ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alain de Botton - Philosopher
Through his witty and literate books -- and his new School of Life -- Alain de Botton helps others find fulfillment in the everyday.

Why you should listen

It started in 1997, when Alain de Botton turned away from writing novels and instead wrote a touching extended essay titled How Proust Can Change Your Life, which became an unlikely blockbuster in the "self-help"category. His subsequent books take on some of the fundamental worries of modern life (am I happy? where exactly do I stand?), informed by his deep reading in philosophy and by a novelist's eye for small, perfect moments. His newest book is The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work.

In 2008, de Botton helped start the School of Life in London, a social enterprise determined to make learning and therapy relevant in today's uptight culture. His goal is (through any of his mediums) to help clients learn "how to live wisely and well."

More profile about the speaker
Alain de Botton | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2011

Alain de Botton: Atheism 2.0

阿兰·德波顿: 无神论 2.0

Filmed:
2,872,847 views

无神论者应该如何对待宗教? 阿兰.德波顿提出了一种 "无神论的宗教" --名为 无神论2.0, 其中包括了宗教中的传统仪式, 人与人之间的互相依赖,以及人们对超凡脱俗的需要.
- Philosopher
Through his witty and literate books -- and his new School of Life -- Alain de Botton helps others find fulfillment in the everyday. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
One of the most common共同 ways方法 of dividing the world世界
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一个把人类分成两大部分很普遍的方法
00:18
is into those who believe
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便是分为相信神的存在的一部分
00:20
and those who don't --
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以及不相信宗教信仰的另一部分--
00:22
into the religious宗教 and the atheists无神论者.
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宗教教徒和无神论者
00:25
And for the last decade or so,
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在最近的十年中
00:27
it's been quite相当 clear明确
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对无神论者的定义
00:29
what being存在 an atheist无神论者 means手段.
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已经是十分清楚的了
00:31
There have been some very vocal声音的 atheists无神论者
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有些直话直说的无神论者
00:34
who've谁一直 pointed out,
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他们说
00:36
not just that religion宗教 is wrong错误,
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宗教不仅仅是种欺骗
00:38
but that it's ridiculous荒谬.
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它还非常荒谬
00:40
These people, many许多 of whom have lived生活 in North Oxford牛津,
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说这些话的人很多都住在牛津北部
00:43
have argued争论 --
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他们坚持 --
00:45
they've他们已经 argued争论 that believing相信 in God
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他们觉得相信上帝
00:48
is akin类似的 to believing相信 in fairies仙女
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就像相信童话故事
00:50
and essentially实质上 that the whole整个 thing
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所以相信宗教根本就是
00:52
is a childish幼稚 game游戏.
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一件很幼稚的事情
00:54
Now I think it's too easy简单.
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我觉得那些定义太简单了
00:56
I think it's too easy简单
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我觉得以那样的说法去排斥宗教
00:58
to dismiss解雇 the whole整个 of religion宗教 that way.
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实在是太肤浅了
01:01
And it's as easy简单 as shooting射击 fish in a barrel.
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那样的说法不具备说服力
01:03
And what I'd like to inaugurate开幕 today今天
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我想提出一种以无神论者
01:05
is a new way of being存在 an atheist无神论者 --
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来对待宗教的方式
01:07
if you like, a new version of atheism无神论
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我把那种方式
01:10
we could call Atheism无神论 2.0.
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叫做无神论2.0
01:13
Now what is Atheism无神论 2.0?
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那什么是无神论2.0呢
01:15
Well it starts启动 from a very basic基本 premise前提:
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它有个最基本的前提
01:17
of course课程, there's no God.
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就是相信上帝是不存在的
01:20
Of course课程, there are no deities神佛 or supernatural超自然 spirits
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当然也没有神仙或者超自然的力量
01:23
or angels天使, etc等等.
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或者天使等等
01:25
Now let's move移动 on; that's not the end结束 of the story故事,
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这只是最基本的一个开始
01:28
that's the very, very beginning开始.
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现在我们来更深层次地讨论一下
01:31
I'm interested有兴趣 in the kind of constituency选民
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我对有些情况非常感兴趣
01:34
that thinks something along沿 these lines线:
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有些人会说:
01:36
that thinks, "I can't believe in any of this stuff东东.
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”我完全不相信这些宗教
01:38
I can't believe in the doctrines学说.
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那些教义 那些学说
01:41
I don't think these doctrines学说 are right.
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我觉得它们全部都是假的
01:43
But," a very important重要 but, "I love Christmas圣诞 carols颂歌.
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但是,” 一个非常重要的但是,“我会喜欢圣诞颂歌
01:47
I really like the art艺术 of Mantegna曼特尼亚.
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我非常喜欢曼坦那的艺术
01:50
I really like looking at old churches教堂.
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还非常喜欢那些古老的教堂
01:52
I really like turning车削 the pages网页 of the Old Testament遗嘱."
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而且还喜欢看旧约圣书”
01:55
Whatever随你 it may可能 be,
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这样类似的情况还有很多
01:57
you know the kind of thing I'm talking about --
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你懂我的意思吧
01:59
people who are attracted吸引 to the ritualistic仪式 side,
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有些人喜欢宗教仪式
02:01
the moralistic道德, communal公社 side of religion宗教,
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喜欢宗教里的道德 文化
02:04
but can't bear the doctrine教义.
