TEDGlobal 2011
Pamela Meyer: How to spot a liar
Pamela Meyer: kuidas tabada valetajat
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Igal päeval valetatakse meile 10 kuni 200 korda ning vihjed, kuidas neid valesid tabada, võivad olla väga peened ning intuitsiooniga vastuolus. Pamela Meyer, raamatu "Liespotting" autor, näitab käitumisviise ning valupunkte, mida kasutavad need, keda treenitakse pettust ära tundma - ning ta argumenteerib, miks ausus on säilitamist väärt omadus.
Pamela Meyer - Lie detector
Pamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth. Full bio
Pamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Okay, now I don't want to alarm anybody in this room,
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Olgu, ma ei taha kedagi siin ruumis hirmutada,
00:20
but it's just come to my attention
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kuid minu tähelepanu on püüdnud see,
00:22
that the person to your right is a liar.
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et teist paremal istuv inimene on valetaja.
00:24
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
00:26
Also, the person to your left is a liar.
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Samuti on inimene teist vasakul valetaja.
00:29
Also the person sitting in your very seats is a liar.
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Ja ka teie toolis istuv inimene on valetaja.
00:32
We're all liars.
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Me oleme kõik valetajad.
00:34
What I'm going to do today
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Mida ma täna teen, on see
00:36
is I'm going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars,
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et näitan teile, mida ütleb uuring selle kohta, miks me kõik valetajad oleme,
00:39
how you can become a liespotter
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kuidas saada valede tabajaks
00:41
and why you might want to go the extra mile
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ning miks peaksid tahtma teha lisapingutusi
00:44
and go from liespotting to truth seeking,
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ning minna valede tabamisest tõe otsingutele
00:47
and ultimately to trust building.
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ning lõpuks usalduse tekitamiseni.
00:49
Now speaking of trust,
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Rääkides usaldusest,
00:52
ever since I wrote this book, "Liespotting,"
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alates sellest kui kirjutasin raamatu "Liespotting",
00:55
no one wants to meet me in person anymore, no, no, no, no, no.
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ei taha keegi enam minuga silmast silma kohtuda, ei, ei, ei, ei, ei.
00:58
They say, "It's okay, we'll email you."
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Nad ütlevad: "Pole hullu, me saadame teile meili."
01:01
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
01:03
I can't even get a coffee date at Starbucks.
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Ma ei saa isegi kohtumist Starbucksis.
01:07
My husband's like, "Honey, deception?
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Mu abikaasa küsib: "Kallis, pettus?
01:09
Maybe you could have focused on cooking. How about French cooking?"
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Võib-olla oleksid võinud keskenduda hoopis kokandusele. Kuidas oleks prantsuse kokandusega?"
01:12
So before I get started, what I'm going to do
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Nii et enne kui ma alustan,
01:14
is I'm going to clarify my goal for you,
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selgitan teile oma eesmärki,
01:17
which is not to teach a game of Gotcha.
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milleks ei ole õpetada "Vahele jäid!" mängu.
01:19
Liespotters aren't those nitpicky kids,
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Valede tabajad pole need pisivigu otsivad lapsed,
01:21
those kids in the back of the room that are shouting, "Gotcha! Gotcha!
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need lapsed ruumi tagaosas, kes karjuvad: "Vagele jäid! Vahele jäid!
01:24
Your eyebrow twitched. You flared your nostril.
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Su kulm tõmbles. Su ninasõõre laienes.
01:27
I watch that TV show 'Lie To Me.' I know you're lying."
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Ma vaatan seda saadet "Lie To Me". Ma tean, et sa valetad."
01:30
No, liespotters are armed
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Ei, valede tabajad on varustatud teaduslike teadmistega,
01:32
with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception.
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kuidas tabada pettust.
01:35
They use it to get to the truth,
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Nad kasutavad seda tõeni jõudmiseks
01:37
and they do what mature leaders do everyday;
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ning nad teevad seda, mida kogenud liidrid teevad iga päev;
01:39
they have difficult conversations with difficult people,
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neil on rasked vestlused raskete inimestega,
01:42
sometimes during very difficult times.
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vahel väga rasketel aegadel.
01:44
And they start up that path
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Ning nad alustavad seda rada
01:46
by accepting a core proposition,
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aktsepteerides põhilist eeskirja,
01:48
and that proposition is the following:
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ning see eeskiri on järgnev:
01:50
Lying is a cooperative act.
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valetamine on koostööd nõudev tegevus.
01:53
Think about it, a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance.
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Mõtle selle peale - valel pole tühja avaldusena mingit mõju.
01:57
Its power emerges
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Selle võim ilmneb siis,
01:59
when someone else agrees to believe the lie.
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kui keegi teine nõustub seda valet uskuma.
02:01
So I know it may sound like tough love,
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Ma tean, et see võib kõlada karmilt,
02:03
but look, if at some point you got lied to,
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kuid vaata, kui mingil hetkel sulle valetati,
02:07
it's because you agreed to get lied to.
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oli see sellepärast, et sa nõustusid endale valetamisega.
02:09
Truth number one about lying: Lying's a cooperative act.
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Tõde number üks valetamise kohta: valetamine on koostööd nõudev tegevus.
02:12
Now not all lies are harmful.
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Mitte kõik valed pole kahjulikud.
02:14
Sometimes we're willing participants in deception
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Mõnikord oleme me pettuses innukad osalejad
02:17
for the sake of social dignity,
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sotsiaalse väärikuse säilitamiseks,
02:20
maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret, secret.
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võib-olla selleks, et hoida saladust, mida tuleb salajas hoida, saladuses.
02:23
We say, "Nice song."
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Me ütleme: "Hea laul".
02:25
"Honey, you don't look fat in that, no."
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"Kallis, sa ei näe selles paks välja, ei."
