TEDGlobal 2011
Pamela Meyer: How to spot a liar
Pamela Meyer： 識破謊言的假面
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在任何特定的日子，我們受騙的次數起碼有10到200次，這些謊言的線索，可說是不露痕跡且有違直覺。《破解謊言》的作者Pamela Meyer說明，那些受過訓練、能識破欺騙的人辨識詐欺所使用的技倆和『關鍵跡象(hotspots)』──而且她主張誠實是一個值得維持的價值。
Pamela Meyer - Lie detector
Pamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth. Full bio
Pamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Okay, now I don't want to alarm anybody in this room,
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嗯，我不想驚動在這講廳內的任何人
00:20
but it's just come to my attention
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但那引起我的注意
00:22
that the person to your right is a liar.
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在你右邊的那人是騙子。
00:24
(Laughter)
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(笑)
00:26
Also, the person to your left is a liar.
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還有，你左邊的那個是個騙子。
00:29
Also the person sitting in your very seats is a liar.
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坐在你位子上的那個人也是個騙子。
00:32
We're all liars.
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我們全是騙子。
00:34
What I'm going to do today
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今天我要做的是
00:36
is I'm going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars,
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我要讓你們看看為何研究指出我們都是騙子的理由、
00:39
how you can become a liespotter
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你如何能成為識破謊言者
00:41
and why you might want to go the extra mile
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及為何你也許想更進一步
00:44
and go from liespotting to truth seeking,
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由識破謊言到尋求真相，
00:47
and ultimately to trust building.
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最終到信任的殿堂。
00:49
Now speaking of trust,
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說到信任,
00:52
ever since I wrote this book, "Liespotting,"
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打從我寫這本書《破解謊言》
00:55
no one wants to meet me in person anymore, no, no, no, no, no.
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再也沒有人想和我會面，不、不、不、不、不。
00:58
They say, "It's okay, we'll email you."
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他們說：「沒關係，我們會email 給你。」
01:01
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:03
I can't even get a coffee date at Starbucks.
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我甚至得不到在星巴克喝咖啡的約會。
01:07
My husband's like, "Honey, deception?
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我丈夫會說：「親愛的，『欺騙』?
01:09
Maybe you could have focused on cooking. How about French cooking?"
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也許你可以專研烹飪。法國烹飪如何?」
01:12
So before I get started, what I'm going to do
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那麼在開始前，我首先要
01:14
is I'm going to clarify my goal for you,
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為你們釐清我的目標,
01:17
which is not to teach a game of Gotcha.
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我不是要教『抓鬼(Gotcha)』遊戲。
01:19
Liespotters aren't those nitpicky kids,
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識破謊言者不是那些雞蛋裡挑骨頭的孩子，
01:21
those kids in the back of the room that are shouting, "Gotcha! Gotcha!
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在房子後面大喊：「抓到了! 抓到了!
01:24
Your eyebrow twitched. You flared your nostril.
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你的眉毛抽搐、你撐大鼻孔。
01:27
I watch that TV show 'Lie To Me.' I know you're lying."
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我有看電視節目〈對我撒謊〉(Lie to me)。我知道你在說謊。」
01:30
No, liespotters are armed
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不，識破謊言者身懷
01:32
with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception.
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辨識欺騙的科學知識。
01:35
They use it to get to the truth,
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他們用之以取得真相，
01:37
and they do what mature leaders do everyday;
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他們做謹慎的領導者每天在做的事；
01:39
they have difficult conversations with difficult people,
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他們運用招術與棘手的人物交談，
01:42
sometimes during very difficult times.
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有時更是在相當難熬的時候。
01:44
And they start up that path
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他們一開始便循
01:46
by accepting a core proposition,
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依據同意一個核心論點的路線,
01:48
and that proposition is the following:
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該論點如下述：
01:50
Lying is a cooperative act.
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『說謊是一種樂意共構的行動』。
01:53
Think about it, a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance.
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想一想，單僅是話語，一個謊言成不了氣候。
01:57
Its power emerges
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其能量匯集而成，
01:59
when someone else agrees to believe the lie.
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當其他人同意也相信謊言。
02:01
So I know it may sound like tough love,
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我知道那也許聽來像『嚴苛的愛(tough love)』,
02:03
but look, if at some point you got lied to,
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但聽好，在某些時候你被騙
02:07
it's because you agreed to get lied to.
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那是因為你同意被騙。
02:09
Truth number one about lying: Lying's a cooperative act.
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有關說謊的一號真相：說謊是一種共構的行為。
02:12
Now not all lies are harmful.
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不是所有的謊言都有害。
02:14
Sometimes we're willing participants in deception
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有時我們是騙局的自願參與者，
02:17
for the sake of social dignity,
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為社交體面之故，
02:20
maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret, secret.
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可能對當保守的袐密守口如瓶。
02:23
We say, "Nice song."
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我們說：「好歌。」
02:25
"Honey, you don't look fat in that, no."
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「親愛的，你穿那件看起來不胖，不。」
02:28
Or we say, favorite of the digiratti,
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或是網路高手的最愛，我們說：
02:30
"You know, I just fished that email out of my spam folder.
