TEDGlobal 2011
Pamela Meyer: How to spot a liar
帕米拉·梅尔：别对我撒谎
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每一天，都有人对我们说10次到200次谎。判断人是否在说谎的线索可能是细微而难以察觉的。《识破谎言》的作者帕米拉·梅尔讲述了测谎专家所使用的手法和“热点表情”，并提出诚实可贵的观点。
Pamela Meyer - Lie detector
Pamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth. Full bio
Pamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Okay, now I don't want to alarm anybody in this room,
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我不想吓唬你们
00:20
but it's just come to my attention
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但是我发现
00:22
that the person to your right is a liar.
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坐在你右边的那个人是个骗子
00:24
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
00:26
Also, the person to your left is a liar.
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坐在你左边的人也是个骗子
00:29
Also the person sitting in your very seats is a liar.
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坐在你位置上的那个人还是个骗子
00:32
We're all liars.
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我们都是骗子
00:34
What I'm going to do today
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今天我要讲的一项研究
00:36
is I'm going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars,
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我们为什么是骗子
00:39
how you can become a liespotter
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如何识别谎言
00:41
and why you might want to go the extra mile
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以及为什么要大费周折
00:44
and go from liespotting to truth seeking,
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从识别谎言走向寻求真相
00:47
and ultimately to trust building.
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最终走到信任的建立
00:49
Now speaking of trust,
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说到信任
00:52
ever since I wrote this book, "Liespotting,"
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自从我写了《识破谎言》之后
00:55
no one wants to meet me in person anymore, no, no, no, no, no.
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谁都不愿意再和我面对面打交道了 没门
00:58
They say, "It's okay, we'll email you."
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大家都说："没关系，我们会给你发邮件的。"
01:01
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
01:03
I can't even get a coffee date at Starbucks.
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我甚至约不到人去星巴克喝咖啡
01:07
My husband's like, "Honey, deception?
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我先生说：“亲爱的，测谎？
01:09
Maybe you could have focused on cooking. How about French cooking?"
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你还是把心思花在烹饪上吧。学做法国菜，怎么样？”
01:12
So before I get started, what I'm going to do
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切入主题之前
01:14
is I'm going to clarify my goal for you,
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我先澄清一下
01:17
which is not to teach a game of Gotcha.
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我演讲的目的不是叫你们玩测谎游戏
01:19
Liespotters aren't those nitpicky kids,
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测谎者并不是专门挑刺的孩子
01:21
those kids in the back of the room that are shouting, "Gotcha! Gotcha!
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那些孩子站在屋子后方大喊：“发现了！
01:24
Your eyebrow twitched. You flared your nostril.
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你的眉毛动了。你的鼻孔动了。
01:27
I watch that TV show 'Lie To Me.' I know you're lying."
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我看电视剧 “别对我撒谎”，我知道你在说谎。”
01:30
No, liespotters are armed
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不 测谎者
01:32
with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception.
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以识破谎言的科学知识来武装自己
01:35
They use it to get to the truth,
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找出真相
01:37
and they do what mature leaders do everyday;
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他们像成熟的领导人那样工作
01:39
they have difficult conversations with difficult people,
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与难以打交道的人进行艰难的对话
01:42
sometimes during very difficult times.
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有时候还碰上世态不济的时候
01:44
And they start up that path
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他们踏上了这条道路
01:46
by accepting a core proposition,
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怀着一项核心要点
01:48
and that proposition is the following:
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那就是
01:50
Lying is a cooperative act.
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说谎是一项协作行动
01:53
Think about it, a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance.
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谎言本身 没有丝毫力量
01:57
Its power emerges
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而当人将谎言信以为真
01:59
when someone else agrees to believe the lie.
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谎言的力量就产生了
02:01
So I know it may sound like tough love,
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忠言逆耳
02:03
but look, if at some point you got lied to,
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但是 如果你被骗了
02:07
it's because you agreed to get lied to.
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那只能怪你相信了谎言
02:09
Truth number one about lying: Lying's a cooperative act.
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关于说谎的第一条事实： 说谎是一项协作行动
02:12
Now not all lies are harmful.
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并不是所有谎话都有害
02:14
Sometimes we're willing participants in deception
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有时 为了保住社会尊严
02:17
for the sake of social dignity,
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我们愿意说谎
02:20
maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret, secret.
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有些秘密还是不要道破为好
02:23
We say, "Nice song."
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我们说：“这首歌真好听。”
02:25
"Honey, you don't look fat in that, no."
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“亲爱的，你穿这件不显胖，一点也不。”
02:28
Or we say, favorite of the digiratti,
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我们还说
02:30
"You know, I just fished that email out of my spam folder.
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"我才从垃圾邮件里看到那封邮件。
02:33
So sorry."