02:28
Or we say, favorite of the digiratti,
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Või me ütleme, mis on eriti arvutiasjatundjate lemmik,
02:30
"You know, I just fished that email out of my spam folder.
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"Tead, ma just õngitsesin selle e-maili oma rämpsposti kaustast välja.
02:33
So sorry."
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Palun vabandust."
02:36
But there are times when we are unwilling participants in deception.
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Kuid on aegu, kui me oleme pettuses soovimatud osalejad.
02:39
And that can have dramatic costs for us.
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Ning sellel võivad meile olla olulised kulud.
02:42
Last year saw 997 billion dollars
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Eelmisel aastal nähti 997 miljardit dollarit
02:45
in corporate fraud alone in the United States.
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korporatiivsetes pettustes ainuüksi Ameerika Ühendriikides.
02:49
That's an eyelash under a trillion dollars.
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See on veidi alla triljoni dollari.
02:51
That's seven percent of revenues.
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See on seitse protsenti aastatuludest.
02:53
Deception can cost billions.
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Pettus võib maksta miljardeid.
02:55
Think Enron, Madoff, the mortgage crisis.
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Mõelge Enronile, Madoffile, hüpoteegikriisidele.
02:58
Or in the case of double agents and traitors,
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Või topeltagentide ning reeturite,
03:01
like Robert Hanssen or Aldrich Ames,
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nagu näiteks Robert Hanssen või Aldrich Amesi puhul,
03:03
lies can betray our country,
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valed võivad meie riigi reeta,
03:05
they can compromise our security, they can undermine democracy,
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need võivad ohustada meie turvalisust, õõnestada demokraatiat,
03:08
they can cause the deaths of those that defend us.
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nad võivad tuua surma nendele, kes meid kaitsevad.
03:11
Deception is actually serious business.
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Pettus on tegelikult tõsine asi.
03:14
This con man, Henry Oberlander,
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See pettur, Henry Oberlander,
03:16
he was such an effective con man
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oli nii efektiivne pettur,
03:18
British authorities say
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et Briti ametivõimud ütlevad,
03:20
he could have undermined the entire banking system of the Western world.
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et ta oleks võinud õõnestada kogu läänemaailma pangasüsteemi.
03:23
And you can't find this guy on Google; you can't find him anywhere.
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Ning sa ei leia seda meest Google'ist; sa ei leia teda kuskilt.
03:25
He was interviewed once, and he said the following.
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Teda intervjueeriti kord ning ta ütles järgnevat.
03:28
He said, "Look, I've got one rule."
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Ta ütles: "Vaadake, mul on üks reegel."
03:30
And this was Henry's rule, he said,
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Ja see oli Henry reegel, nagu ta ütles,
03:33
"Look, everyone is willing to give you something.
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"Vaata, igaüks on valmis sulle midagi andma.
03:35
They're ready to give you something for whatever it is they're hungry for."
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Nad on valmis sulle andma midagi vastutasuks selle eest, mida nemad vajavad."
03:38
And that's the crux of it.
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Ja selles peitub asja tuum.
03:40
If you don't want to be deceived, you have to know,
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Kui sa ei taha petetud saada, siis pead teadma,
03:42
what is it that you're hungry for?
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mis on see, millest sa puudust tunned?
03:44
And we all kind of hate to admit it.
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Ja me kõik vihkame seda endale tunnistada.
03:47
We wish we were better husbands, better wives,
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Me soovime, et oleksime paremad abikaasad, paremad naised,
03:50
smarter, more powerful,
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targemad, võimsamad,
03:52
taller, richer --
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pikemad, rikkamad -
03:54
the list goes on.
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nimekiri läheb edasi.
03:56
Lying is an attempt to bridge that gap,
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Valetamine on katse ületada see tühimik,
03:58
to connect our wishes and our fantasies
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ühendada enda soovid ja fantaasiad selle kohta,
04:00
about who we wish we were, how we wish we could be,
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kes me sooviksime olla, kuidas me sooviksime olla,
04:03
with what we're really like.
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sellega, millised me tegelikult oleme.
04:06
And boy are we willing to fill in those gaps in our lives with lies.
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Ning me oleme tõesti valmis need tühimikud oma elus täitma valedega.
04:09
On a given day, studies show that you may be lied to
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Uuringud näitavad, et igal päeval võidakse sulle valetada
04:12
anywhere from 10 to 200 times.
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vahemikus 10 kuni 200 korda.
04:14
Now granted, many of those are white lies.
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Arvesse on võetud, et paljud neist on hädavaled.
04:17
But in another study,
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Kuid ühes teises uuringus
04:19
it showed that strangers lied three times
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paljastati, et võõrad valetasid kolm korda
04:21
within the first 10 minutes of meeting each other.
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esimese kümne minuti jooksul võõraga kohtudes.
04:23
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
04:25
Now when we first hear this data, we recoil.
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Kui me esimest korda neid andmeid kuuleme, me tõmbume tagasi.
04:28
We can't believe how prevalent lying is.
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Me ei suuda uskuda, kui valdav valetamine on.
04:30
We're essentially against lying.
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Põhimõtteliselt oleme me valetamise vastu.
04:32
But if you look more closely,
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Kuid lähemalt uurides
04:34
the plot actually thickens.
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muutub olukord keerulisemaks.
04:36
We lie more to strangers than we lie to coworkers.
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Me valetame rohkem võõrastele kui me valetame töökaaslastele.
04:39
Extroverts lie more than introverts.
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Ekstroverdid valetavad rohkem kui introverdid.
04:43
Men lie eight times more about themselves
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Mehed valetavad enda kohta kaheksa korda rohkem
04:46
than they do other people.
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kui teiste kohta.
04:48
Women lie more to protect other people.
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Naised valetavad rohkem teiste inimeste kaitsmiseks.