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「你明白的，我才剛從垃圾郵件匣找出那封信。
02:33
So sorry."
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所以，抱歉囉!」
02:36
But there are times when we are unwilling participants in deception.
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但有時我們是非自願參與欺騙。
02:39
And that can have dramatic costs for us.
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我們為其付出慘痛代價。
02:42
Last year saw 997 billion dollars
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去年發生了九千九百七十億元
02:45
in corporate fraud alone in the United States.
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企業集團詐欺，單單在美國。
02:49
That's an eyelash under a trillion dollars.
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那是兆美元之一分，九牛一毛。
02:51
That's seven percent of revenues.
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那是7%的稅收。
02:53
Deception can cost billions.
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詐欺能耗上數來億。
02:55
Think Enron, Madoff, the mortgage crisis.
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想想安隆案( Enron)、馬道夫騙局(Madoff)、次級房貸危機。
02:58
Or in the case of double agents and traitors,
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或者是雙重代理和背信的案例，
03:01
like Robert Hanssen or Aldrich Ames,
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像是Robert Hanssen或者Aldrich Ames(兩者皆為間諜),
03:03
lies can betray our country,
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謊言能出賣我們的國家、
03:05
they can compromise our security, they can undermine democracy,
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謊言會危及我們國防、謊言能削弱民主、
03:08
they can cause the deaths of those that defend us.
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謊言會導致捍衛我們的一切瓦解。
03:11
Deception is actually serious business.
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詐欺事實上是危險的生意。
03:14
This con man, Henry Oberlander,
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騙徒Henry Oberlander，
03:16
he was such an effective con man
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他是高桿的騙徒,
03:18
British authorities say
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英國當局表示
03:20
he could have undermined the entire banking system of the Western world.
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他本可破壞西方世界的整個銀行系統。
03:23
And you can't find this guy on Google; you can't find him anywhere.
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你在Google搜尋不到這個人；你無從找起。
03:25
He was interviewed once, and he said the following.
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他有次受訪，說了這樣的話，
03:28
He said, "Look, I've got one rule."
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他說：「瞧，我有條法則。」
03:30
And this was Henry's rule, he said,
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這是『亨利的法則』，他說：
03:33
"Look, everyone is willing to give you something.
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「瞧，每個人願意給你某東西。
03:35
They're ready to give you something for whatever it is they're hungry for."
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他們準備好給你某東西，換取他們渴求的，不論是什麼。」
03:38
And that's the crux of it.
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而這就是其關鍵。
03:40
If you don't want to be deceived, you have to know,
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若你不想被欺騙，你必須知道
03:42
what is it that you're hungry for?
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你最渴望的是什麼?
03:44
And we all kind of hate to admit it.
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我們都有點討厭承認這點。
03:47
We wish we were better husbands, better wives,
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我們希望我們是更佳的丈夫、更佳的妻子；
03:50
smarter, more powerful,
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更聰明、更有權力、
03:52
taller, richer --
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更高、更富有──
03:54
the list goes on.
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願望清單不勝枚舉。
03:56
Lying is an attempt to bridge that gap,
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說謊是企圖在那道溝上架橋；
03:58
to connect our wishes and our fantasies
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把我們的願望、幻想
04:00
about who we wish we were, how we wish we could be,
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關於我們希望我們是誰、我們希望我們能如何
04:03
with what we're really like.
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與我們真正面貌連結。
04:06
And boy are we willing to fill in those gaps in our lives with lies.
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嘿!我們樂意以謊言填滿我們生命的溝壑。
04:09
On a given day, studies show that you may be lied to
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在某段時間，研究顯示，你可能被誆
04:12
anywhere from 10 to 200 times.
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在任何地點，次數起碼10次至200次。
04:14
Now granted, many of those are white lies.
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當然，多數是無傷大雅的謊言。
04:17
But in another study,
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但在另一個研究指出，
04:19
it showed that strangers lied three times
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陌生人撒謊三次，
04:21
within the first 10 minutes of meeting each other.
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在彼此見面的初始10分鐘內。
04:23
(Laughter)
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(笑)
04:25
Now when we first hear this data, we recoil.
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我們初次得知這個數據，大為震驚。
04:28
We can't believe how prevalent lying is.
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不敢置信，說謊已蔚然成風。
04:30
We're essentially against lying.
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本質上，我們是反對說謊。
04:32
But if you look more closely,
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但若你仔細瞧，
04:34
the plot actually thickens.
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情節著實撲朔迷離。
04:36
We lie more to strangers than we lie to coworkers.
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我們對陌生人說的謊比對工作伙伴說的還多。
04:39
Extroverts lie more than introverts.
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外向者說的謊言多於內向者。
04:43
Men lie eight times more about themselves
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男人談論自己時撒的謊是
04:46
than they do other people.
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談論他人時的八倍多。
04:48
Women lie more to protect other people.
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女人說謊大多為了保護他人。
04:51
If you're an average married couple,
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若你們是一對普通的已婚夫婦，
04:54
you're going to lie to your spouse
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你會對你的配偶撒謊，
04:56
in one out of every 10 interactions.
