佈滿岩石
00:57
like the terrestrial陸地 planets行星
in our own自己 Solar太陽 System系統,
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00:59
and also how much light they receive收到
from their佢哋 parent父母 sun太陽.
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以及佢哋從母恆星吸收幾多光
01:03
In turn, this provides提供 clues線索 as to whether係唔係
these planets行星 that we discover發現
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縱合上述結果
我哋可以知道
呢啲星球到底適唔適宜住
01:06
might可能 be habitable居住 or not.
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但好唔好彩
01:09
Unfortunately不幸, at the same相同 time
as we're discovering發現 this treasure珍惜 trove寶庫
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喺發現可能宜居嘅星球嘅同時
01:13
of potentially habitable居住 worlds世界,
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我哋地球因為人類而逐漸衰退
01:15
our own自己 planet星球 is sagging下垂
under the weight重量 of humanity人類.
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2014 年係有紀錄以嚟最熱嘅一年
01:19
2014 was the hottest最熱 year on record記錄.
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同我哋共處咗成千年嘅冰川同海冰
01:23
Glaciers冰川 and sea ice that have
been with us for millennia
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01:26
are now disappearing消失
in a matter個問題 of decades幾十年.
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將會喺幾十年之內消失
01:29
These planetary-scale行星秤 environmental環境
changes變化 that we have set設置 in motion運動
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呢種由我哋造成嘅地球環境改變
好快就超越我哋可以控制佢哋嘅步伐
01:35
are rapidly迅速 outpacing超過 our ability能力
to alter their佢哋 course課程.
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01:39
But I'm not a climate氣候 scientist科學家,
I'm an astronomer天文學家.
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不過我唔係氣候學家,我係天文學家
我研究星體嘅宜居性
01:43
I study研究 planetary行星 habitability居住
as influenced影響 by stars星星
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01:46
with the hopes希望 of finding發現
the places地方 in the universe宇宙
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我希望可以喺地球以外嘅宇宙入面
01:48
where we might可能 discover發現
life beyond超越 our own自己 planet星球.
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搵到有生命嘅地方
01:51
You could say that I look for
choice選擇 alien外星人 real真正 estate房地產.
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你可以話我搵緊外星級數嘅房地產
01:55
Now, as somebody有人 who is deeply深深 embedded嵌入式
in the search搜尋 for life in the universe宇宙,
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作為一個沉迷搜索宇宙生命嘅人
我可以話你知
02:00
I can tell you that the more
you look for planets行星 like Earth地球,
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你越係想搵一個似地球嘅星球
你越會珍惜我哋嘅地球
02:03
the more you appreciate欣賞
our own自己 planet星球 itself本身.
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每次有新星球發現
02:07
Each每個 one of these new新增功能 worlds世界
invites邀請 a comparison比較
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02:09
between之間 the newly新嘅 discovered發現 planet星球
and the planets行星 we know best最好:
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我哋都會將新星球
同我哋最熟悉嘅星球比較
02:13
those of our own自己 Solar太陽 System系統.
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即我哋太陽系嘅行星
試想一下我哋嘅鄰居,火星
細小而且滿佈岩石
02:15
Consider諗緊 our neighbor鄰居, Mars火星.
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02:17
Mars火星 is small and rocky岩石,
and though雖然 it's a bit far from the Sun太陽,
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雖然佢距離太陽有啲遠
但如果火星被開普勒計劃呢類任務發現
02:21
it might可能 be considered諗緊
a potentially habitable居住 world世界
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02:23
if found發現 by a mission任務 like Kepler.
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佢可能被人分類做宜居星球
02:25
Indeed講真, it's possible可能 that Mars火星
was habitable居住 in the past過去,
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其實以前,火星的確有可能宜居
02:29
and in part部分, this is why
we study研究 Mars火星 so much.
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呢個亦係我哋深入研究火星嘅原因
好似好奇號咁嘅火星探測器
喺火星表面行走
02:32
Our rovers探測器, like Curiosity好奇心,
crawl across its surface表面,
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scratching for clues線索 as to the origins起源
of life as we know it.
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尋找已知生命之源嘅線索
而好似 MAVEN 任務一樣嘅軌道探測器
02:39
Orbiters人造衛星 like the MAVENMaven mission任務
sample樣品 the Martian火星 atmosphere氣氛,
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就收集火星大氣層嘅樣本
畀我哋了解點解火星唔再宜居
02:42
trying試圖 to understand理解 how Mars火星
might可能 have lost失去 its past過去 habitability居住.