04:51
If you're an average married couple,
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Kui te olete tavaline abielupaar,
04:54
you're going to lie to your spouse
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siis valetate ilmselt oma abikaasale
04:56
in one out of every 10 interactions.
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ühe korra iga 10 suhtluse kohta.
04:58
Now you may think that's bad.
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Sa võid nüüd mõelda, et see on halb.
05:00
If you're unmarried, that number drops to three.
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Kui sa abielus pole, kukub see number kolmeni.
05:02
Lying's complex.
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Valetamine on keeruline.
05:04
It's woven into the fabric of our daily and our business lives.
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See on pikitud meie igapäevaelusse ning äritegevusse.
05:07
We're deeply ambivalent about the truth.
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Me oleme valetamise suhtes vastakad.
05:09
We parse it out on an as-needed basis,
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Me liigendame selle vajalikkuse põhjal,
05:11
sometimes for very good reasons,
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vahel väga heade põhjustega,
05:13
other times just because we don't understand the gaps in our lives.
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teistel juhtudel ainult sellepärast, et me ei mõista tühimikke enda elus.
05:16
That's truth number two about lying.
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See on tõde number kaks valetamise kohta.
05:18
We're against lying,
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Me oleme valetamise vastu,
05:20
but we're covertly for it
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kuid salaja oleme me selle poolt
05:22
in ways that our society has sanctioned
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viisidel, mida meie ühiskond on lubanud
05:24
for centuries and centuries and centuries.
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sajandeid ja sajandeid ja sajandeid.
05:26
It's as old as breathing.
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See on sama vana kui hingamine.
05:28
It's part of our culture, it's part of our history.
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See on osa meie kultuurist, osa ajaloost.
05:30
Think Dante, Shakespeare,
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Mõelge Dantele, Shakespeare'ile,
05:33
the Bible, News of the World.
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piiblile, Maailma Uudistele.
05:36
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
05:38
Lying has evolutionary value to us as a species.
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Valetamisel on evolutsiooniline väärtus meile kui liigile.
05:40
Researchers have long known
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Uurijad on ammu teadnud,
05:42
that the more intelligent the species,
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et mida intelligentsem liik,
05:44
the larger the neocortex,
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seda suurem otsmikusagar,
05:46
the more likely it is to be deceptive.
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ning seda suurema tõenäosusega on see petlik.
05:48
Now you might remember Koko.
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Te võite mäletada Kokot.
05:50
Does anybody remember Koko the gorilla who was taught sign language?
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Kas keegi mäletab gorilla Kokot, kellele õpetati viipekeelt?
05:53
Koko was taught to communicate via sign language.
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Kokot õpetati suhtlema viipekeele teel.
05:56
Here's Koko with her kitten.
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Siin on näha Koko tema kassipojaga.
05:58
It's her cute little, fluffy pet kitten.
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See on tema armas, väike ning kohev kassipoeg.
06:01
Koko once blamed her pet kitten
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Koko süüdistas kord oma kassipoega
06:03
for ripping a sink out of the wall.
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valamu seinast väljarebimises.
06:05
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
06:07
We're hardwired to become leaders of the pack.
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Meile on sisse kodeeritud vajadus saada grupi liidriks.
06:09
It's starts really, really early.
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See algab väga, väga varakult.
06:11
How early?
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Kui varakult?
06:13
Well babies will fake a cry,
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Imikud võltsivad nutmist,
06:15
pause, wait to see who's coming
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teevad pausi, ootavad, et näha, kes tuleb,
06:17
and then go right back to crying.
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ning siis jätkavad nutmisega.
06:19
One-year-olds learn concealment.
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1-aastased õpivad varjamist.
06:21
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
06:23
Two-year-olds bluff.
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2-aastased blufivad.
06:25
Five-year-olds lie outright.
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5-aastased lausa valetavad.
06:27
They manipulate via flattery.
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Nad manipuleerivad meelitustega.
06:29
Nine-year-olds, masters of the cover up.
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9-aastased on varjamises meistrid.
06:32
By the time you enter college,
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Selleks ajaks, kui astud ülikooli,
06:34
you're going to lie to your mom in one out of every five interactions.
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valetad sa oma emale kord iga 5 suhtluskorra kohta.
06:37
By the time we enter this work world and we're breadwinners,
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Selleks ajaks, kui siseneme töömaailma ning oleme perekonna toitjad,
06:40
we enter a world that is just cluttered
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siseneme maailma, mis on täis kuhjatud
06:42
with spam, fake digital friends,
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rämpsposti, võltse internetisõpru,
06:44
partisan media,
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oma asja ajavat meediat,
06:46
ingenious identity thieves,
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geniaalseid identiteedivargaid,
06:48
world-class Ponzi schemers,
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maailmatasemel Ponzi skeemi elluviijaid,
06:50
a deception epidemic --
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pettuse epideemia -
06:52
in short, what one author calls
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lühidalt öeldes midagi, mida üks autor nimetab
06:54
a post-truth society.
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tõejärgseks ühiskonnaks.
06:57
It's been very confusing
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See on olnud väga segadusseajav
06:59
for a long time now.
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juba pikemat aega.
07:03
What do you do?
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Mida teha?
07:05
Well there are steps we can take
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On mõningad sammud, mille me saame astuda,
07:07
to navigate our way through the morass.
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et leida oma tee üle selle libeda jää.
07:09
Trained liespotters get to the truth 90 percent of the time.
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Treenitud valede tabajad jõuavad tõeni 99% juhtudest.
07:12
The rest of us, we're only 54 percent accurate.
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Meie, ülejäänud, oleme aga ainult 54% täpsed.
07:15
Why is it so easy to learn?
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Miks on seda nii lihtne õppida?
07:17
There are good liars and there are bad liars. There are no real original liars.