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每十次的交流就有一次。
04:58
Now you may think that's bad.
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現在你也許認為那不好。
05:00
If you're unmarried, that number drops to three.
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若你未婚，則數字掉至三次有一次。
05:02
Lying's complex.
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說謊是複雜糾結的。
05:04
It's woven into the fabric of our daily and our business lives.
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人們以之編造出我們每日生活、買賣交易的基本結構。
05:07
We're deeply ambivalent about the truth.
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我們對於真相深感矛盾，
05:09
We parse it out on an as-needed basis,
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我們將其解讀成一種『需要基礎』，
05:11
sometimes for very good reasons,
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有時理由十分充分，
05:13
other times just because we don't understand the gaps in our lives.
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其他時候只因我們不了解我們生活的溝渠。
05:16
That's truth number two about lying.
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那是關於說謊的真相二。
05:18
We're against lying,
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我們反對說謊,
05:20
but we're covertly for it
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但我們又暗渡陳倉，
05:22
in ways that our society has sanctioned
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以我們的社會讚許的方式
05:24
for centuries and centuries and centuries.
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存在已有好幾個世紀。
05:26
It's as old as breathing.
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如呼吸一般的久遠。
05:28
It's part of our culture, it's part of our history.
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是我們文化的一部分；歷史的一部分。
05:30
Think Dante, Shakespeare,
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想想但丁(Dante)、莎士比亞( Shakespeare)
05:33
the Bible, News of the World.
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《聖經》(Bible)、《世界新聞報》(News of the World)。
05:36
(Laughter)
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(笑)
05:38
Lying has evolutionary value to us as a species.
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說謊對身為一物種的人類有演化的貢獻。
05:40
Researchers have long known
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研究人員老早就已知
05:42
that the more intelligent the species,
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物種愈是聰明，
05:44
the larger the neocortex,
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新皮質愈是大，
05:46
the more likely it is to be deceptive.
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更可能難以捉摸。
05:48
Now you might remember Koko.
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你們也許記得Koko 。
05:50
Does anybody remember Koko the gorilla who was taught sign language?
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有誰記得被教導手語的大猩猩Koko?
05:53
Koko was taught to communicate via sign language.
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Koko被教導以手語溝通。
05:56
Here's Koko with her kitten.
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這是Koko和牠的小貓。
05:58
It's her cute little, fluffy pet kitten.
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牠的嬌小玲瓏、毛茸茸的寵物貓。
06:01
Koko once blamed her pet kitten
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Koko有次責備小寵物貓
06:03
for ripping a sink out of the wall.
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把水槽從牆上給拆下來。
06:05
(Laughter)
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(笑)
06:07
We're hardwired to become leaders of the pack.
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我們生來即為群雄/賊之首，
06:09
It's starts really, really early.
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這是真的真的很早就開始的行為。
06:11
How early?
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有多早?
06:13
Well babies will fake a cry,
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嗯，嬰兒假哭,
06:15
pause, wait to see who's coming
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停一下，等著瞧誰會來搭理,
06:17
and then go right back to crying.
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然後回頭繼續哭。
06:19
One-year-olds learn concealment.
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一歲學會隱瞞；
06:21
(Laughter)
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(笑)
06:23
Two-year-olds bluff.
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兩歲學會裝模作樣；
06:25
Five-year-olds lie outright.
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五歲撒謊不臉紅，
06:27
They manipulate via flattery.
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他們巧妙的運用花言巧語；
06:29
Nine-year-olds, masters of the cover up.
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九歲，掩飾能手；
06:32
By the time you enter college,
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到了進大學前，
06:34
you're going to lie to your mom in one out of every five interactions.
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每五次和母親的交流中，有一次你會對她撒謊。
06:37
By the time we enter this work world and we're breadwinners,
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到了進職場、掙錢養家,
06:40
we enter a world that is just cluttered
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我們進入了一個世界，充斥著
06:42
with spam, fake digital friends,
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垃圾郵件、虛假的數位朋友
06:44
partisan media,
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政黨媒體、
06:46
ingenious identity thieves,
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神通廣大的身份盜賊、
06:48
world-class Ponzi schemers,
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世界級騙局陰謀者(Ponzi schemers) 、
06:50
a deception epidemic --
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一種欺騙流行病──
06:52
in short, what one author calls
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簡而言之，某位作家稱其為
06:54
a post-truth society.
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後真相社會。
06:57
It's been very confusing
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長久以來
06:59
for a long time now.
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一直令人困或不解。
07:03
What do you do?
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你能做什麼呢?
07:05
Well there are steps we can take
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我們可以採取這些步驟
07:07
to navigate our way through the morass.
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引領我們走出泥淖的明路。
07:09
Trained liespotters get to the truth 90 percent of the time.
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受過訓的識破謊言者有百分之九十的時候，能獲得真相。
07:12
The rest of us, we're only 54 percent accurate.
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我們則只有54%的準確度。
07:15
Why is it so easy to learn?
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為何容易學呢?