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真不好意思。”
02:36
But there are times when we are unwilling participants in deception.
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而有时候 我们不愿意参与说谎
02:39
And that can have dramatic costs for us.
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而这时 我们可能会遭受重大损失
02:42
Last year saw 997 billion dollars
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去年仅美国就因公司犯罪
02:45
in corporate fraud alone in the United States.
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损失了9970亿美元
02:49
That's an eyelash under a trillion dollars.
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这个数字差一点就到一万亿美元了
02:51
That's seven percent of revenues.
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占了总收入的7%
02:53
Deception can cost billions.
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欺诈可以造成数十亿美元的损失
02:55
Think Enron, Madoff, the mortgage crisis.
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想想安然 麦道夫 次贷危机
02:58
Or in the case of double agents and traitors,
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还有像罗伯特·汉森和阿尔德里奇·埃姆斯等
03:01
like Robert Hanssen or Aldrich Ames,
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双面特工或叛徒
03:03
lies can betray our country,
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谎言能够出卖我们的国家
03:05
they can compromise our security, they can undermine democracy,
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能够削弱安全保障 能够破坏民主制度
03:08
they can cause the deaths of those that defend us.
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能够夺走国家卫士的生命
03:11
Deception is actually serious business.
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欺骗是一个棘手的问题。
03:14
This con man, Henry Oberlander,
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这个骗子亨利·奥伯兰德
03:16
he was such an effective con man
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他是个高明的骗子
03:18
British authorities say
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英国高官说
03:20
he could have undermined the entire banking system of the Western world.
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他有能力破坏整个西方世界的银行体系
03:23
And you can't find this guy on Google; you can't find him anywhere.
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你在谷歌上根本搜不到这个人 哪里都找不到
03:25
He was interviewed once, and he said the following.
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他接受过一次采访 说了下面这些话
03:28
He said, "Look, I've got one rule."
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“ 我有一条守则。”
03:30
And this was Henry's rule, he said,
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这就是亨利的守则 他说
03:33
"Look, everyone is willing to give you something.
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“每个人都愿意给你某样东西。
03:35
They're ready to give you something for whatever it is they're hungry for."
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只要是为了得到他们渴望的东西，他们就心甘情愿地拿东西来交换。”
03:38
And that's the crux of it.
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难就难在这里
03:40
If you don't want to be deceived, you have to know,
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如果不想被骗 你就必须知道
03:42
what is it that you're hungry for?
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你渴望什么
03:44
And we all kind of hate to admit it.
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我们都不愿承认
03:47
We wish we were better husbands, better wives,
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我们希望自己能成为更好的丈夫 更好的妻子
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smarter, more powerful,
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变得更聪明 更有权力
03:52
taller, richer --
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更高 更富有
03:54
the list goes on.
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诸如此类
03:56
Lying is an attempt to bridge that gap,
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欺骗是人们试图在现实与愿望之间架起桥梁
03:58
to connect our wishes and our fantasies
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把我们理想中的自己与理想中的生活
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about who we wish we were, how we wish we could be,
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种种心愿和幻想
04:03
with what we're really like.
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与现实中的自己联系起来
04:06
And boy are we willing to fill in those gaps in our lives with lies.
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天啊 难道我们要用谎言来填补现实与幻想之间的差距吗
04:09
On a given day, studies show that you may be lied to
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研究表明 在每一天 你被欺骗的次数
04:12
anywhere from 10 to 200 times.
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从10次到200次不等
04:14
Now granted, many of those are white lies.
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的确 这其中有许多是善意的谎言
04:17
But in another study,
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而另一项研究显示
04:19
it showed that strangers lied three times
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陌生人见面后的前十分钟内
04:21
within the first 10 minutes of meeting each other.
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说谎的次数为三次
04:23
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
04:25
Now when we first hear this data, we recoil.
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头一次听到这个数据 我们不免心寒
04:28
We can't believe how prevalent lying is.
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我们不敢相信人们说谎竟如此频繁
04:30
We're essentially against lying.
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我们本质上与说谎对立
04:32
But if you look more closely,
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但如果你细看
04:34
the plot actually thickens.
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情况可没那么简单
04:36
We lie more to strangers than we lie to coworkers.
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我们对陌生人说谎的次数比对同事说谎的次数要多
04:39
Extroverts lie more than introverts.
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外向的人比内向的人说谎次数多
04:43
Men lie eight times more about themselves
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男性关于自己的谎言比关于别人的谎言
04:46
than they do other people.
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多出了八倍
04:48
Women lie more to protect other people.
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女性说谎往往是为了保护他人
04:51
If you're an average married couple,
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如果你们是一对普通夫妻
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you're going to lie to your spouse
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那么你对自己的配偶
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in one out of every 10 interactions.
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每交流10次就有一次在说谎
04:58
Now you may think that's bad.