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但他们就是讨厌那些教条
02:06
Until直到 now, these people have faced面对 a rather unpleasant不愉快 choice选择.
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直到现在,他们一直都非常为难
02:09
It's almost几乎 as though虽然 either you accept接受 the doctrine教义
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要么你接受那些信仰
02:12
and then you can have all the nice不错 stuff东东,
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然后你可以享受那些文化 艺术 道德
02:14
or you reject拒绝 the doctrine教义 and
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要么你排斥那些教条
02:16
you're living活的 in some kind of spiritual精神 wasteland荒地
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然后你就不能拥有那些崇高的灵魂
02:18
under the guidance指导 of CNNCNN and Walmart沃尔玛(Walmart).
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并且在CNN和沃尔玛的光辉下被遗弃
02:20
So that's a sort分类 of tough强硬 choice选择.
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所以那些人就很难选择
02:22
I don't think we have to make that choice选择.
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但我觉得我们不必去做这些选择
02:24
I think there is an alternative替代.
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我们可以有第三种选择
02:26
I think there are ways方法 --
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我觉得--
02:28
and I'm being存在 both very respectful尊敬的 and completely全然 impious不虔诚 --
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而卧是无比的尊重但同时不虔诚的这么说--
02:31
of stealing偷窃行为 from religions宗教.
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我觉得我们可以从宗教里剽窃一些文化
02:33
If you don't believe in a religion宗教,
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如果你不相信宗教
02:35
there's nothing wrong错误 with picking选择 and mixing混合,
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把宗教和世俗的文化混一起没什么关系
02:37
with taking服用 out the best最好 sides双方 of religion宗教.
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把自己享受宗教最好的一面也没事
02:40
And for me, atheism无神论 2.0
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对我来说 无神论2.0
02:42
is about both, as I say,
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是对宗教充满敬意
02:44
a respectful尊敬的 and an impious不虔诚 way
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而同时又不对神有所景仰
02:47
of going through通过 religions宗教 and saying, "What here could we use?"
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就像走进宗教的世界去寻找对我们有用的东西
02:50
The secular世俗 world世界 is full充分 of holes.
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世俗的世界有许多缺点
02:52
We have secularized世俗化 badly, I would argue争论.
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我觉得许多人都被严重地世俗化了
02:55
And a thorough彻底 study研究 of religion宗教
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而对宗教的学习研究
02:57
could give us all sorts排序 of insights见解
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可以帮助我们看破尘世
02:59
into areas of life that are not going too well.
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帮助我们走出生活中的窘境
03:02
And I'd like to run through通过 a few少数 of these today今天.
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现在我想具体地解释一下
03:06
I'd like to kick off by looking at education教育.
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先从教育说起
03:09
Now education教育 is a field领域
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非宗教的人们十分相信
03:11
the secular世俗 world世界 really believes相信 in.
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学习、教育的力量
03:13
When we think about how we're going to make the world世界 a better place地点,
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我们觉得教育使世界进步
03:15
we think education教育; that's where we put a lot of money.
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我们还在教育上花了很多钱
03:18
Education教育 is going to give us, not only commercial广告 skills技能, industrial产业 skills技能,
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教育不仅仅给我们很多本领,例如商业以及工业技术,
03:21
it's also going to make us better people.
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还让我们变成更加优秀的人
03:23
You know the kind of thing a commencement开始 address地址 is, and graduation毕业 ceremonies仪式,
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像是那些开学典礼或者毕业典礼的演讲
03:26
those lyrical抒情 claims索赔
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那些话语都告诉我们
03:28
that education教育, the process处理 of education教育 -- particularly尤其 higher更高 education教育 --
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教育的过程 特别是高等教育
03:31
will make us into nobler高贵 and better human人的 beings众生.
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会使我们变成高尚优秀的人才
03:34
That's a lovely可爱 idea理念.
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那是个很好的想法
03:36
Interesting有趣 where it came来了 from.
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这想法的起源也很有意思
03:38
In the early 19th century世纪,
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在十九世纪初的西欧
03:40
church教会 attendance in Western西 Europe欧洲
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去教堂的人急速减少
03:42
started开始 sliding滑动 down very, very sharply大幅, and people panicked惊慌失措.
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大家也变得紧张起来
03:45
They asked themselves他们自己 the following以下 question.
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他们问自己
03:47
They said, where are people going to find the morality道德,
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人们要去哪里寻找好品德
03:50
where are they going to find guidance指导,
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去哪里寻找指引
03:52
and where are they going to find sources来源 of consolation安慰?
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又去哪里去寻找慰藉呢
03:54
And influential有影响 voices声音 came来了 up with one answer回答.
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那些有影响力的人回答道:
03:56
They said culture文化.
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文化
03:58
It's to culture文化 that we should look
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我们要在我们的文明中
04:00
for guidance指导, for consolation安慰, for morality道德.
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寻找指引 慰藉 和好品德
04:03
Let's look to the plays播放 of Shakespeare莎士比亚,
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去看莎士比亚的剧本
04:05
the dialogues对话 of Plato柏拉图, the novels小说 of Jane Austen奥斯丁.
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柏拉图的对话 简.奥斯汀的小说
04:08
In there, we'll find a lot of the truths真理
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我们可以找到很多真理
04:10
that we might威力 previously先前 have found发现 in the Gospel福音 of Saint John约翰.