07:17
There are good liars and there are bad liars. There are no real original liars.
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有擅長說謊的人和蹩腳的編謊者；沒有誰是真正的謊言原創者。
07:20
We all make the same mistakes. We all use the same techniques.
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我們都犯同樣的錯誤；我們都使用同樣的伎倆。
07:23
So what I'm going to do
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那麼，我打算做什麼呢......
07:25
is I'm going to show you two patterns of deception.
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我要讓你們看兩種欺騙的模式。
07:27
And then we're going to look at the hot spots and see if we can find them ourselves.
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然後我們來檢視這些關鍵跡象(hot spots)並看看我們自己能否找出關鍵跡象。
07:30
We're going to start with speech.
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我們先來看這段演說。
07:33
(Video) Bill Clinton: I want you to listen to me.
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(影視)比爾‧克林頓：「我要你們聽我說。
07:35
I'm going to say this again.
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我要再次重申
07:37
I did not have sexual relations
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我沒有和那女人,
07:40
with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.
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Lewinsky小姐發生性關係。
07:44
I never told anybody to lie,
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我從未教唆任何人說謊，
07:46
not a single time, never.
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一次也沒有；從未。
07:48
And these allegations are false.
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這些是子虛烏有的指控。
07:51
And I need to go back to work for the American people.
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我必須回到崗位為美國人民工作了。
07:53
Thank you.
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謝謝。」
07:58
Pamela Meyer: Okay, what were the telltale signs?
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Pamela Meyer：好，什麼是洩漏內情的訊號?
08:01
Well first we heard what's known as a non-contracted denial.
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我們聽到所謂的非縮寫式的否認。
08:05
Studies show that people who are overdetermined in their denial
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研究顯示，人們過度堅決否認
08:08
will resort to formal rather than informal language.
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會採取正式的語言而不是非正式的語言。
08:11
We also heard distancing language: "that woman."
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我們也聽到了疏離語言：『那女人』。
08:14
We know that liars will unconsciously distance themselves
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我們知道說謊者會下意識地讓自己疏離
08:16
from their subject
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與自己相關的對象，
08:18
using language as their tool.
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以語言作為他們的工具。
08:21
Now if Bill Clinton had said, "Well, to tell you the truth ... "
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若比爾‧柯林頓說了：「嗯，說真的......」
08:24
or Richard Nixon's favorite, "In all candor ... "
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或李察‧尼克森的最愛：「坦白說......」
08:26
he would have been a dead giveaway
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他早會洩漏真相
08:28
for any liespotter than knows
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給任何辨識謊言者，其明白
08:30
that qualifying language, as it's called, qualifying language like that,
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修飾語言，正如其名，像那類的修飾語言
08:33
further discredits the subject.
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敗壞對象的聲譽。
08:35
Now if he had repeated the question in its entirety,
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若言談中，他持續重覆問題
08:38
or if he had peppered his account with a little too much detail --
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或者若他的描述格外交代細節──
08:42
and we're all really glad he didn't do that --
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我們十分欣然他沒那樣做──
08:44
he would have further discredited himself.
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他就會進一步的自毁聲譽/自取其辱。
08:46
Freud had it right.
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佛洛伊德說的好。
08:48
Freud said, look, there's much more to it than speech:
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佛洛伊德說：「瞧，有更多言詞外的蛛絲馬跡：
08:51
"No mortal can keep a secret.
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『凡人守不住袐密。
08:54
If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips."
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若其雙唇緘默，他的手指喋喋不休。』」
08:57
And we all do it no matter how powerful you are.
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無論你是何方神聖，你也會這麼做。
09:00
We all chatter with our fingertips.
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我們都以手指在交談
09:02
I'm going to show you Dominique Strauss-Kahn with Obama
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我要讓你看看Dominique Strauss-Kahn(前IMF總裁)和歐巴馬
09:05
who's chattering with his fingertips.
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歐巴馬的指尖正嘮叨不停。
09:08
(Laughter)
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(笑)
09:11
Now this brings us to our next pattern,
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這正是我們接著要探討的模式,
09:14
which is body language.
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所謂『身體語言』。
09:17
With body language, here's what you've got to do.
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對於『身體語言』，你必須這麼做：
09:20
You've really got to just throw your assumptions out the door.
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請先將你的預設想法放置一旁。
09:23
Let the science temper your knowledge a little bit.
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讓科學稍稍更新你的知識。
09:25
Because we think liars fidget all the time.
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因為我們認為說謊者往往焦躁不安
09:28
Well guess what, they're known to freeze their upper bodies when they're lying.
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猜怎麼著! 據了解，當他們撒謊時，上半身是僵硬的。
09:31
We think liars won't look you in the eyes.
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我們認為說謊者不會看著你的雙眼。
09:34
Well guess what, they look you in the eyes a little too much
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你們知道嗎?!他們過度直視你的雙眼
09:36
just to compensate for that myth.
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只為讓謊言更具說服力。
09:38
We think warmth and smiles
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我們認為熱情和微笑
09:40
convey honesty, sincerity.