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On olemas head valetajad ning halvad valetajad. Pole olemas sünnipäraseid valetajaid.
07:20
We all make the same mistakes. We all use the same techniques.
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Me kõik teeme samu vigu. Me kõik kasutame samu tehnikaid.
07:23
So what I'm going to do
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Nii et mida ma nüüd teen,
07:25
is I'm going to show you two patterns of deception.
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on see, et näitan teile kahte pettuste mustrit.
07:27
And then we're going to look at the hot spots and see if we can find them ourselves.
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Ning siis uurime valupunkte ning vaatame, kas oleme suutelised need ise üles leidma.
07:30
We're going to start with speech.
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Alustame kõnega.
07:33
(Video) Bill Clinton: I want you to listen to me.
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Bill Clinton: Ma tahan, et te mind kuulaksite.
07:35
I'm going to say this again.
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Ma ei ütle seda uuesti.
07:37
I did not have sexual relations
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Mul ei olnud seksuaalsuhteid
07:40
with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.
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selle naise, miss Lewinskyga.
07:44
I never told anybody to lie,
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Ma ei käskinud kellelgi valetada,
07:46
not a single time, never.
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mitte ühtegi korda, mitte kunagi.
07:48
And these allegations are false.
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Ning need süüdistused on valed.
07:51
And I need to go back to work for the American people.
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Ning nüüd pean ma minema tagasi, et töötada ameeriklaste heaks.
07:53
Thank you.
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Aitäh.
07:58
Pamela Meyer: Okay, what were the telltale signs?
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Pamela Meyer: Olgu, mis olid äraandvad märgid?
08:01
Well first we heard what's known as a non-contracted denial.
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Esimesena kuulsime midagi, mis on tuntud kui mitte-kitsenenud eitus.
08:05
Studies show that people who are overdetermined in their denial
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Uuringud näitavad, et inimesed, kes on liigselt veendunud oma eituses,
08:08
will resort to formal rather than informal language.
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kasutavad pigem formaalset kui igapäevast kõneviisi.
08:11
We also heard distancing language: "that woman."
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Samuti kuulsime me distantseeruvat kõneviisi: "see naine".
08:14
We know that liars will unconsciously distance themselves
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Me teame, et valetajad tekitavad
08:16
from their subject
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enda ja teema vahele distantsi,
08:18
using language as their tool.
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kasutades selleks kõneviisi.
08:21
Now if Bill Clinton had said, "Well, to tell you the truth ... "
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Kui Bill Clinton oleks öelnud: "Noh, tõtt öeldes..."
08:24
or Richard Nixon's favorite, "In all candor ... "
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või Richard Nixoni lemmikfraasi "Täie avameelsusega...",
08:26
he would have been a dead giveaway
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oleks ta olnud kindel äraandja
08:28
for any liespotter than knows
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igale valede tabajale, kes teab,
08:30
that qualifying language, as it's called, qualifying language like that,
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et kõneviisi piiritlemine, nagu seda kutsutakse, niiviisi kõneviisi piiritlemine,
08:33
further discredits the subject.
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tekitab usaldamatust teema vastu.
08:35
Now if he had repeated the question in its entirety,
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Kui ta oleks korranud tervet küsimust,
08:38
or if he had peppered his account with a little too much detail --
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või kui ta oleks lisanud veidi liiga palju detaile -
08:42
and we're all really glad he didn't do that --
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ning me kõik oleme väga õnnelikud, et ta seda ei teinud -
08:44
he would have further discredited himself.
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oleks ta võinud tekitada iseenda vastu usaldamatust.
08:46
Freud had it right.
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Freudil oli õigus.
08:48
Freud said, look, there's much more to it than speech:
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Freud ütles, et vaadake, selles on palju enamat kui lihtsalt kõne:
08:51
"No mortal can keep a secret.
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"Üksi surelik ei suuda saladust hoida.
08:54
If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips."
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Kui ta huuled on vaiksed, lobiseb ta oma sõrmeotstega."
08:57
And we all do it no matter how powerful you are.
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Ja me kõik teeme seda, vaatamata sellele, kui vägevad me oleme.
09:00
We all chatter with our fingertips.
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Me kõik lobiseme oma sõrmeotstega.
09:02
I'm going to show you Dominique Strauss-Kahn with Obama
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Ma näitan teile Dominique Strauss-Kahni Obamaga,
09:05
who's chattering with his fingertips.
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kes lobiseb oma sõrmeotstega.
09:08
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
09:11
Now this brings us to our next pattern,
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See viib meid järgmise mustrini,
09:14
which is body language.
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milleks on kehakeel.
09:17
With body language, here's what you've got to do.
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Kehakeelega peab käituma järgmiselt -
09:20
You've really got to just throw your assumptions out the door.
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sa pead lihtsalt oma oletused välja viskama.
09:23
Let the science temper your knowledge a little bit.
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Lase teadusel oma teadmisi karastada.
09:25
Because we think liars fidget all the time.
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Me arvame, et valetajad nihelevad kogu aeg.
09:28
Well guess what, they're known to freeze their upper bodies when they're lying.
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Aga arvake mis - nad on tuntud selle järgi, et nad seiskavad oma ülakeha, kui nad valetavad.
09:31
We think liars won't look you in the eyes.
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Me arvame, et valetajad ei vaata sulle silma.
09:34
Well guess what, they look you in the eyes a little too much
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Aga arvake uuesti - nad vaatavad sulle isegi veidi liiga palju silma,
09:36
just to compensate for that myth.
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lihtsalt et seda müüti kompenseerida.
09:38
We think warmth and smiles
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Me arvame, et soojus ning naeratused
09:40
convey honesty, sincerity.
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annavad edasi ausust ning siirust.
09:42
But a trained liespotter
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Kuid treenitud valede tabaja
09:44
can spot a fake smile a mile away.