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02:46
Private私人 spaceflight航天 companies公司 now offer提供
not just a short trip旅行 to near附近 space空間
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私人太空旅行公司
依架唔只提供近太空旅行
亦可能喺將來提供火星移民服務
02:51
but the tantalizing誘人 possibility可能性
of living生活 our lives生活 on Mars火星.
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02:54
But though雖然 these Martian火星 vistas前景
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但呢啲火星景色
只會令人聯想起地球嘅沙漠
02:56
resemble好似 the deserts沙漠
of our own自己 home world世界,
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一個我哋聯想只有開拓者同邊疆嘅地方
02:59
places地方 that are tied in our imagination想象
to ideas想法 about pioneering開拓 and frontiers前沿,
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同地球相比,火星嘅環境係幾可怕
03:04
compared比較 to Earth地球
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03:06
Mars火星 is a pretty terrible可怕 place地方 to live.
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03:09
Consider諗緊 the extent程度 to which
we have not colonized殖民
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諗下我哋地球尚未殖民嘅沙漠
03:13
the deserts沙漠 of our own自己 planet星球,
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呢啲地方比起火星更加之宜居
03:15
places地方 that are lush鬱鬱蔥蔥
by comparison比較 with Mars火星.
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就算地球最乾、最高嘅地方
03:17
Even in the driest乾燥,
highest最高 places地方 on Earth地球,
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03:20
the air空氣 is sweet and thick with oxygen
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嗰度嘅空氣都係由幾千里外嘅雨林製造
03:23
exhaled呼出 from thousands數以千計 of miles英里 away
by our rainforests熱帶雨林.
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都係甜嘅,而且充滿住氧氣
03:27
I worry -- I worry that this excitement興奮
about colonizing殖民 Mars火星 and other planets行星
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我擔心呢種殖民火星
同其他星球嘅熱潮
03:33
carries進行 with it a long, dark黑暗 shadow陰影:
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會引致長期唔好嘅後果
03:36
the implication意義 and belief信仰 by some
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就係令某啲人相信
03:38
that Mars火星 will be there to save us
from the self-inflicted自我造成 destruction破壞
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當我哋所知唯一宜居嘅星球
自我毀滅之後
03:42
of the only truly真正 habitable居住 planet星球
we know of, the Earth地球.
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火星就係我哋嘅救星
雖然我好鍾意星際探索
03:46
As much as I love
interplanetary星際 exploration探索,
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03:48
I deeply深深 disagree反對 with this idea想法.
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但我同時好唔贊同呢個諗法
我哋有無數個好理由去火星
03:50
There are many好多 excellent好到極 reasons原因
to go to Mars火星,
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但如果有人同你講
火星係人類嘅後備星球
03:53
but for anyone任何人 to tell you that Mars火星
will be there to back up humanity人類
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03:57
is like the captain船長 of the Titanic
telling話畀 you that the real真正 party
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就同鐵達尼號嘅船長同你講
陣間喺救生艇上面會搞派對一樣荒謬
04:00
is happening發生 later之後 on the lifeboats救生艇.
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(笑聲)
04:02
(Laughter笑聲)
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04:05
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
04:08
Thank you.
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多謝
04:11
But the goals目標 of interplanetary星際
exploration探索 and planetary行星 preservation保存
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星際探索同星球保護並唔係矛盾嘅
04:14
are not opposed反對 to one another另一個.
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佢哋係同一個銀仔嘅兩面︰
04:17
No, they're in fact事實 two sides雙方
of the same相同 goal目標:
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04:19
to understand理解, preserve保存
and improve提高 life into the future未來.
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都係去了解、保護同改善將來嘅生活
04:23
The extreme極端 environments環境
of our own自己 world世界 are alien外星人 vistas前景.
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我哋呢個世界嘅極端環境
其實等如外星嘅美景
佢哋甚至更加近我哋屋企
04:28
They're just closer to home.
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如果我哋明白點樣可以
04:29
If we can understand理解 how to create創建
and maintain保持 habitable居住 spaces空間
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喺地球衝突、唔適宜人住嘅環境以外
04:34
out of hostile敵對, inhospitable荒涼
spaces空間 here on Earth地球,