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傳達誠實和真誠。
09:42
But a trained liespotter
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但一個受過訓的識謊者
09:44
can spot a fake smile a mile away.
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大老遠能認出虛情假意的微笑。
09:46
Can you all spot the fake smile here?
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你們會辨識虛情假意的微笑嗎?
09:50
You can consciously contract
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你能有意識的牽動
09:52
the muscles in your cheeks.
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你臉部雙頰的肌肉。
09:55
But the real smile's in the eyes, the crow's feet of the eyes.
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但真正的笑肌在眼中，眼部的魚尾紋，
09:58
They cannot be consciously contracted,
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它們不會有意識地收縮，
10:00
especially if you overdid the Botox.
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特別是你過分施打肉毒桿菌(Botox)。
10:02
Don't overdo the Botox; nobody will think you're honest.
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別過分施打肉毒桿菌，沒有人會認為你是誠實的。
10:05
Now we're going to look at the hot spots.
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現在我們來看看關鍵跡象(hot spots)。
10:07
Can you tell what's happening in a conversation?
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你們能辨識出在對話中發生了什麼事嗎?
10:09
Can you start to find the hot spots
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你能開始發現關鍵跡象、
10:12
to see the discrepancies
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找出差異之處，
10:14
between someone's words and someone's actions?
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從某人的言談或行動之中嗎?
10:16
Now I know it seems really obvious,
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我知道這顯而易見,
10:18
but when you're having a conversation
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但當你與某個
10:20
with someone you suspect of deception,
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你懷疑其行騙的人交談，
10:23
attitude is by far the most overlooked but telling of indicators.
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態度無疑是最常受忽視，但卻是顯著指標。
10:26
An honest person is going to be cooperative.
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誠實的人會協同合作。
10:28
They're going to show they're on your side.
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他們會表明他們與你同在、
10:30
They're going to be enthusiastic.
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他們古道熱腸、
10:32
They're going to be willing and helpful to getting you to the truth.
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他們願意幫助你發現真象、
10:34
They're going to be willing to brainstorm, name suspects,
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他們願意提出妙計、指出嫌疑犯、
10:37
provide details.
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提供細節。
10:39
They're going to say, "Hey,
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他們會說：「嘿!
10:41
maybe it was those guys in payroll that forged those checks."
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也許是那些在職人員偽造那些支票。」
10:44
They're going to be infuriated if they sense they're wrongly accused
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若他們感受到不實指控，他們將勃然大怒
10:47
throughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes;
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在整個面談的過程，不只是一怒作罷；
10:49
they'll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview.
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在整個面談的過程，他們會勃然大怒。
10:52
And if you ask someone honest
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若你問某個誠實的人
10:54
what should happen to whomever did forge those checks,
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該拿那偽造支票的人怎辦，
10:57
an honest person is much more likely
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一個誠實的人更為可能
10:59
to recommend strict rather than lenient punishment.
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提議嚴厲而非寬大的懲治。
11:03
Now let's say you're having that exact same conversation
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假如說你和某個欺騙者
11:05
with someone deceptive.
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有同樣的對話。
11:07
That person may be withdrawn,
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那人可能沈默寡言、
11:09
look down, lower their voice,
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目光朝下、聲音壓低
11:11
pause, be kind of herky-jerky.
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停頓、有點反覆無常。
11:13
Ask a deceptive person to tell their story,
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請某個欺騙者陳述事情
11:15
they're going to pepper it with way too much detail
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他們會加入過多繁瑣的細節
11:18
in all kinds of irrelevant places.
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各式各樣且無關緊要。
11:21
And then they're going to tell their story in strict chronological order.
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而且他們的故事情節有嚴謹的發生時間先後。
11:24
And what a trained interrogator does
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一個受過訓練的訊問者的作法會是
11:26
is they come in and in very subtle ways
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他們神不知鬼不覺的進入
11:28
over the course of several hours,
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數個小時的面談過程，
11:30
they will ask that person to tell that story backwards,
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他們會要求那人將故事倒著說
11:33
and then they'll watch them squirm,
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接著他們盯著那些人，令其侷促不安，
11:35
and track which questions produce the highest volume of deceptive tells.
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追問那些聽來欺騙意味濃厚的疑點。
11:38
Why do they do that? Well we all do the same thing.
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為何他們如此做?我們都做相同的事。
11:41
We rehearse our words,
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我們排練要說的話，
11:43
but we rarely rehearse our gestures.
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但我們鮮少排演我們的姿態。
11:45
We say "yes," we shake our heads "no."
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我們說『是』；我們搖頭說『不』。
11:47
We tell very convincing stories, we slightly shrug our shoulders.
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我們說非常有說服力的故事；我們微微聳肩。
11:50
We commit terrible crimes,
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我們犯下可怕的罪行；
11:52
and we smile at the delight in getting away with it.
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我們卻微笑著，一派輕鬆地脫身。
11:55
Now that smile is known in the trade as "duping delight."