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你可能觉得这很不好
05:00
If you're unmarried, that number drops to three.
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如果你未婚 那么每交流3次就有一次在说谎
05:02
Lying's complex.
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说谎这事挺复杂的
05:04
It's woven into the fabric of our daily and our business lives.
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这跟我们的日常生活与工作交织在一起
05:07
We're deeply ambivalent about the truth.
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我们对真相总是拿捏不准
05:09
We parse it out on an as-needed basis,
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我们在需要的时候才来分析它
05:11
sometimes for very good reasons,
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有时候是情理之中的
05:13
other times just because we don't understand the gaps in our lives.
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而有时候则是因为我们不理解生活中现实与理想的差距
05:16
That's truth number two about lying.
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这是关于说谎的第二条真相
05:18
We're against lying,
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我们反对说谎
05:20
but we're covertly for it
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但背地里赞同说谎
05:22
in ways that our society has sanctioned
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我们的社会对种种这些做法
05:24
for centuries and centuries and centuries.
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包容了好几百年
05:26
It's as old as breathing.
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其历史源远流长
05:28
It's part of our culture, it's part of our history.
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是我们文化和历史的一部分
05:30
Think Dante, Shakespeare,
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想想看但丁 莎士比亚
05:33
the Bible, News of the World.
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圣经 世界新闻报
05:36
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
05:38
Lying has evolutionary value to us as a species.
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说谎在人类进化上有着重要价值
05:40
Researchers have long known
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研究者早就知道
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that the more intelligent the species,
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物种的智慧越高
05:44
the larger the neocortex,
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大脑皮层越大
05:46
the more likely it is to be deceptive.
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这个物种就更可能欺骗
05:48
Now you might remember Koko.
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你们可能还记得可可
05:50
Does anybody remember Koko the gorilla who was taught sign language?
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有人还记得那只学会手语的大猩猩可可吗
05:53
Koko was taught to communicate via sign language.
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可可学会如何用手语进行交流
05:56
Here's Koko with her kitten.
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这是可可和她的小猫
05:58
It's her cute little, fluffy pet kitten.
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这就是她毛茸茸的可爱小猫咪
06:01
Koko once blamed her pet kitten
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可可有一次责备她的小猫
06:03
for ripping a sink out of the wall.
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怪它把洗手池从墙上剥下来
06:05
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
06:07
We're hardwired to become leaders of the pack.
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我们天生就喜欢做领导
06:09
It's starts really, really early.
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这从很早很早就开始了
06:11
How early?
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多早
06:13
Well babies will fake a cry,
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婴儿就会假哭
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pause, wait to see who's coming
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停一下 看看谁走过来
06:17
and then go right back to crying.
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接着哭
06:19
One-year-olds learn concealment.
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一岁的孩子就学会隐瞒事实了
06:21
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
06:23
Two-year-olds bluff.
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两岁的孩子就会吓唬人了
06:25
Five-year-olds lie outright.
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五岁的孩子撒谎都可以不打草稿了
06:27
They manipulate via flattery.
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他们通过巴结来达到目的
06:29
Nine-year-olds, masters of the cover up.
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九岁的孩子是掩盖真相的高手
06:32
By the time you enter college,
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到你上大学的时候
06:34
you're going to lie to your mom in one out of every five interactions.
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你与你母亲的每交流五次中就有一次是在说谎
06:37
By the time we enter this work world and we're breadwinners,
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到我们工作了 挣钱养家了
06:40
we enter a world that is just cluttered
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我们便进入了
06:42
with spam, fake digital friends,
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一个充满了垃圾邮件 虚假身份的网友
06:44
partisan media,
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政党媒体
06:46
ingenious identity thieves,
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身份盗用
06:48
world-class Ponzi schemers,
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世界级的庞氏骗局
06:50
a deception epidemic --
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一个谎言的流行病
06:52
in short, what one author calls
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用一位作家的话简单地说
06:54
a post-truth society.
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这是一个后真相社会
06:57
It's been very confusing
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长时间以来
06:59
for a long time now.
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这一直在混淆视听
07:03
What do you do?
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怎么办呢
07:05
Well there are steps we can take
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有几个步骤
07:07
to navigate our way through the morass.
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可以指导我们走出迷雾
07:09
Trained liespotters get to the truth 90 percent of the time.
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受过识谎训练的人能认识到90%的真相
07:12
The rest of us, we're only 54 percent accurate.
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而普通人只有54%的正确率
07:15
Why is it so easy to learn?
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为什么人能轻易学会识破谎言呢
07:17
There are good liars and there are bad liars. There are no real original liars.
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骗子有高明的 也有蹩脚的 但没有绝对与众不同的骗子
07:20
We all make the same mistakes. We all use the same techniques.