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那些真理很可能也在<约翰福音>中出现过
04:13
Now I think that's a very beautiful美丽 idea理念 and a very true真正 idea理念.
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我觉得这想法是非常美妙真实的
04:16
They wanted to replace更换 scripture圣经 with culture文化.
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他们想用文化积淀来代替圣典
04:19
And that's a very plausible似是而非 idea理念.
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这也是非常有道理的
04:21
It's also an idea理念 that we have forgotten忘记了.
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但这也是一个我们已经忘却了的想法
04:25
If you went to a top最佳 university大学 --
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如果你去顶尖学府
04:27
let's say you went to Harvard哈佛 or Oxford牛津 or Cambridge剑桥 --
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像是哈佛 牛津 或者剑桥
04:29
and you said, "I've come here
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然后你对他们说
04:31
because I'm in search搜索 of morality道德, guidance指导 and consolation安慰;
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"我想找到指引 慰藉 和道德"
04:33
I want to know how to live生活,"
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"我还想知道怎么好好生活"
04:35
they would show显示 you the way to the insane asylum避难所.
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那些大学会让你去神经病医院
04:38
This is simply只是 not what our grandest宏伟的 and best最好 institutes机构 of higher更高 learning学习
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品德 慰藉 指引根本不是那些大学
04:41
are in the business商业 of.
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所管辖的
04:43
Why? They don't think we need it.
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为什么呢 因为他们觉得我们不需要那些
04:45
They don't think we are in an urgent紧急 need of assistance帮助.
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他们觉得我们不需要援助
04:48
They see us as adults成年人, rational合理的 adults成年人.
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他们觉得我们是有逻辑讲道理的大人
04:50
What we need is information信息.
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他们觉得我们只需要信息
04:52
We need data数据, we don't need help.
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只需要资料 根本不需要帮助
04:54
Now religions宗教 start开始 from a very different不同 place地点 indeed确实.
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而宗教就完全不一样了
04:57
All religions宗教, all major重大的 religions宗教,
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所有主流的宗教
04:59
at various各个 points call us children孩子.
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都把教徒看成是个孩子
05:02
And like children孩子,
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就像孩子一样 宗教相信
05:04
they believe that we are in severe严重 need of assistance帮助.
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我们十分急切地需要他们的援助
05:06
We're only just holding保持 it together一起.
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我们已经在了崩溃的边缘
05:08
Perhaps也许 this is just me, maybe you.
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可能只有我是这样 或许你也是这样
05:10
But anyway无论如何, we're only just holding保持 it together一起.
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但不管怎样 我们都在边缘线上
05:13
And we need help. Of course课程, we need help.
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而且我们无疑需要帮助
05:15
And so we need guidance指导 and we need didactic教导的 learning学习.
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所以我们需要指引 需要言教
05:18
You know, in the 18th century世纪 in the U.K.,
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在十八世纪的英国
05:20
the greatest最大 preacher牧师, greatest最大 religious宗教 preacher牧师, was a man called John约翰 Wesley韦斯利,
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有个最伟大的传教士叫做约翰.韦斯利
05:23
who went up and down this country国家 delivering交付 sermons布道,
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他在全英国到处传教
05:26
advising指导 people how they could live生活.
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建议人们怎样好好生活
05:28
He delivered交付 sermons布道 on the duties职责 of parents父母 to their children孩子
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他传道说教 告诉父母如何对待小孩
05:30
and children孩子 to their parents父母,
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告诉孩子如何对待父母
05:32
the duties职责 of the rich丰富 to the poor较差的 and the poor较差的 to the rich丰富.
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也告诉富人穷人如何相互对待
05:34
He was trying to tell people how they should live生活
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他用说教的方式
05:36
through通过 the medium of sermons布道,
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去告诉大家如何去生活
05:38
the classic经典 medium of delivery交货 of religions宗教.
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这是说教最传统的方式
05:41
Now we've我们已经 given特定 up with the idea理念 of sermons布道.
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现在我们摒弃了说教的方式
05:43
If you said to a modern现代 liberal自由主义的 individualist个人主义者,
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如果你对一个现代自由的个人主义者说
05:45
"Hey, how about a sermon讲道?"
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"嘿 去布道怎么样"
05:47
they'd他们会 go, "No, no. I don't need one of those.
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他们会说 "我才不要呢"
05:49
I'm an independent独立, individual个人 person."
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"我是个独立自主的个体"
05:51
What's the difference区别 between之间 a sermon讲道
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但是宗教里的布道和平时现代的讲课演讲
05:53
and our modern现代, secular世俗 mode模式 of delivery交货, the lecture演讲?
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到底有什么区别呢
05:56
Well a sermon讲道 wants to change更改 your life
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宗教里的传教想改变你的生活
05:59
and a lecture演讲 wants to give you a bit of information信息.
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而一个演讲只是给你一些信息资料
06:02
And I think we need to get back to that sermon讲道 tradition传统.
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我觉得我们有必要找回传教的习俗
06:05
The tradition传统 of sermonizing说教 is hugely巨大 valuable有价值,
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这个习俗是非常有用的
06:07
because we are in need of guidance指导,
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因为我们都需要指引
06:09
morality道德 and consolation安慰 --
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道德 和慰藉
06:11
and religions宗教 know that.