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在這行，『微笑』之盛名為『欺騙之快感』
11:58
And we're going to see that in several videos moving forward,
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我們會在接著的數支影片看到它。
12:01
but we're going to start -- for those of you who don't know him,
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但我們會開始......，由於你們中有人不認識他，
12:03
this is presidential candidate John Edwards
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這是總統候選人約翰‧愛得華(John Edwards),
12:06
who shocked America by fathering a child out of wedlock.
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他未婚有一子震驚全美。
12:09
We're going to see him talk about getting a paternity test.
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我們來看看他談親子鑑定。
12:12
See now if you can spot him
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看是否你們能發現
12:14
saying, "yes" while shaking his head "no,"
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他說『是』卻又搖頭『不』；
12:16
slightly shrugging his shoulders.
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稍微聳動其肩膀。
12:18
(Video) John Edwards: I'd be happy to participate in one.
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(影視)約翰‧愛得華：「我會樂意參與測試。
12:20
I know that it's not possible that this child could be mine,
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我知道這孩子不可能會是我的，
12:23
because of the timing of events.
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因為這事件發生的時機。
12:25
So I know it's not possible.
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我知道不可能。
12:27
Happy to take a paternity test,
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樂意接受親子鑑定。
12:29
and would love to see it happen.
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樂見其成。」
12:31
Interviewer: Are you going to do that soon? Is there somebody --
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訪問者：「你會快快接受測試吧?有某人......」
12:34
JE: Well, I'm only one side. I'm only one side of the test.
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約翰‧愛得華：「嗯，我是唯一的一方。我是測試的唯一一方。
12:37
But I'm happy to participate in one.
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但我高興參與測試。」
12:40
PM: Okay, those head shakes are much easier to spot
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潘蜜拉：好，這些搖動是極其容易辨識
12:42
once you know to look for them.
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一旦你明白要找出它們的話。
12:44
There're going to be times
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有好多次，好多時候
12:46
when someone makes one expression
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當某個人做一個表情時
12:48
while masking another that just kind of leaks through in a flash.
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同時掩飾另一個表情，只是在瞬間有一絲藏不住。
12:52
Murderers are known to leak sadness.
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殺人犯為人所知會流露出悲傷。
12:54
Your new joint venture partner might shake your hand,
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你新合夥事業夥伴也許和你握手、
12:56
celebrate, go out to dinner with you
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慶祝、在外共進晚餐，
12:58
and then leak an expression of anger.
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然後流露出生氣的表情。
13:01
And we're not all going to become facial expression experts overnight here,
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我們不會一夜成為面部表情專家，
13:04
but there's one I can teach you that's very dangerous, and it's easy to learn,
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但我可以教你們一招險招且易學，
13:07
and that's the expression of contempt.
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那就輕視的表情。
13:10
Now with anger, you've got two people on an even playing field.
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有兩個人在一場勢均力敵的競賽，火藥味十足。
13:13
It's still somewhat of a healthy relationship.
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這種競爭仍然是種健康的關係。
13:15
But when anger turns to contempt,
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但當生氣轉為蔑視，
13:17
you've been dismissed.
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一方就已被迫退場。
13:19
It's associated with moral superiority.
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這與道德優越感有關。
13:21
And for that reason, it's very, very hard to recover from.
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正因如此，很難再恢復。
13:24
Here's what it looks like.
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它看起來像這樣。
13:26
It's marked by one lip corner
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它的特點是一邊唇角
13:28
pulled up and in.
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上揚內縮。
13:30
It's the only asymmetrical expression.
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是唯一不對稱的表情。
13:33
And in the presence of contempt,
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這存有輕蔑的意味，
13:35
whether or not deception follows --
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是不是有欺騙行為在後──
13:37
and it doesn't always follow --
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並不一定會如此──
13:39
look the other way, go the other direction,
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看著其他的地方，走另一個方向，
13:41
reconsider the deal,
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重新思考提議，
13:43
say, "No thank you. I'm not coming up for just one more nightcap. Thank you."
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說：「不，謝了。我不勝酒力，睡意來囉。謝謝你!」
13:47
Science has surfaced
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科學已揭開
13:49
many, many more indicators.
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許許多多又更多的指標。
13:51
We know, for example,
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我們知道，舉例來說，
13:53
we know liars will shift their blink rate,
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我們知道說謊者會改變眨眼的速度，
13:55
point their feet towards an exit.
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雙腳朝著出口，隨時作好逃生準備。
13:57
They will take barrier objects
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他們會拿障礙物、
13:59
and put them between themselves and the person that is interviewing them.
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把障礙擺放在他們自己和面談的人之間。
14:02
They'll alter their vocal tone,
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他們會改變聲調，
14:04
often making their vocal tone much lower.
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往往是壓低聲調。
14:07
Now here's the deal.
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而這是對策。
14:09
These behaviors are just behaviors.
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這些舉止態度只是舉止態度，
14:12
They're not proof of deception.
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這些不是欺騙的證明。
14:14
They're red flags.
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這些是警示紅旗。
14:16
We're human beings.
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我們是人類。
14:18
We make deceptive flailing gestures all over the place all day long.
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我們到處製造假象，成天裝腔作勢。
14:21
They don't mean anything in and of themselves.