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suudab võltsnaeratuse ära tabada miili kauguselt.
09:46
Can you all spot the fake smile here?
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Kas te suudate siin võltsnaeratuse ära tabada?
09:50
You can consciously contract
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Sa võid teadlikult pingutada
09:52
the muscles in your cheeks.
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lihaseid põskedes.
09:55
But the real smile's in the eyes, the crow's feet of the eyes.
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Kuid tõeline naeratus on silmades, kanavarvastes silmade juures.
09:58
They cannot be consciously contracted,
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Neid ei saa tahtlikult pingutada,
10:00
especially if you overdid the Botox.
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eriti siis kui Botoxiga on liiale mindud.
10:02
Don't overdo the Botox; nobody will think you're honest.
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Ära liialda Botoxiga; keegi ei usu, et sa oled aus.
10:05
Now we're going to look at the hot spots.
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Nüüd vaatame valupunkte.
10:07
Can you tell what's happening in a conversation?
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Kas sa oskad öelda, mis toimub vestluses?
10:09
Can you start to find the hot spots
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Kas sa oskad leida valupunktid,
10:12
to see the discrepancies
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et näha lahkhelisid
10:14
between someone's words and someone's actions?
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kellegi sõnade ning tegude vahel?
10:16
Now I know it seems really obvious,
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Ma tean, et see tundub väga ilmselge,
10:18
but when you're having a conversation
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kuid kui sa pead ülal vestlust kellegagi,
10:20
with someone you suspect of deception,
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keda kahtlustad pettuses,
10:23
attitude is by far the most overlooked but telling of indicators.
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on hoiak kõige rohkem ütlev, kuid kõige tihedamini läbi sõrmede vaadatav indikaator.
10:26
An honest person is going to be cooperative.
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Aus inimene on koostööaldis.
10:28
They're going to show they're on your side.
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Nad näitavad, et on sinu poolel.
10:30
They're going to be enthusiastic.
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Nad on entusiastlikud.
10:32
They're going to be willing and helpful to getting you to the truth.
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Nad on innukad ning abivalmid, aitamaks sul jõuda tõeni.
10:34
They're going to be willing to brainstorm, name suspects,
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Nad on valmis tegema ajurünnakut, nimetama kahtlusaluseid,
10:37
provide details.
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pakkuma detaile.
10:39
They're going to say, "Hey,
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Nad ütlevad: "Hei,
10:41
maybe it was those guys in payroll that forged those checks."
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võib-olla olid need, kes tšekke võltsisid, need mehed palgalehtedega."
10:44
They're going to be infuriated if they sense they're wrongly accused
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Nad saavad maruvihaseks, kui tajuvad, et neid süüdistatakse alusetult
10:47
throughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes;
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terve intervjuu vältel, mitte ainult osade juures;
10:49
they'll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview.
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nad on maruvihasd terve intervjuu vältel.
10:52
And if you ask someone honest
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Ning kui sa küsid kelleltki ausalt,
10:54
what should happen to whomever did forge those checks,
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mis peaks juhtuma nendega, kes võltsisid tšekke,
10:57
an honest person is much more likely
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on suurem tõenäosus, et aus inimene
10:59
to recommend strict rather than lenient punishment.
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soovitab karmi, mitte leebet karistust.
11:03
Now let's say you're having that exact same conversation
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Oletame, et sul on käsil täpselt sama vestlus
11:05
with someone deceptive.
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kellegagi, kes on petlik.
11:07
That person may be withdrawn,
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See inimene võib olla endassetõmbunud,
11:09
look down, lower their voice,
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ta võib vaadata maha, madaldada häält,
11:11
pause, be kind of herky-jerky.
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teha pause, olla püsimatu.
11:13
Ask a deceptive person to tell their story,
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Paluge petlikul inimesel endale oma lugu rääkida,
11:15
they're going to pepper it with way too much detail
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nad vürtsitavad seda liiga paljude detailidega
11:18
in all kinds of irrelevant places.
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ebaolulistes kohtades.
11:21
And then they're going to tell their story in strict chronological order.
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Ning siis räägivad nad oma lugu rangelt kronoloogilises järjekorras.
11:24
And what a trained interrogator does
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Ning mida treenitud ülekuulaja teeb,
11:26
is they come in and in very subtle ways
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on see, et nad tulevad sisse ning väga peenel viisil,
11:28
over the course of several hours,
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mitme tunni vältel,
11:30
they will ask that person to tell that story backwards,
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paluvad sel inimesel rääkida lugu tagurpidi,
11:33
and then they'll watch them squirm,
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ja siis jälgivad nad neid vingerdamas,
11:35
and track which questions produce the highest volume of deceptive tells.
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ning nad jälgivad, millised küsimused saavad kõige suurema arvu petlikke väiteid.
11:38
Why do they do that? Well we all do the same thing.
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Miks nad seda teevad? Me teeme kõik sama asja.
11:41
We rehearse our words,
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Me harjutame oma sõnu,
11:43
but we rarely rehearse our gestures.
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kuid me harjutame oma žeste väga harva.
11:45
We say "yes," we shake our heads "no."
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Me ütleme "jah", me raputame pead "ei".
11:47
We tell very convincing stories, we slightly shrug our shoulders.
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Me ütleme väga veenvaid lugusid, me kehitame kergelt õlgu.
11:50
We commit terrible crimes,
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Me sooritame jõledaid kuritegusid,
11:52
and we smile at the delight in getting away with it.
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ning me naeratame naudingus, et me pääseme puhta nahaga.
11:55
Now that smile is known in the trade as "duping delight."
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See naeratus on tuntud kui "haneks tõmbamise rõõm".