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我们都会犯同样的错误 采用同样的技巧
07:23
So what I'm going to do
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我下面
07:25
is I'm going to show you two patterns of deception.
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向你们展示两种欺骗的模式
07:27
And then we're going to look at the hot spots and see if we can find them ourselves.
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我们将看到一些破绽 看看我们能不能把它们找出来
07:30
We're going to start with speech.
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我们先看看演讲
07:33
(Video) Bill Clinton: I want you to listen to me.
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（视频）克林顿总统：我想要你们听我说
07:35
I'm going to say this again.
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我再次重申
07:37
I did not have sexual relations
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我与那个女人
07:40
with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.
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莱温斯基小姐 没有发生过性关系
07:44
I never told anybody to lie,
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我从未指示任何人说谎
07:46
not a single time, never.
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从来也没有
07:48
And these allegations are false.
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这些指控都是莫须有的
07:51
And I need to go back to work for the American people.
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我必须回去为美国人民工作了
07:53
Thank you.
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谢谢你们
07:58
Pamela Meyer: Okay, what were the telltale signs?
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好 破绽是哪些呢
08:01
Well first we heard what's known as a non-contracted denial.
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首先 我们听到一个正式的否定形式
08:05
Studies show that people who are overdetermined in their denial
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研究表明 人们在过度强调否认时
08:08
will resort to formal rather than informal language.
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喜欢使用较为正式的语言
08:11
We also heard distancing language: "that woman."
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我们还听到 “那个女人” 这种遥指性的措辞
08:14
We know that liars will unconsciously distance themselves
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我们知道 骗子们会不经意地
08:16
from their subject
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疏远话中的主语
08:18
using language as their tool.
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借用语言来达此目的
08:21
Now if Bill Clinton had said, "Well, to tell you the truth ... "
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如果克林顿说的是：“哎，实话告诉你吧...”
08:24
or Richard Nixon's favorite, "In all candor ... "
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或者用到尼克松总统的口头禅：“实话跟你说...”
08:26
he would have been a dead giveaway
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他立马就会
08:28
for any liespotter than knows
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在识谎者面前露出马脚
08:30
that qualifying language, as it's called, qualifying language like that,
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因为识谎者知道这种被称为修饰语的话
08:33
further discredits the subject.
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更能暴露谎言
08:35
Now if he had repeated the question in its entirety,
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如果他完整地将问题重复一遍
08:38
or if he had peppered his account with a little too much detail --
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或者他暴露过多细节
08:42
and we're all really glad he didn't do that --
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幸好他没这么做
08:44
he would have further discredited himself.
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那他的话就更不可信了
08:46
Freud had it right.
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弗洛伊德说对了
08:48
Freud said, look, there's much more to it than speech:
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弗洛伊德说：瞧，话中确实有话
08:51
"No mortal can keep a secret.
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“没有人能保守住秘密。
08:54
If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips."
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他的嘴闭上了，他的指尖却在说谎。”
08:57
And we all do it no matter how powerful you are.
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我们都是这样 不管你有多厉害
09:00
We all chatter with our fingertips.
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我们的指尖都会把我们出卖
09:02
I'm going to show you Dominique Strauss-Kahn with Obama
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我下面给你们看多米尼克·斯特劳斯-卡恩与奥巴马
09:05
who's chattering with his fingertips.
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奥巴马的指尖就出卖了他自己
09:08
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
09:11
Now this brings us to our next pattern,
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这引出了下一个模式
09:14
which is body language.
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那就是肢体语言
09:17
With body language, here's what you've got to do.
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讲到肢体语言 我们必须
09:20
You've really got to just throw your assumptions out the door.
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把之前的假设统统抛到脑后
09:23
Let the science temper your knowledge a little bit.
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让科学给你长点知识
09:25
Because we think liars fidget all the time.
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我们以为骗子总是坐立不安
09:28
Well guess what, they're known to freeze their upper bodies when they're lying.
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但事实是 他们在说谎时上半身一动也不动
09:31
We think liars won't look you in the eyes.
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我们以为骗子不敢直视你的双眼
09:34
Well guess what, they look you in the eyes a little too much
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而事实是 他们知道人们会这么想
09:36
just to compensate for that myth.
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反而会过久地盯着你的眼睛看
09:38
We think warmth and smiles
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我们以为寒暄和微笑
09:40
convey honesty, sincerity.
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传达的是真诚
09:42
But a trained liespotter
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但是一个训练有素的识谎者
09:44
can spot a fake smile a mile away.
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能够大老远就认出一个假笑
09:46
Can you all spot the fake smile here?
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你们能看出哪个是假笑吗
09:50
You can consciously contract
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你可以下意识地
09:52
the muscles in your cheeks.
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收紧面部的肌肉
09:55
But the real smile's in the eyes, the crow's feet of the eyes.