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而宗教都知道如何帮助我们
06:13
Another另一个 point about education教育:
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关于教育 还有一点
06:15
we tend趋向 to believe in the modern现代 secular世俗 world世界
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在非宗教世界里 我们开始相信
06:17
that if you tell someone有人 something once一旦, they'll他们会 remember记得 it.
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我们告诉别人某件事情一遍 他们就可以完全记住
06:20
Sit them in a classroom课堂, tell them about Plato柏拉图
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让他们坐在教室里 在20岁时教他们柏拉图的哲学
06:22
at the age年龄 of 20, send发送 them out for a career事业 in management管理 consultancy顾问 for 40 years年份,
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然后让他们去当管理顾问当40年
06:25
and that lesson will stick with them.
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而他们也不会忘记柏拉图的哲学
06:27
Religions宗教 go, "Nonsense废话.
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而宗教会说:"胡说"
06:29
You need to keep repeating重复 the lesson 10 times a day.
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"那道理必须一天重复10次才可以"
06:32
So get on your knees膝盖 and repeat重复 it."
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"所以现在你就跪下好好复习"
06:34
That's what all religions宗教 tell us:
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这是宗教告诉我们的道理
06:36
"Get on you knees膝盖 and repeat重复 it 10 or 20 or 15 times a day."
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"跪下然后每天复习10遍 20遍 15遍"
06:39
Otherwise除此以外 our minds头脑 are like sieves.
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不然我们很快就会忘记
06:41
So religions宗教 are cultures文化 of repetition重复.
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所以宗教培养我们重复、温习的美德
06:43
They circle the great truths真理 again and again and again.
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宗教重复伟大的真理一遍又一遍
06:45
We associate关联 repetition重复 with boredom无聊.
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我们会觉得重复就是无聊
06:47
"Give us the new," we're always saying.
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我们一直说:"说点新鲜的"
06:49
"The new is better than the old."
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"新的总是比旧的好"
06:51
If I said to you, "Okay, we're not going to have new TEDTED.
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如果我对你说 "好吧 TED视频都不会更新了"
06:53
We're just going to run through通过 all the old ones那些
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"我们就看那些旧的视频"
06:55
and watch them five times because they're so true真正.
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"每天看五次 因为那些视频是在是太棒了"
06:57
We're going to watch Elizabeth伊丽莎白 Gilbert吉尔伯特 five times
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"我们每天看伊莉莎白.吉尔伯托五次"
07:00
because what she says is so clever聪明," you'd feel cheated被骗.
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"因为她的想法实在太聪明了" 你会觉得你被骗了
07:03
Not so if you're adopting采用 a religious宗教 mindset心态.
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但如果你信仰宗教 你就不会这样想
07:05
The other things that religions宗教 do
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宗教还会帮助你
07:07
is to arrange安排 time.
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安排时间
07:09
All the major重大的 religions宗教 give us calendars日历.
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所有主流宗教都会有特定的日历
07:11
What is a calendar日历?
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什么是日历?
07:13
A calendar日历 is a way of making制造 sure that across横过 the year
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日历确保你在整一年里
07:16
you will bump磕碰 into certain某些 very important重要 ideas思路.
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你会遭遇一些的重大想法
07:19
In the Catholic天主教徒 chronology年表, Catholic天主教徒 calendar日历,
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在天主教日历中
07:22
at the end结束 of March游行 you will think about St. Jerome杰罗姆
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在三月月底你会想到圣杰罗姆
07:24
and his qualities气质 of humility谦逊 and goodness善良
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想到他的谦卑和善良
07:26
and his generosity慷慨 to the poor较差的.
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和他对穷人的慷慨
07:28
You won't惯于 do that by accident事故; you will do that because you are guided引导 to do that.
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你不会碰巧想到他 你想到他因为你被引导了
07:31
Now we don't think that way.
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现在我们不这样想
07:33
In the secular世俗 world世界 we think, "If an idea理念 is important重要, I'll bump磕碰 into it.
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在非宗教世界里 我们觉得 "我会毫无预兆就想到一个好主意"
07:35
I'll just come across横过 it."
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"我是偶然想到的"
07:37
Nonsense废话, says the religious宗教 world世界 view视图.
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宗教人士会说 "胡扯"
07:39
Religious宗教 view视图 says we need calendars日历, we need to structure结构体 time,
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宗教人士觉得我们需要日历 需要安排好时间
07:42
we need to synchronize同步 encounters遭遇.
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我们需要同步好想法和时间
07:44
This comes across横过 also
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这还帮助宗教们
07:46
in the way in which哪一个 religions宗教 set up rituals仪式
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安排传统仪式
07:48
around important重要 feelings情怀.
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和感受到特定的感情
07:50
Take the Moon月亮. It's really important重要 to look at the Moon月亮.
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就像月亮 看月亮是非常重要的
07:53
You know, when you look at the Moon月亮,
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你看月亮的时候
07:55
you think, "I'm really small. What are my problems问题?"
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你会想 "我真渺小 我有什么问题呢"
07:57
It sets things into perspective透视, etc等等., etc等等.
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这帮助你从不同角度看世界
07:59
We should all look at the Moon月亮 a bit more often经常. We don't.
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我们应该经常赏月 可是我们不这么做
08:01
Why don't we? Well there's nothing to tell us, "Look at the Moon月亮."