11:58
And we're going to see that in several videos moving forward,
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Ja me näeme seda edasi liikudes mitmes videos,
12:01
but we're going to start -- for those of you who don't know him,
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aga me alustame - nende jaoks kes teda ei tea,
12:03
this is presidential candidate John Edwards
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see on presidendikandidaat John Edwards,
12:06
who shocked America by fathering a child out of wedlock.
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kes šokeeris Ameerikat saades abieluvälise lapse isaks.
12:09
We're going to see him talk about getting a paternity test.
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Me näeme teda rääkimas isadustesti tegemisest.
12:12
See now if you can spot him
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Vaadake nüüd, kas te suudate ta tabada
12:14
saying, "yes" while shaking his head "no,"
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ütlemas "jah", samal ajal kui ta raputab pead "ei",
12:16
slightly shrugging his shoulders.
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vaikselt õlgu kehitades.
12:18
(Video) John Edwards: I'd be happy to participate in one.
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John Edwards: Ma olen väga rahul, et saan sellest osa võtta.
12:20
I know that it's not possible that this child could be mine,
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Ma tean, et see pole võimalik, et see laps võib olla minu oma
12:23
because of the timing of events.
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sündmuste ajastuse pärast.
12:25
So I know it's not possible.
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Nii et ma tean, et see pole võimalik.
12:27
Happy to take a paternity test,
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Teen rõõmuga isadustesti,
12:29
and would love to see it happen.
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ning vaatan hea meelega selle täideviimist.
12:31
Interviewer: Are you going to do that soon? Is there somebody --
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Intervjueerija: Kas te teete seda varsti? Kas on keegi --
12:34
JE: Well, I'm only one side. I'm only one side of the test.
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JE: Noh, ma olen ainult üks pool. Ma olen ainult testi üks pool.
12:37
But I'm happy to participate in one.
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Aga ma olen rõõmuga nõus osalema.
12:40
PM: Okay, those head shakes are much easier to spot
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PM: Olgu, neid pearaputusi on palju kergem tabada,
12:42
once you know to look for them.
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kui sa tead neid otsida.
12:44
There're going to be times
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Tuleb aegu,
12:46
when someone makes one expression
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kui keegi teeb ühe ilme,
12:48
while masking another that just kind of leaks through in a flash.
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varjates sellga teist, mis enam-vähem lekib läbi.
12:52
Murderers are known to leak sadness.
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Mõrvarid on tuntud lekitama kurbust.
12:54
Your new joint venture partner might shake your hand,
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Su uus ühisfirma partner võib su kätt suruda,
12:56
celebrate, go out to dinner with you
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tähistada, sinuga õhtusöögile minna
12:58
and then leak an expression of anger.
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ning siis välja näidata vihast ilmet.
13:01
And we're not all going to become facial expression experts overnight here,
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Ja meist kõigist ei saa üleöö näoilmete eksperdid,
13:04
but there's one I can teach you that's very dangerous, and it's easy to learn,
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kuid on üks, mis on väga ohtlik, ning seda on lihtne õppida,
13:07
and that's the expression of contempt.
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ning see on põlguse ilme.
13:10
Now with anger, you've got two people on an even playing field.
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Viha puhul on sul kaks inimest, kes on võrdsel tasemel.
13:13
It's still somewhat of a healthy relationship.
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See on siiski mõningal määral tervislik suhe.
13:15
But when anger turns to contempt,
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Kuid kui vihast saab põlgus,
13:17
you've been dismissed.
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oled sa vabastatud.
13:19
It's associated with moral superiority.
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Seda seostatakse moraalse üleolekuga.
13:21
And for that reason, it's very, very hard to recover from.
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Ning sel põhjusel on sellest väga, väga raske taastuda.
13:24
Here's what it looks like.
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See näeb välja selline.
13:26
It's marked by one lip corner
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Seda märgitakse ühe suurnurgaga, mis on
13:28
pulled up and in.
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tõmmatud üles ning sisse.
13:30
It's the only asymmetrical expression.
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See on ainus asümmeetriline ilme.
13:33
And in the presence of contempt,
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Ning põlguse olemasolul,
13:35
whether or not deception follows --
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vahet pole kas pettus järgneb -
13:37
and it doesn't always follow --
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ning see ei pruugi alati järgneda -
13:39
look the other way, go the other direction,
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vaata teises suunas, mine teises suunas,
13:41
reconsider the deal,
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mõtle pakkumine ümber,
13:43
say, "No thank you. I'm not coming up for just one more nightcap. Thank you."
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ütle: "Ei, aitäh. Ma ei tule veel ühe dringi jaoks üles. Aitäh."
13:47
Science has surfaced
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Teadus on pinnale aidanud
13:49
many, many more indicators.
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veel mitmeid indikaatoreid.
13:51
We know, for example,
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Me teame, näiteks
13:53
we know liars will shift their blink rate,
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me teame, et valetajad muudavad enda pilgutamissagedust,
13:55
point their feet towards an exit.
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suunavad jalad väljapääsu poole.
13:57
They will take barrier objects
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Nad võtavad barjääriks esemeid
13:59
and put them between themselves and the person that is interviewing them.
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ning panevad need enda ning inimese, kes neid intervjueerib, vahele.
14:02
They'll alter their vocal tone,
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Nad muudavad oma hääletooni,
14:04
often making their vocal tone much lower.
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tihti muudavad nad oma hääletooni tunduvalt madalamaks.
14:07
Now here's the deal.
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Siin on konks.
14:09
These behaviors are just behaviors.
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Need käitumismallid on vaid käitumismallid.
14:12
They're not proof of deception.
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Need ei ole tõend pettusest.
14:14
They're red flags.
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Need on hoiatavad punased lipud.
14:16
We're human beings.
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Me oleme elusolendid.
14:18
We make deceptive flailing gestures all over the place all day long.
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Me teeme pidevalt petlikke žeste.
14:21
They don't mean anything in and of themselves.