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但是真正的微笑是发自眼睛的 从眼角的鱼尾纹就能看出
09:58
They cannot be consciously contracted,
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这些鱼尾纹是挤不出来的
10:00
especially if you overdid the Botox.
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如果你打了太多肉毒杆菌素 那就更挤不出来了
10:02
Don't overdo the Botox; nobody will think you're honest.
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别打太多肉毒杆菌素 没人会相信你是诚实的
10:05
Now we're going to look at the hot spots.
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下面我们来找破绽
10:07
Can you tell what's happening in a conversation?
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你们能告诉我一个对话过程中都发生了什么吗
10:09
Can you start to find the hot spots
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你可以找出破绽吗
10:12
to see the discrepancies
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能看出某人
10:14
between someone's words and someone's actions?
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言行上的不一致吗
10:16
Now I know it seems really obvious,
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这似乎很显然
10:18
but when you're having a conversation
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但是当你与你怀疑的对象
10:20
with someone you suspect of deception,
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进行对话时
10:23
attitude is by far the most overlooked but telling of indicators.
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你往往忽略了态度这个指示标
10:26
An honest person is going to be cooperative.
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诚实的人会很合作
10:28
They're going to show they're on your side.
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让你感觉他们站在你一边
10:30
They're going to be enthusiastic.
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会表现出热情
10:32
They're going to be willing and helpful to getting you to the truth.
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他们会乐意帮助你找出真相
10:34
They're going to be willing to brainstorm, name suspects,
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他们会帮你找出思路 提出有嫌疑的人
10:37
provide details.
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提供细节
10:39
They're going to say, "Hey,
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他们会说：“ 啊，
10:41
maybe it was those guys in payroll that forged those checks."
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可能是管工资的那些家伙做了这些假支票。”
10:44
They're going to be infuriated if they sense they're wrongly accused
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如果感到自己被诬告
10:47
throughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes;
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他们在整个对话过程中都会非常气愤 而不只是短时间发火
10:49
they'll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview.
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他们的怒气会贯穿整个对话过程
10:52
And if you ask someone honest
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当你问到一个诚实的人
10:54
what should happen to whomever did forge those checks,
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应如何惩罚造假支票的人
10:57
an honest person is much more likely
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这个诚实的人
10:59
to recommend strict rather than lenient punishment.
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更可能会建议严惩不贷而不是宽大处理
11:03
Now let's say you're having that exact same conversation
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在看看你与一个不诚实的人进行同样的对话
11:05
with someone deceptive.
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会是什么情况
11:07
That person may be withdrawn,
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这个人可能会有些疏远
11:09
look down, lower their voice,
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往下看 降低音量
11:11
pause, be kind of herky-jerky.
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几字一顿 话不连贯
11:13
Ask a deceptive person to tell their story,
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让不诚实的说自己做过什么
11:15
they're going to pepper it with way too much detail
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他们在一些不着边际的地方
11:18
in all kinds of irrelevant places.
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透露过多细节
11:21
And then they're going to tell their story in strict chronological order.
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他们接着会严格按照时间顺序陈述
11:24
And what a trained interrogator does
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一个受过训练的质询者
11:26
is they come in and in very subtle ways
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在几个小时的问询过程中
11:28
over the course of several hours,
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旁敲侧击
11:30
they will ask that person to tell that story backwards,
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让那个人用倒叙的方式来陈述
11:33
and then they'll watch them squirm,
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然后观察他如何说谎
11:35
and track which questions produce the highest volume of deceptive tells.
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并记录嫌疑人在回答哪些问题时音量最大
11:38
Why do they do that? Well we all do the same thing.
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嫌疑人为什么会这样 这其实是人之常情
11:41
We rehearse our words,
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我们会事先想好说什么
11:43
but we rarely rehearse our gestures.
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但很少事先想好做什么样的动作
11:45
We say "yes," we shake our heads "no."
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我们说“是” 而我们却在摇头表示“否”
11:47
We tell very convincing stories, we slightly shrug our shoulders.
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我们说的故事非常有说服力 但我们却轻轻地耸了耸肩
11:50
We commit terrible crimes,
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我们犯了严重的罪
11:52
and we smile at the delight in getting away with it.
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而在侥幸逃脱时面露微笑
11:55
Now that smile is known in the trade as "duping delight."
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这种微笑被称为“欺骗的喜悦”
11:58
And we're going to see that in several videos moving forward,
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我们会在接下来的几个视频中看到
12:01
but we're going to start -- for those of you who don't know him,
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现在开始 可能有人不认识他 我先介绍一下
12:03
this is presidential candidate John Edwards
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他是前总统候选人约翰·爱德华兹
12:06
who shocked America by fathering a child out of wedlock.