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为什么呢 因为光看月亮不会给我们什么信息
08:04
But if you're a Zen Buddhist佛教徒 in the middle中间 of September九月,
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但如果你是个信禅的 在九月中旬
08:07
you will be ordered有序 out of your home, made制作 to stand on a canonical典范 platform平台
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你会去一个专门的站台上
08:10
and made制作 to celebrate庆祝 the festival of Tsukimi赏月,
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去庆祝月见节日
08:12
where you will be given特定 poems to read
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你会吟诗去赞赏月亮
08:14
in honor荣誉 of the Moon月亮 and the passage通道 of time
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你会阅读关于时间的文章
08:16
and the frailty脆弱 of life that it should remind提醒 us of.
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你会被重新提醒关于生命的脆弱
08:18
You'll你会 be handed rice白饭 cakes蛋糕.
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你会收到米糕
08:20
And the Moon月亮 and the reflection反射 on the Moon月亮
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而月亮和它的倒影会让你
08:22
will have a secure安全 place地点 in your heart.
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感到内心中的一片净土
08:24
That's very good.
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这是很好的事情
08:26
The other thing that religions宗教 are really aware知道的 of
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宗教还注重另外一件事情
08:28
is: speak说话 well --
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就是去好好说话发言
08:30
I'm not doing a very good job工作 of this here --
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虽然我的演讲不是很出色
08:32
but oratory演讲, oratory演讲 is absolutely绝对 key to religions宗教.
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但是演讲术对宗教来说是非常关键的
08:35
In the secular世俗 world世界, you can come through通过 the university大学 system系统 and be a lousy糟糕 speaker扬声器
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在非宗教世界里 你仍然可以有个很好的工作
08:38
and still have a great career事业.
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即使你演讲说的很糟糕
08:40
But the religious宗教 world世界 doesn't think that way.
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但是在宗教世界里不是这样的
08:42
What you're saying needs需求 to be backed已备份 up
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你说的话必须要有说服力
08:44
by a really convincing使人信服 way of saying it.
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去支持你的论点
08:46
So if you go to an African-American非裔美国人 PentecostalistPentecostalist church教会
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如果你去一个在美国南部的非洲美国
08:48
in the American美国 South
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五旬节教会
08:50
and you listen to how they talk,
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你会知道他们的演讲
08:52
my goodness善良, they talk well.
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是如何出色
08:54
After every一切 convincing使人信服 point, people will go, "Amen阿门, amen阿门, amen阿门."
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每在说得好的地方 大家会说"阿门 阿门 阿门"
08:57
At the end结束 of a really rousing扶正祛邪 paragraph, they'll他们会 all stand up,
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在最后一段振奋人心的地方 大家都会站起来
08:59
and they'll他们会 go, "Thank you Jesus耶稣, thank you Christ基督, thank you Savior救主."
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他们说 "谢谢你耶稣 谢谢上帝 谢谢救世主"
09:02
If we were doing it like they do it --
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如果我们像他们那样做--
09:04
let's not do it, but if we were to do it --
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好吧算了 但如果我们真的做了--
09:07
I would tell you something like, "Culture文化 should replace更换 scripture圣经."
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我会告诉你们 文明文化应该代替教典
09:09
And you would go, "Amen阿门, amen阿门, amen阿门."
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然后你们会说 "阿门 阿门 阿门"
09:11
And at the end结束 of my talk, you would all stand up
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我演讲完的时候 你们应该都站起来
09:13
and you would go, "Thank you Plato柏拉图, thank you Shakespeare莎士比亚, thank you Jane Austen奥斯丁."
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然后说 "谢谢你柏拉图 谢谢莎士比亚 谢谢简.奥斯汀"
09:15
And we'd星期三 know that we had a real真实 rhythm韵律 going.
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我们都知道你们会说的很好
09:18
All right, all right. We're getting得到 there. We're getting得到 there.
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好了 快说到重点了
09:20
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
09:22
The other thing that religions宗教 know is we're not just brains大脑,
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宗教还知道我们人类不仅仅有智慧
09:24
we are also bodies身体.
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我们还有躯体
09:26
And when they teach us a lesson,
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所以他们通过身体
09:28
they do it via通过 the body身体.
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来教会我们道理
09:30
So for example,
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举个例子
09:32
take the Jewish犹太 idea理念 of forgiveness饶恕.
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像是犹太人懂得宽容
09:34
Jews犹太人 are very interested有兴趣 in forgiveness饶恕
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他们很喜欢饶恕宽让
09:36
and how we should start开始 anew重新 and start开始 afresh重新.
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也喜欢重新有个崭新的生活
09:38
They don't just deliver交付 us sermons布道 on this.
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他们不仅仅通过传教来告诉我们
09:40
They don't just give us books图书 or words about this.
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也不仅仅给我们书本去学习
09:42
They tell us to have a bath.
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他们告诉我们去沐浴
09:44
So in Orthodox正统 Jewish犹太 communities社区, every一切 Friday星期五 you go to a Mikveh间mikveh.
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在正统的犹太社会里 每个星期五他们都去一个池子
09:47
You immerse沉浸 yourself你自己 in the water,
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让身体浸没在水里
09:49
and a physical物理 action行动 backs up a philosophical哲学上 idea理念.
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身体上的动作支撑着哲学思想
09:52
We don't tend趋向 to do that.