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Need ei tähenda aga endast midagi.
14:23
But when you see clusters of them, that's your signal.
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Kuid kui sa näed nende kobarat, on see su hoiatussignaal.
14:26
Look, listen, probe, ask some hard questions,
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Jälgi, kuula, kombi pinda, küsi raskeid küsimusi,
14:29
get out of that very comfortable mode of knowing,
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murra välja mugavast "teadmise" seisundist,
14:32
walk into curiosity mode, ask more questions,
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liigu uudishimulikku seisundisse, küsi rohkem küsimusi,
14:35
have a little dignity, treat the person you're talking to with rapport.
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säilita väärikus, kohtle inimest, kellega sa räägid, pideva kontaktiga.
14:38
Don't try to be like those folks on "Law & Order" and those other TV shows
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Ära ürita olla nagu need inimesed sarjas "Seaduse nimel" või neis teistes telesarjades,
14:41
that pummel their subjects into submission.
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mis taovad oma kahtlusalused allumisele.
14:43
Don't be too aggressive, it doesn't work.
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Ära ole liiga agressiivne, see ei toimi.
14:46
Now we've talked a little bit
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Nüüd oleme veidi rääkinud
14:48
about how to talk to someone who's lying
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kuidas rääkida kellegagi, kes valetab
14:50
and how to spot a lie.
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ning kuidas tabada valet.
14:52
And as I promised, we're now going to look at what the truth looks like.
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Ning nagu ma lubasin, nüüd vaatame me, milline näeb välja tõde.
14:55
But I'm going to show you two videos,
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Aga ma näitan teile kahte videot,
14:57
two mothers -- one is lying, one is telling the truth.
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kahte ema - üks valetab, teine räägib tõtt.
15:00
And these were surfaced
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Ning need ilmusid
15:02
by researcher David Matsumoto in California.
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tänu uurija David Matsumotole Californiast.
15:04
And I think they're an excellent example
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Ja ma arvan et need on fantastilised näited sellest,
15:06
of what the truth looks like.
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milline tõde välja näeb.
15:08
This mother, Diane Downs,
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See ema, Diane Downs,
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shot her kids at close range,
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tulistas oma lapsi lähedalt,
15:12
drove them to the hospital
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sõidutas nad haiglasse
15:14
while they bled all over the car,
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kui nad autos veritsesid,
15:16
claimed a scraggy-haired stranger did it.
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väitis, et seda tegi rääbakas võõras.
15:18
And you'll see when you see the video,
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Ja te näete, kui videot vaatate,
15:20
she can't even pretend to be an agonizing mother.
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ta ei suuda isegi teeselda, et on piinades ema.
15:22
What you want to look for here
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Mida te siin vaatama peaks,
15:24
is an incredible discrepancy
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on uskumatu lahknevus
15:26
between horrific events that she describes
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kohutavate sündmuste, mida ta kirjeldab,
15:28
and her very, very cool demeanor.
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ning tema väga, väga jaheda käitumisviisi vahel.
15:30
And if you look closely, you'll see duping delight throughout this video.
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Ning kui te vaatate lähedalt, näete te ta haneks tõmbamise rõõmu.
15:33
(Video) Diane Downs: At night when I close my eyes,
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Diane Downs: Õhtuti, kui ma silmad sulgen,
15:35
I can see Christie reaching her hand out to me while I'm driving,
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näen ma Christie't sirutamas oma kätt minu poole kui ma juhin,
15:38
and the blood just kept coming out of her mouth.
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ning verd, mis lihtsalt voolas ta suust välja.
15:41
And that -- maybe it'll fade too with time --
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Ja see... võib- olla tuhmub see ajaga...
15:43
but I don't think so.
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kuid ma ei usu.
15:45
That bothers me the most.
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See häirib mind kõige rohkem.
15:55
PM: Now I'm going to show you a video
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PM: Nüüd näitan ma teile videot
15:57
of an actual grieving mother, Erin Runnion,
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päriselt leinavast emast, Erin Runnionist,
15:59
confronting her daughter's murderer and torturer in court.
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kes astub kohtus vastu oma tütre mõrvarile ning piinajale.
16:03
Here you're going to see no false emotion,
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Siin ei näe te ühtegi võltsi emotsiooni,
16:05
just the authentic expression of a mother's agony.
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lihtsalt võltsimatut ilmet ema agooniast.
16:08
(Video) Erin Runnion: I wrote this statement on the third anniversary
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Erin Runnion: ma kirjutasin selle avalduse kolmandal aastapäeval,
16:10
of the night you took my baby,
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kui sa võtsid minult mu lapsukese,
16:12
and you hurt her,
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ning sa tegid talle haiget,
16:14
and you crushed her,
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ning sa purustasid ta,
16:16
you terrified her until her heart stopped.
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sa hirmutasid teda kuni ta süda seiskus.
16:20
And she fought, and I know she fought you.
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Ja ta võitles, ja ma tean et ta võitles su vastu.
16:23
But I know she looked at you
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Ning ma tean et ta vaatas sind
16:25
with those amazing brown eyes,
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nende hämmastavate pruunide silmadega,
16:27
and you still wanted to kill her.
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ning sa tahtsid teda ikka tappa.
16:30
And I don't understand it,
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Ja ma ei mõista seda,
16:32
and I never will.
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ja ei hakka kunagi mõistma.
16:35
PM: Okay, there's no doubting the veracity of those emotions.
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PM: Olgu, siin pole mingit põhjust kahelda nende emotsioonide tõepärasuses.
16:39
Now the technology around what the truth looks like
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Nüüd see tehnoloogia, mis keerleb selle ümber, milline tõde välja näeb,
16:42
is progressing on, the science of it.
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areneb edasi, ka selle teadus.