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他因育有一个私生子而震惊全美
12:09
We're going to see him talk about getting a paternity test.
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我们将看到他谈论进行亲子鉴定的事
12:12
See now if you can spot him
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看看你们能否发现
12:14
saying, "yes" while shaking his head "no,"
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他在说“是”的时候 他的头却在摇
12:16
slightly shrugging his shoulders.
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肩膀在耸
12:18
(Video) John Edwards: I'd be happy to participate in one.
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（视频）约翰·爱德华兹：我很乐意去做鉴定
12:20
I know that it's not possible that this child could be mine,
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我知道这个孩子不可能是我的
12:23
because of the timing of events.
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因为时间不对
12:25
So I know it's not possible.
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我知道这不可能是我的
12:27
Happy to take a paternity test,
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我乐意进行亲子鉴定
12:29
and would love to see it happen.
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也很想知道结果
12:31
Interviewer: Are you going to do that soon? Is there somebody --
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记者：你会很快去做鉴定吗 有人...
12:34
JE: Well, I'm only one side. I'm only one side of the test.
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约翰·爱德华兹：我只是鉴定的一方
12:37
But I'm happy to participate in one.
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但是我很乐意进行鉴定
12:40
PM: Okay, those head shakes are much easier to spot
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帕米拉：好了 只要你注意看
12:42
once you know to look for them.
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就不难发现他在摇头
12:44
There're going to be times
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一个人往往会
12:46
when someone makes one expression
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通过一个表情
12:48
while masking another that just kind of leaks through in a flash.
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来掩饰另一个表情 而这个表情会闪现出来
12:52
Murderers are known to leak sadness.
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谋杀者通常会漏出伤感之色
12:54
Your new joint venture partner might shake your hand,
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你新的合资伙伴可能会跟你握手
12:56
celebrate, go out to dinner with you
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庆祝 和你去吃饭
12:58
and then leak an expression of anger.
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接着漏出一丝愤怒
13:01
And we're not all going to become facial expression experts overnight here,
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我们不可能一夜之间成为表情专家
13:04
but there's one I can teach you that's very dangerous, and it's easy to learn,
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我下面教你们辨识一个非常危险的表情 这也很容易学会
13:07
and that's the expression of contempt.
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那就是轻蔑的表情
13:10
Now with anger, you've got two people on an even playing field.
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假设两个人势均力敌地竞争
13:13
It's still somewhat of a healthy relationship.
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这是个比较正常的关系
13:15
But when anger turns to contempt,
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但是愤怒一旦变成轻蔑
13:17
you've been dismissed.
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你就输了
13:19
It's associated with moral superiority.
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这与道德优越感有关
13:21
And for that reason, it's very, very hard to recover from.
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正因如此 人们才很难改正这个行为
13:24
Here's what it looks like.
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这样的表情就是轻蔑
13:26
It's marked by one lip corner
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其标识就是
13:28
pulled up and in.
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一边的嘴角向上并往里收起
13:30
It's the only asymmetrical expression.
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这是唯一一个不对称的表情
13:33
And in the presence of contempt,
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不论对方是否在说谎
13:35
whether or not deception follows --
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也并不总是谎言
13:37
and it doesn't always follow --
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只要看到对方轻蔑的表情
13:39
look the other way, go the other direction,
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就应该往反方向思考
13:41
reconsider the deal,
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重新考虑这笔交易
13:43
say, "No thank you. I'm not coming up for just one more nightcap. Thank you."
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说：“不用了。谢谢。我来可不是喝酒的。谢谢了。”
13:47
Science has surfaced
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科学发现了
13:49
many, many more indicators.
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更多的指示标
13:51
We know, for example,
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比如说
13:53
we know liars will shift their blink rate,
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骗子会改变他们眨眼的频率
13:55
point their feet towards an exit.
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他们的脚会对着出口
13:57
They will take barrier objects
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他们会拿某样东西
13:59
and put them between themselves and the person that is interviewing them.
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挡在质询者和自己之间
14:02
They'll alter their vocal tone,
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他们会改变说话的音调
14:04
often making their vocal tone much lower.
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通常是把音调压低许多
14:07
Now here's the deal.
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请注意
14:09
These behaviors are just behaviors.
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这些行为都只是行为而已
14:12
They're not proof of deception.
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并不是谎言的证明
14:14
They're red flags.
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它们起到的是警示的作用
14:16
We're human beings.
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我们都是人
14:18
We make deceptive flailing gestures all over the place all day long.
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我们整天都在做掩盖谎言的动作
14:21
They don't mean anything in and of themselves.
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这些动作本身没有任何意义
14:23
But when you see clusters of them, that's your signal.