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而世俗的人们不这么做
09:54
Our ideas思路 are in one area and our behavior行为 with our bodies身体 is in another另一个.
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我们的身体和智慧在不同的世界里
09:57
Religions宗教 are fascinating迷人 in the way they try and combine结合 the two.
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而宗教却把智慧和躯体结合起来
09:59
Let's look at art艺术 now.
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现在看看我们的艺术
10:01
Now art艺术 is something that in the secular世俗 world世界,
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在世俗的世界里 我们认为艺术是崇高的
10:04
we think very highly高度 of. We think art艺术 is really, really important重要.
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我们认为艺术是非常重要的
10:07
A lot of our surplus剩余 wealth财富 goes to museums博物馆, etc等等.
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许多盈余的钱财都花在了艺术馆里
10:10
We sometimes有时 hear it said
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有时候我们听到有人说
10:12
that museums博物馆 are our new cathedrals教堂, or our new churches教堂.
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博物馆是我们新的教堂
10:15
You've heard听说 that saying.
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你们一定听过这句话
10:17
Now I think that the potential潜在 is there,
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我觉得博物馆是有潜力成为新的教堂
10:19
but we've我们已经 completely全然 let ourselves我们自己 down.
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但是我们完全没有那样去做
10:21
And the reason原因 we've我们已经 let ourselves我们自己 down
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我们让自己失望的原因
10:23
is that we're not properly正确 studying研究
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是我们没有适当地学习宗教的艺术
10:25
how religions宗教 handle处理 art艺术.
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是我们没有适当地学习宗教的艺术
10:29
The two really bad ideas思路 that are hovering徘徊 in the modern现代 world世界
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在当代世界有两个特别糟糕的想法
10:32
that inhibit抑制 our capacity容量 to draw strength强度 from art艺术:
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他们抑制了我们在艺术里获得力量的本领
10:36
The first idea理念 is that art艺术 should be for art's艺术的 sake清酒 --
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第一 艺术就为了艺术而存在 --
10:38
a ridiculous荒谬 idea理念 --
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说起来很荒谬 --
10:40
an idea理念 that art艺术 should live生活 in a hermetic密闭 bubble泡沫
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艺术应该在一个封闭的世界里存在
10:42
and should not try to do anything with this troubled苦恼 world世界.
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不应该去打扰我们世俗的纠纷
10:45
I couldn't不能 disagree不同意 more.
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我十分十分不赞同这个想法
10:47
The other thing that we believe is that art艺术 shouldn't不能 explain说明 itself本身,
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另外 我们还相信艺术不应该被诠释
10:50
that artists艺术家 shouldn't不能 say what they're up to,
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艺术家们不应该解释他们到底在干什么
10:52
because if they said it, it might威力 destroy破坏 the spell拼写
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因为如果他们说了 艺术就没有任何魔力了
10:54
and we might威力 find it too easy简单.
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而且我们还觉得艺术没什么深度
10:56
That's why a very common共同 feeling感觉 when you're in a museum博物馆 --
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这就是为什么在艺术馆我们通常会感受到的--
10:58
let's admit承认 it --
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承认吧--
11:00
is, "I don't know what this is about."
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我们会想 "我完全不知道这作品是什么东西"
11:02
But if we're serious严重 people, we don't admit承认 to that.
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但如果我们是严肃的人 我们是不会承认的
11:04
But that feeling感觉 of puzzlement困惑 is structural结构
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但正是那样的感觉构造了
11:07
to contemporary现代的 art艺术.
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当代艺术
11:10
Now religions宗教 have a much saner理智的 attitude态度 to art艺术.
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现在宗教对艺术有了很多理智的态度
11:12
They have no trouble麻烦 telling告诉 us what art艺术 is about.
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他们可以很简单告诉我们什么是艺术
11:14
Art艺术 is about two things in all the major重大的 faiths信仰.
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在主流的信仰中 艺术无非关于两种东西
11:16
Firstly首先, it's trying to remind提醒 you
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第一 艺术告诉你
11:18
of what there is to love.
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这世界有爱
11:20
And secondly其次, it's trying to remind提醒 you
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第二 艺术提醒你
11:22
of what there is to fear恐惧 and to hate讨厌.
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这世界也有恐惧和憎恨
11:24
And that's what art艺术 is.
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而这就是艺术
11:26
Art艺术 is a visceral内脏 encounter遭遇 with the most important重要 ideas思路 of your faith信仰.
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艺术表达了你内心最重要的信仰
11:29
So as you walk步行 around a church教会,
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所以当你走进教堂
11:31
or a mosque清真寺 or a cathedral大教堂,
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或者走进清真寺的时候
11:33
what you're trying to imbibe吸收, what you're imbibing吸液 is,
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通过你的五官
11:35
through通过 your eyes眼睛, through通过 your senses感官,
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你最想感受的是那些真理
11:37
truths真理 that have otherwise除此以外 come to you through通过 your mind心神.
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那些掠过你思想中的真理
11:39
Essentially实质上 it's propaganda宣传.
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本质上那是宗教的宣传
11:41
Rembrandt伦勃朗 is a propagandist宣传工作者
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在基督教看来
11:43
in the Christian基督教 view视图.
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伦勃朗是个宣传者
11:45
Now the word "propaganda宣传" sets off alarm报警 bells钟声.
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现在 "宣传"一词让人们警觉
11:47
We think of Hitler希特勒, we think of Stalin斯大林. Don't, necessarily一定.