16:45
We know for example
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Me teame näiteks,
16:47
that we now have specialized eye trackers and infrared brain scans,
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et meil on nüüd spetsialiseeritud silmaradarid ning infrapunaga ajuskännerid,
16:50
MRI's that can decode the signals that our bodies send out
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MRI'd, mis võivad dekodeerida signaale, mis meie kehad välja saadavad,
16:53
when we're trying to be deceptive.
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kui üritame olla petlikud.
16:55
And these technologies are going to be marketed to all of us
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Ja neid tehnoloogiaid hakatakse meile kõigile turustama
16:58
as panaceas for deceit,
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kui imeravi pettuste vastu,
17:00
and they will prove incredibly useful some day.
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ning need saavad kunagi hämmastavalt kasulikuks.
17:03
But you've got to ask yourself in the meantime:
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Kuid vahepeal pead sa endalt küsima:
17:05
Who do you want on your side of the meeting,
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Keda sa kohtumisel enda poolele tahad -
17:07
someone who's trained in getting to the truth
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kedagi, keda on treenitud jõudma välja tõeni,
17:10
or some guy who's going to drag a 400-pound electroencephalogram
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või kedagi, kes veab 180-kilose elektroentsefalogrammi
17:12
through the door?
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läbi ukseava?
17:14
Liespotters rely on human tools.
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Valede tabajad toetuvad inimtööriistadele.
17:18
They know, as someone once said,
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Nad teavad, nagu keegi kunagi ütles,
17:20
"Character's who you are in the dark."
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"Karakterid, kes sa oled pimedas."
17:22
And what's kind of interesting
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Ja mis on päris huvitav,
17:24
is that today we have so little darkness.
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on see, et täna on meil nii vähe pimedust.
17:26
Our world is lit up 24 hours a day.
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Meie maailm on süüdatud 24 tundi päevas.
17:29
It's transparent
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See on läbipaistev
17:31
with blogs and social networks
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blogide ja sotsiaalvõrgustikega,
17:33
broadcasting the buzz of a whole new generation of people
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mis teadustavad terve uue inimestegeneratsiooni suminat,
17:35
that have made a choice to live their lives in public.
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kes on teinud enda otsuseks elada oma elu avalikkuse ees.
17:38
It's a much more noisy world.
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See on palju kärarikkam maailm.
17:42
So one challenge we have
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Nii et üks väljakutse mis meil on,
17:44
is to remember,
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on mäletada,
17:46
oversharing, that's not honesty.
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ülejagamine, see pole ausus.
17:49
Our manic tweeting and texting
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Meie maniakaalne tweetimine ja sõnumite saatmine
17:51
can blind us to the fact
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võib meid pimestada kuni faktini,
17:53
that the subtleties of human decency -- character integrity --
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et inimeste sündsustunde nüanss - karakteri puutumatus -
17:56
that's still what matters, that's always what's going to matter.
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on ikka, mis loeb, see on see, mis jääb alatiseks lugema.
17:59
So in this much noisier world,
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Nii et siin palju kärarikkamas maailmas
18:01
it might make sense for us
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võib see meile loogiline tunduda,
18:03
to be just a little bit more explicit
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et tuleb olla veidi rohkem otsene
18:05
about our moral code.
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meie moraalikoodeksiga.
18:08
When you combine the science of recognizing deception
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Kui kombineerida pettuste äratundmise teaduse
18:10
with the art of looking, listening,
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vaatamise ning kuulamise kunstiga,
18:12
you exempt yourself from collaborating in a lie.
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vabastad sa ennast valedes osalemisest.
18:15
You start up that path
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Sa alustad seda rada
18:17
of being just a little bit more explicit,
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olles ainult natuke otsesem,
18:19
because you signal to everyone around you,
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sest sa annad kõigile enda ümber märku,
18:21
you say, "Hey, my world, our world,
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sa ütled : "Hei, minu maailm, meie maailm,
18:24
it's going to be an honest one.
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see saab olema aus.
18:26
My world is going to be one where truth is strengthened
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Minu maailm saab olema koht, kus tõde on kindlustatud
18:28
and falsehood is recognized and marginalized."
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ning valelikkus tuntakse ära ning see muudetakse tähtsusetuks."
18:31
And when you do that,
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Ning kui sa seda teed,
18:33
the ground around you starts to shift just a little bit.
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siis pind su ümber hakkab pisut nihkuma.
18:36
And that's the truth. Thank you.
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Ja see on tõde. Aitäh.
18:39
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pamela Meyer - Lie detectorPamela Meyer thinks we’re facing a pandemic of deception, but she’s arming people with tools that can help take back the truth.
Why you should listen
Social media expert Pamela Meyer can tell when you’re lying. If it’s not your words that give you away, it’s your posture, eyes, breathing rate, fidgets, and a host of other indicators. Worse, we are all lied to up to 200 times a day, she says, from the white lies that allow society to function smoothly to the devastating duplicities that bring down corporations and break up families.
Working with a team of researchers over several years, Meyer, who is CEO of social networking company Simpatico Networks, collected and reviewed most of the research on deception that has been published, from such fields as law-enforcement, military, psychology and espionage. She then became an expert herself, receiving advanced training in deception detection, including multiple courses of advanced training in interrogation, microexpression analysis, statement analysis, behavior and body language interpretation, and emotion recognition. Her research is synthetized in her bestselling book Liespotting.
More profile about the speakerWorking with a team of researchers over several years, Meyer, who is CEO of social networking company Simpatico Networks, collected and reviewed most of the research on deception that has been published, from such fields as law-enforcement, military, psychology and espionage. She then became an expert herself, receiving advanced training in deception detection, including multiple courses of advanced training in interrogation, microexpression analysis, statement analysis, behavior and body language interpretation, and emotion recognition. Her research is synthetized in her bestselling book Liespotting.
Pamela Meyer | Speaker | TED.com