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但是如果看到一连串这样的动作 你就要警觉了
14:26
Look, listen, probe, ask some hard questions,
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你要观察 倾听 质问 问一些难的问题
14:29
get out of that very comfortable mode of knowing,
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从心安理得的状态走出来
14:32
walk into curiosity mode, ask more questions,
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进入好奇模式 多问问题
14:35
have a little dignity, treat the person you're talking to with rapport.
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提高点自尊 并尊重对方
14:38
Don't try to be like those folks on "Law & Order" and those other TV shows
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尽量不要像“法律与秩序”一类美剧里的那群人那样
14:41
that pummel their subjects into submission.
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对嫌疑人强行逼供
14:43
Don't be too aggressive, it doesn't work.
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不要太咄咄逼人 这是行不通的
14:46
Now we've talked a little bit
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我们谈论了
14:48
about how to talk to someone who's lying
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如何与一个说谎的人说话
14:50
and how to spot a lie.
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如何辨别一个谎言
14:52
And as I promised, we're now going to look at what the truth looks like.
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刚才说过 我们将看到真实的表情是什么样的
14:55
But I'm going to show you two videos,
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但我将播放两段视频
14:57
two mothers -- one is lying, one is telling the truth.
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两位母亲 一位在说谎 一位在说实话
15:00
And these were surfaced
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两段视频都是由
15:02
by researcher David Matsumoto in California.
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加利福尼亚的研究者David Matsumoto研究发现的
15:04
And I think they're an excellent example
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我觉得这两个视频非常好地
15:06
of what the truth looks like.
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说明了什么才是事实
15:08
This mother, Diane Downs,
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这位母亲 黛安·当丝
15:10
shot her kids at close range,
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用枪近距离射中自己的孩子
15:12
drove them to the hospital
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接着开车将他们送往医院
15:14
while they bled all over the car,
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他们在车上血流不止
15:16
claimed a scraggy-haired stranger did it.
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她谎称这是一个头发蓬乱的陌生人干的
15:18
And you'll see when you see the video,
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在视频中你会看到
15:20
she can't even pretend to be an agonizing mother.
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她假装悲伤都装不出来
15:22
What you want to look for here
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请你们注意
15:24
is an incredible discrepancy
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她所讲述的骇人故事
15:26
between horrific events that she describes
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与她极为冷静的举止
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and her very, very cool demeanor.
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这两者间的强烈对比
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And if you look closely, you'll see duping delight throughout this video.
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如果你仔细看 你会看到她在视频中流露出欺骗的喜悦
15:33
(Video) Diane Downs: At night when I close my eyes,
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（视频）黛安·当丝：每当晚上我闭上双眼
15:35
I can see Christie reaching her hand out to me while I'm driving,
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我可以看见 克里斯蒂向我伸出手 我一边开着车
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and the blood just kept coming out of her mouth.
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血不停地从她口里冒出来
15:41
And that -- maybe it'll fade too with time --
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也许时间久了我就会淡忘
15:43
but I don't think so.
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但是 我觉得不可能
15:45
That bothers me the most.
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这让我寝食难安
15:55
PM: Now I'm going to show you a video
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现在我给你们看另一个视频
15:57
of an actual grieving mother, Erin Runnion,
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这是一位真正悲伤的母亲 艾琳·兰尼恩
15:59
confronting her daughter's murderer and torturer in court.
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这是她在法庭上与虐杀自己女儿的凶手对质的情形
16:03
Here you're going to see no false emotion,
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你完全看不到任何虚假的情绪
16:05
just the authentic expression of a mother's agony.
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这是一位心痛欲绝的母亲真实的哭斥
16:08
(Video) Erin Runnion: I wrote this statement on the third anniversary
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（视频）艾琳·兰尼恩：在你带走我宝贝的三年后的同一天
16:10
of the night you took my baby,
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我写下了这段话
16:12
and you hurt her,
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你伤害了她
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and you crushed her,
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把她打得体无完肤
16:16
you terrified her until her heart stopped.
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害她惊恐万状 直到她心脏停止了跳动
16:20
And she fought, and I know she fought you.
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她反抗了 我知道她反抗了
16:23
But I know she looked at you
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我也知道她用她那双
16:25
with those amazing brown eyes,
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美丽的棕色眼睛看着你
16:27
and you still wanted to kill her.
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而你还是对她痛下杀手
16:30
And I don't understand it,
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我不能理解
16:32
and I never will.
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永远都不能理解
16:35
PM: Okay, there's no doubting the veracity of those emotions.
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帕米拉：好了 毫无疑问 这些情绪都是真的
16:39
Now the technology around what the truth looks like
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现在的测谎技术
16:42
is progressing on, the science of it.
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正在日新月异地发展
16:45
We know for example
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比如说
16:47
that we now have specialized eye trackers and infrared brain scans,
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我们有专门的眼球追踪仪 红外线脑部扫描
16:50
MRI's that can decode the signals that our bodies send out
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还有能够破解我们说谎时
16:53
when we're trying to be deceptive.