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創造同維持宜居空間
04:37
perhaps或者 we can meet滿足 the needs需要
of both preserving保存 our own自己 environment環境
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或者,我哋可以做到環境保護
同時又可以做到更加多
04:40
and moving移動 beyond超越 it.
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04:43
I leave離開 you with a final最後
thought experiment實驗:
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最後,我留俾大家思考費米悖論
04:45
Fermi's费米嘅 paradox悖論.
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好多年前,物理學家費米問︰
04:47
Many好多 years ago, the physicist物理學家 Enrico恩里科 Fermi费米
asked問吓 that, given the fact事實
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宇宙已經存在咗好長時間
04:52
that our universe宇宙 has been around
for a very long time
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04:54
and we expect期望 that there
are many好多 planets行星 within it,
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而我哋相信宇宙入面有好多星球
04:57
we should have found發現 evidence證據
for alien外星人 life by now.
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我哋依家應該搵到外星生物嘅證據
05:00
So where are they?
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咁佢哋喺邊?
05:02
Well, one possible可能 solution解決方案
to Fermi's费米嘅 paradox悖論
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其中一個可以解答費米悖論嘅答案係
喺外星生存嘅生物
05:06
is that, as civilizations文明 become成為
technologically技術 advanced先進 enough
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佢哋嘅文明已經進步到
佢哋可以住喺星際之間
05:09
to consider諗緊 living生活 amongst之間 the stars星星,
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但佢哋睇唔到
05:11
they lose失去 sight視線 of how important重要 it is
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以前一直住開、孕育佢哋文明嘅星球
05:14
to safeguard保障 the home worlds世界 that fostered培養
that advancement進步 to begin初時 with.
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有幾重要
05:18
It is hubris傲慢 to believe
that interplanetary星際 colonization殖民 alone一手一腳
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如果覺得星際殖民已經可以拯救到人類
咁樣實在係狂妄自大
05:23
will save us from ourselves自己,
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但星體保護同星際探索
反而可以同時進行
05:25
but planetary行星 preservation保存
and interplanetary星際 exploration探索
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05:28
can work together一起.
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如果我哋可以將火星
呢個咁惡劣嘅星球變成宜居
05:30
If we truly真正 believe in our ability能力
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05:32
to bend the hostile敵對 environments環境 of Mars火星
for human人類 habitation居住,
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05:36
then we should be able to surmount超越
the far easier容易 task任務 of preserving保存
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咁保護我哋宜居嘅星球
應該係更加輕易至啱
05:39
the habitability居住 of the Earth地球.
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多謝
05:41
Thank you.
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(掌聲)
05:42
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Winnie Ling
Reviewed by Chak Lam Wan

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lucianne Walkowicz - Stellar astronomer
Lucianne Walkowicz works on NASA's Kepler mission, studying starspots and "the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares."

Why you should listen

Lucianne Walkowicz is an Astronomer at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago. She studies stellar magnetic activity and how stars influence a planet's suitability as a host for alien life. She is also an artist and works in a variety of media, from oil paint to sound. She got her taste for astronomy as an undergrad at Johns Hopkins, testing detectors for the Hubble Space Telescope’s new camera (installed in 2002). She also learned to love the dark stellar denizens of our galaxy, the red dwarfs, which became the topic of her PhD dissertation at University of Washington. Nowadays, she works on NASA’s Kepler mission, studying starspots and the tempestuous tantrums of stellar flares to understand stellar magnetic fields. She is particularly interested in how the high energy radiation from stars influences the habitability of planets around alien suns. Lucianne is also a leader in the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, a new project that will scan the sky every night for 10 years to create a huge cosmic movie of our Universe.

More profile about the speaker
Lucianne Walkowicz | Speaker | TED.com

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