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我们想到希特勒和斯大林 但其实没有这个必要
11:49
Propaganda宣传 is a manner方式 of being存在 didactic教导的 in honor荣誉 of something.
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这只是一个宣扬某种东西的手段
11:52
And if that thing is good, there's no problem问题 with it at all.
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如果宣扬的东西是有益处的 那这手段也没什么问题
11:55
My view视图 is that museums博物馆 should take a leaf out of the book of religions宗教.
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我觉得艺术馆应该向宗教学习
11:59
And they should make sure that when you walk步行 into a museum博物馆 --
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艺术馆应该确保 当游客走进馆内时候--
12:01
if I was a museum博物馆 curator馆长,
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如果我是馆长
12:03
I would make a room房间 for love, a room房间 for generosity慷慨.
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我会专门为爱 为慷慨而准备特定的展览
12:06
All works作品 of art艺术 are talking to us about things.
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所有的艺术品都有相同的主题
12:08
And if we were able能够 to arrange安排 spaces空间
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如果有更多的空间
12:10
where we could come across横过 works作品
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我们可以更深刻地了解艺术品
12:12
where we would be told, use these works作品 of art艺术
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用这些艺术
12:14
to cement水泥 these ideas思路 in your mind心神,
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来让美好的品德在脑海中变得更加深刻
12:16
we would get a lot more out of art艺术.
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我们会从艺术中学到更多
12:18
Art艺术 would pick up the duty义务 that it used to have
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艺术会让我们重新肩负起曾经被摒弃的责任
12:21
and that we've我们已经 neglected被忽视的 because of certain某些 mis-founded误成立 ideas思路.
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那些因为误导而被忽视的责任
12:24
Art艺术 should be one of the tools工具
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艺术应该是一种工具
12:26
by which哪一个 we improve提高 our society社会.
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一种能让社会进步的工具
12:28
Art艺术 should be didactic教导的.
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艺术也应该是教化的
12:31
Let's think of something else其他.
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现在想想另外的东西
12:33
The people in the modern现代 world世界, in the secular世俗 world世界,
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想想那些在现代世俗的人们
12:35
who are interested有兴趣 in matters事项 of the spirit精神,
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其中有些人热衷追寻灵魂
12:37
in matters事项 of the mind心神,
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喜欢崇高的思想
12:39
in higher更高 soul-like灵魂般的 concerns关注,
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也热衷于深层次的灵性
12:42
tend趋向 to be isolated孤立 individuals个人.
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那些人通常都是孤单的
12:44
They're poets诗人, they're philosophers哲学家, they're photographers摄影师, they're filmmakers电影制片人.
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他们是诗人 哲学家 摄影师 或是电影制作人
12:47
And they tend趋向 to be on their own拥有.
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他们凭自己的力量生存下去
12:49
They're our cottage茅屋 industries行业. They are vulnerable弱势, single people.
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他们独立完成工作 他们脆弱 孤单
12:52
And they get depressed郁闷 and they get sad伤心 on their own拥有.
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没人分担他们的痛苦不安
12:54
And they don't really change更改 much.
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然而他们不会做多少改变
12:56
Now think about religions宗教, think about organized有组织的 religions宗教.
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现在想想那些有组织的宗教
12:58
What do organized有组织的 religions宗教 do?
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那些有组织的宗教干什么的呢
13:00
They group together一起, they form形成 institutions机构.
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他们聚在一起 他们创造机构
13:03
And that has all sorts排序 of advantages优点.
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这些都很有益处
13:05
First of all, scale规模, might威力.
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第一 他们有规模和力量
13:08
The Catholic天主教徒 Church教会 pulled in 97 billion十亿 dollars美元 last year
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据华尔街日报
13:11
according根据 to the Wall Street Journal日志.
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天主教教堂去年筹了97亿美元
13:13
These are massive大规模的 machines.
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这些都是有权有势的机构
13:15
They're collaborative共同, they're branded品牌, they're multinational跨国,
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他们相互合作 有好名望 跨国
13:18
and they're highly高度 disciplined纪律.
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他们严谨纪律
13:20
These are all very good qualities气质.
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那些都是很优秀的品质
13:22
We recognize认识 them in relation关系 to corporations公司.
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我们还认同他们像个企业
13:24
And corporations公司 are very like religions宗教 in many许多 ways方法,
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公司企业和宗教有些相似之处
13:26
except they're right down at the bottom底部 of the pyramid金字塔 of needs需求.
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不过企业只提供最基本的物质
13:28
They're selling销售 us shoes and cars汽车.
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企业给我们鞋子和汽车
13:30
Whereas the people who are selling销售 us the higher更高 stuff东东 --
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但是像治疗师 诗人那些人
13:32
the therapists治疗师, the poets诗人 --
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他们给我们更高层次的东西
13:34
are on their own拥有 and they have no power功率,
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但是他们是独立的 没有强大的权势
13:36
they have no might威力.
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他们没有力量
13:38
So religions宗教 are the foremost最重要的是 example
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所以宗教就是个最棒的例子
13:41
of an institution机构 that is fighting战斗 for the things of the mind心神.
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告诉我们一个机构对于追思来说是很重要的
13:44
Now we may可能 not agree同意 with what religions宗教 are trying to teach us,
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我们可能不同意宗教所传授的教条
13:47
but we can admire欣赏 the institutional制度 way
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但是我们可以赞赏他们组织
13:49
in which哪一个 they're doing it.