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身体发射信号的核磁共振成像技术
16:55
And these technologies are going to be marketed to all of us
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这些技术得到广泛推广
16:58
as panaceas for deceit,
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成了测谎的保障
17:00
and they will prove incredibly useful some day.
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有朝一日 这些技术会发挥意想不到的作用
17:03
But you've got to ask yourself in the meantime:
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但与此同时 你们必须扪心自问
17:05
Who do you want on your side of the meeting,
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在开会时
17:07
someone who's trained in getting to the truth
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你希望来的是一位训练有素的测谎专家呢
17:10
or some guy who's going to drag a 400-pound electroencephalogram
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还是看着一个拖着重达400磅脑电图仪的家伙
17:12
through the door?
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从门外走进来
17:14
Liespotters rely on human tools.
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识谎者依赖的是人性的工具
17:18
They know, as someone once said,
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有人曾说 他们知道
17:20
"Character's who you are in the dark."
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“人格就是黑暗中的人类本性”
17:22
And what's kind of interesting
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有意思的是
17:24
is that today we have so little darkness.
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如今我们的黑暗太少了
17:26
Our world is lit up 24 hours a day.
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我们的世界全天24个小时都是亮堂堂的
17:29
It's transparent
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博客和社交网站
17:31
with blogs and social networks
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把新一代人的声音广播出去
17:33
broadcasting the buzz of a whole new generation of people
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这代人选择活在公众的目光之下
17:35
that have made a choice to live their lives in public.
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世界都是透明的了
17:38
It's a much more noisy world.
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世界现在更加嘈杂
17:42
So one challenge we have
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因此我们必须
17:44
is to remember,
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记住一点
17:46
oversharing, that's not honesty.
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过度分享不等于诚实
17:49
Our manic tweeting and texting
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疯狂地发微博 发短信
17:51
can blind us to the fact
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会让我们忽视一个事实
17:53
that the subtleties of human decency -- character integrity --
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即人类的道德正义
17:56
that's still what matters, that's always what's going to matter.
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仍然很重要 无论是现在还是将来
17:59
So in this much noisier world,
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在这样一个嘈杂的世界里
18:01
it might make sense for us
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我们对道德准则
18:03
to be just a little bit more explicit
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稍微较真儿一点
18:05
about our moral code.
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还是有道理的
18:08
When you combine the science of recognizing deception
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当你把观察和倾听的艺术
18:10
with the art of looking, listening,
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与识谎的科学结合起来
18:12
you exempt yourself from collaborating in a lie.
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你就不会上当受骗
18:15
You start up that path
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你可以
18:17
of being just a little bit more explicit,
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从表明自己懂得识谎做起
18:19
because you signal to everyone around you,
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因为你在对周围所有人发出信号
18:21
you say, "Hey, my world, our world,
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你在说：“ 哎，我的世界，我们的世界，
18:24
it's going to be an honest one.
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会是一个诚实的世界。
18:26
My world is going to be one where truth is strengthened
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在我的世界中，真相得到捍卫，
18:28
and falsehood is recognized and marginalized."
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虚假被识破并消灭。”
18:31
And when you do that,
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这么做
18:33
the ground around you starts to shift just a little bit.
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能让你脚下的世界一点一点地发生改变
18:36
And that's the truth. Thank you.
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这可一点不假 感谢大家
18:39
(Applause)
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（众人鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pamela Meyer - Lie detectorPamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth.
Why you should listen
Social media expert Pamela Meyer can tell when you’re lying. If it’s not your words that give you away, it’s your posture, eyes, breathing rate, fidgets, and a host of other indicators. Worse, we are all lied to up to 200 times a day, she says, from the white lies that allow society to function smoothly to the devastating duplicities that bring down corporations and break up families.
Working with a team of researchers over several years, Meyer, who is CEO of social networking company Simpatico Networks, collected and reviewed most of the research on deception that has been published, from such fields as law-enforcement, military, psychology and espionage. She then became an expert herself, receiving advanced training in deception detection, including multiple courses of advanced training in interrogation, microexpression analysis, statement analysis, behavior and body language interpretation, and emotion recognition. Her research is synthetized in her bestselling book Liespotting.
More profile about the speakerWorking with a team of researchers over several years, Meyer, who is CEO of social networking company Simpatico Networks, collected and reviewed most of the research on deception that has been published, from such fields as law-enforcement, military, psychology and espionage. She then became an expert herself, receiving advanced training in deception detection, including multiple courses of advanced training in interrogation, microexpression analysis, statement analysis, behavior and body language interpretation, and emotion recognition. Her research is synthetized in her bestselling book Liespotting.
Pamela Meyer | Speaker | TED.com