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它們本身不具任何意思或意味著什麼。
14:23
But when you see clusters of them, that's your signal.
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但若把看這些行為串起來看，就成了個人發出的訊息。
14:26
Look, listen, probe, ask some hard questions,
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注視、耹聽、刺探、問些犀厲的問題，
14:29
get out of that very comfortable mode of knowing,
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拋開舒適自在的交談模式，
14:32
walk into curiosity mode, ask more questions,
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改以好奇的交談模式，問更多的問題，
14:35
have a little dignity, treat the person you're talking to with rapport.
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態度莊重，以親和力對待和你談話的人。
14:38
Don't try to be like those folks on "Law & Order" and those other TV shows
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不要嘗試像影集《法網遊龍》(Law & Order)或其他電視劇裡的家屬那樣
14:41
that pummel their subjects into submission.
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使談話的對象屈打成招。
14:43
Don't be too aggressive, it doesn't work.
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不要太挑釁，這樣沒效。
14:46
Now we've talked a little bit
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我們已談了一些
14:48
about how to talk to someone who's lying
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關於如何與謊言假面交談
14:50
and how to spot a lie.
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識破謊言。
14:52
And as I promised, we're now going to look at what the truth looks like.
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如我開頭說的，我們要來看看真實的樣貌為何。
14:55
But I'm going to show you two videos,
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我打算讓你們看兩支錄影
14:57
two mothers -- one is lying, one is telling the truth.
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兩個母親──一個在說謊，一個說真話。
15:00
And these were surfaced
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這些是由加洲研究者
15:02
by researcher David Matsumoto in California.
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David Matsumoto 所公開的。
15:04
And I think they're an excellent example
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我認為它們是很棒的例子
15:06
of what the truth looks like.
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呈現事實的樣貌。
15:08
This mother, Diane Downs,
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這位媽媽Diane Downs
15:10
shot her kids at close range,
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近距離射擊她的小孩，
15:12
drove them to the hospital
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開車送他們去醫院的同時
15:14
while they bled all over the car,
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他們血流遍染車子，
15:16
claimed a scraggy-haired stranger did it.
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聲稱一個頭髮散亂的陌生人幹的。
15:18
And you'll see when you see the video,
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你們在片中會看到
15:20
she can't even pretend to be an agonizing mother.
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她甚至無法假裝出悲痛萬分的為人母的樣子。
15:22
What you want to look for here
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在這兒你要找出的是
15:24
is an incredible discrepancy
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一個極端的矛盾之處──
15:26
between horrific events that she describes
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她描述的恐怖駭人的事故
15:28
and her very, very cool demeanor.
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和她極其冷酷的外表之不恰當。
15:30
And if you look closely, you'll see duping delight throughout this video.
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若你仔細瞧，你會看到『欺騙之快感』慣穿整個錄影。
15:33
(Video) Diane Downs: At night when I close my eyes,
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(影視)Diane Downs：「夜裡我闔眼
15:35
I can see Christie reaching her hand out to me while I'm driving,
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我依晰可見克利斯汀向我伸出她的手，在我開車時
15:38
and the blood just kept coming out of her mouth.
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而且血不斷的從她的嘴流出。
15:41
And that -- maybe it'll fade too with time --
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而一切──也許將隨時間而淡化──
15:43
but I don't think so.
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但我可不這麼認為。
15:45
That bothers me the most.
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那令我十分困擾。」
15:55
PM: Now I'm going to show you a video
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潘蜜拉：我要讓你們看另一支影片
15:57
of an actual grieving mother, Erin Runnion,
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內容是一位傷心欲絶的母親Erin Runnion
15:59
confronting her daughter's murderer and torturer in court.
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在法庭上面對她女兒的謀殺和折磨。
16:03
Here you're going to see no false emotion,
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在這兒你會看到絲毫不虛假的情緒
16:05
just the authentic expression of a mother's agony.
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正是一位母親痛苦的真實表白。
16:08
(Video) Erin Runnion: I wrote this statement on the third anniversary
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(影視)Erin Runnion ：「在那夜的第三週年，我寫下這篇陳述
16:10
of the night you took my baby,
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那夜你奪走我的寶貝；
16:12
and you hurt her,
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你傷害她；
16:14
and you crushed her,
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你毀滅她；
16:16
you terrified her until her heart stopped.
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你讓她害怕的要命直到她心臟停止。
16:20
And she fought, and I know she fought you.
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而她反抗，我知道她努力與你拼搏。
16:23
But I know she looked at you
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然而我知道她盯著你
16:25
with those amazing brown eyes,
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以那雙驚愕的/漂亮的棕色眼睛盯著你，
16:27
and you still wanted to kill her.
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而你仍下毒手。
16:30
And I don't understand it,
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我不理解，
16:32
and I never will.
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我將永不。」
16:35
PM: Okay, there's no doubting the veracity of those emotions.
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潘蜜拉：這些情緒的真實無庸致疑。
16:39
Now the technology around what the truth looks like
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以實相為中心的科技
16:42
is progressing on, the science of it.
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日新月異──真相的科學。
16:45
We know for example
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打個比方，我們知道
16:47
that we now have specialized eye trackers and infrared brain scans,
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我們現在有了專業的眼球追蹤器和紅外線腦部掃瞄，
16:50
MRI's that can decode the signals that our bodies send out
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核磁共振造影，來解碼我們身體釋放的訊號，
16:53
when we're trying to be deceptive.
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當我們企圖欺騙時。
16:55
And these technologies are going to be marketed to all of us
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這些科技即將上市，
16:58
as panaceas for deceit,
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為解欺騙的萬靈丹，
17:00
and they will prove incredibly useful some day.
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終有一日它們會證明是出奇的有用。
17:03
But you've got to ask yourself in the meantime:
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但同時你必須自問：
17:05
Who do you want on your side of the meeting,
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你要誰在會面時，在你這一方
17:07
someone who's trained in getting to the truth
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是受訓以獲得實相的某個人
17:10
or some guy who's going to drag a 400-pound electroencephalogram
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或打算拖著400磅的電腦圖儀入門
17:12
through the door?
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的某人呢?
17:14
Liespotters rely on human tools.
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謊言辨識者依據『人性工具』作判斷。
17:18
They know, as someone once said,
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他們知道，如某人曾說過，
17:20
"Character's who you are in the dark."
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「人格是在黑暗中的你。」
17:22
And what's kind of interesting
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有點有趣的事是
17:24
is that today we have so little darkness.
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今日我們有微乎其微的黑暗。
17:26
Our world is lit up 24 hours a day.
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我們的世界一天24小時亮著,
17:29
It's transparent
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它是透明的,
17:31
with blogs and social networks
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因部落格和社群網絡
17:33
broadcasting the buzz of a whole new generation of people
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傳播全新世代的人們的議論
17:35
that have made a choice to live their lives in public.
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他們已選擇公開他們的生活來過日子,
17:38
It's a much more noisy world.
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那是一個更為紛擾的世界。
17:42
So one challenge we have
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我們有一項挑戰，
17:44
is to remember,
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是牢記
17:46
oversharing, that's not honesty.
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過度分享，不是誠實。
17:49
Our manic tweeting and texting
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狂熱的『特推』和發送短訊
17:51
can blind us to the fact
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會蒙蔽我們看清事實
17:53
that the subtleties of human decency -- character integrity --
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人類道德禮儀的精妙之處──人格正直──
17:56
that's still what matters, that's always what's going to matter.
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依舊是重要；永遠是受重視的。
17:59
So in this much noisier world,
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所以在這個更為嘈雜的世界
18:01
it might make sense for us
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對我們而言，
18:03
to be just a little bit more explicit
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多一點更明確表明
18:05
about our moral code.
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我們的道德規範是合理的。
18:08
When you combine the science of recognizing deception
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當你結合辨識詐欺的科學
18:10
with the art of looking, listening,
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和望聞的藝術,
18:12
you exempt yourself from collaborating in a lie.
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你免除了自己成為謊言共犯。
18:15
You start up that path
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你開始踏上了這條
18:17
of being just a little bit more explicit,
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只要更為直截了當、明確清楚的路徑，
18:19
because you signal to everyone around you,
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因為你對週圍的人發出訊號,
18:21
you say, "Hey, my world, our world,
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你們說：「嘿!我的世界、我們的世界
18:24
it's going to be an honest one.
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將會是一個真誠的世界。
18:26
My world is going to be one where truth is strengthened
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我的世界會是一個真相威力無敵,
18:28
and falsehood is recognized and marginalized."
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而謊言無所遁形，天地不容。」
18:31
And when you do that,
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當你這樣做,
18:33
the ground around you starts to shift just a little bit.
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你周遭開始會稍稍改變立場。
18:36
And that's the truth. Thank you.
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而這是事實，謝謝你們。
18:39
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pamela Meyer - Lie detectorPamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth.
Why you should listen
Social media expert Pamela Meyer can tell when you’re lying. If it’s not your words that give you away, it’s your posture, eyes, breathing rate, fidgets, and a host of other indicators. Worse, we are all lied to up to 200 times a day, she says, from the white lies that allow society to function smoothly to the devastating duplicities that bring down corporations and break up families.
Working with a team of researchers over several years, Meyer, who is CEO of social networking company Simpatico Networks, collected and reviewed most of the research on deception that has been published, from such fields as law-enforcement, military, psychology and espionage. She then became an expert herself, receiving advanced training in deception detection, including multiple courses of advanced training in interrogation, microexpression analysis, statement analysis, behavior and body language interpretation, and emotion recognition. Her research is synthetized in her bestselling book Liespotting.
More profile about the speakerWorking with a team of researchers over several years, Meyer, who is CEO of social networking company Simpatico Networks, collected and reviewed most of the research on deception that has been published, from such fields as law-enforcement, military, psychology and espionage. She then became an expert herself, receiving advanced training in deception detection, including multiple courses of advanced training in interrogation, microexpression analysis, statement analysis, behavior and body language interpretation, and emotion recognition. Her research is synthetized in her bestselling book Liespotting.
Pamela Meyer | Speaker | TED.com