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起来的方法
13:51
Books图书 alone单独, books图书 written书面 by lone孤单 individuals个人,
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个人作家所写的书本身
13:54
are not going to change更改 anything.
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是不会带来什么改变的
13:56
We need to group together一起.
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我们需要团结在一起
13:58
If you want to change更改 the world世界, you have to group together一起, you have to be collaborative共同.
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如果我们想改变世界 我们必须团结奋斗
14:01
And that's what religions宗教 do.
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而这就是宗教所做的
14:03
They are multinational跨国, as I say,
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我说过他们是跨国的
14:05
they are branded品牌, they have a clear明确 identity身分,
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他们有名有望 他们有明确的一致性
14:08
so they don't get lost丢失 in a busy world世界.
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所以他们不会在繁乱的世界中迷失
14:10
That's something we can learn学习 from.
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这是值得我们学习的
14:12
I want to conclude得出结论.
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最后
14:14
Really what I want to say
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我想说的是
14:16
is for many许多 of you who are operating操作 in a range范围 of different不同 fields领域,
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你们这些来自各行各业的人们
14:19
there is something to learn学习 from the example of religion宗教 --
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你们绝对可以从宗教中学习到些东西
14:22
even if you don't believe any of it.
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即使你一点都不相信宗教的信仰
14:25
If you're involved参与 in anything that's communal公社,
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如果你生活在社会里
14:27
that involves涉及 lots of people getting得到 together一起,
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如果你和很多人接触
14:29
there are things for you in religion宗教.
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宗教里绝对有对你有用的东西
14:31
If you're involved参与, say, in a travel旅行 industry行业 in any way,
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如果你和旅游业有关
14:34
look at pilgrimage朝圣.
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去参考朝圣
14:36
Look very closely密切 at pilgrimage朝圣.
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仔细地去学习研究朝圣
14:38
We haven't没有 begun开始 to scratch the surface表面
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我们根本还不知道
14:40
of what travel旅行 could be
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旅行到底是怎么一回事
14:42
because we haven't没有 looked看着 at what religions宗教 do with travel旅行.
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因为我们从来不学习宗教人士是如何旅行的
14:44
If you're in the art艺术 world世界,
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如果你玩艺术
14:46
look at the example of what religions宗教 are doing with art艺术.
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去参考宗教人士是怎么对待艺术的
14:48
And if you're an educator教育家 in any way,
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如果你是在教育界里
14:51
again, look at how religions宗教 are spreading传播 ideas思路.
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去参考宗教人士是如何传播思想的
14:54
You may可能 not agree同意 with the ideas思路,
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你可能不喜欢那些思想
14:56
but my goodness善良, they're highly高度 effective有效 mechanisms机制 for doing so.
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那他们传播的方式真的是超级有效
14:59
So really my concluding结论 point
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所以我最后想说的是
15:01
is you may可能 not agree同意 with religion宗教,
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你可以不认同宗教
15:03
but at the end结束 of the day,
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但是最后我想告诉你们
15:05
religions宗教 are so subtle微妙, so complicated复杂,
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宗教很微妙 很复杂
15:07
so intelligent智能 in many许多 ways方法
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也非常富有智慧
15:09
that they're not fit适合 to be abandoned to the religious宗教 alone单独;
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我们不应该否定全部关于宗教的事情
15:12
they're for all of us.
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每个人都能从宗教中学到东西
15:14
Thank you very much.
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谢谢大家
15:16
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
15:33
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: Now this is actually其实 a courageous勇敢 talk,
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CA: 这真是一个无畏的演讲
15:35
because you're kind of setting设置 up yourself你自己 in some ways方法
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在某些地方你似乎把自己
15:37
to be ridiculed in some quarters住处.
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当成了一个笑柄让大家嘲弄啊
15:39
ABAB: You can get shot射击 by both sides双方.
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阿兰: 不管怎么说我都有可能被批评
15:41
You can get shot射击 by the hard-headed头脑冷静 atheists无神论者,
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我可以被固执的无神论者批评
15:43
and you can get shot射击 by those who fully充分 believe.
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也可以被那些宗教人士扼杀
15:46
CACA: Incoming missiles导弹 from North Oxford牛津 at any moment时刻.
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任何时候都会被北牛津的导弹打趴
15:48
ABAB: Indeed确实.
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阿瑟: 是啊是啊
15:50
CACA: But you left out one aspect方面 of religion宗教
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CA: 但是你漏掉了宗教的一个方面
15:53
that a lot of people might威力 say
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很多人可能会说
15:55
your agenda议程 could borrow from,
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能借你的议程
15:57
which哪一个 is this sense --
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这是种感觉--
15:59
that's actually其实 probably大概 the most important重要 thing to anyone任何人 who's谁是 religious宗教 --
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可能是对信仰宗教人最重要的感觉 --
16:01
of spiritual精神 experience经验,
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精神的体验
16:03
of some kind of connection连接
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某种与比你更伟大的东西
16:05
with something that's bigger than you are.
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的连接
16:07
Is there any room房间 for that experience经验 in Atheism无神论 2.0?
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在你的无神论2.0中 有没有类似的体验呢
16:10
ABAB: Absolutely绝对. I, like many许多 of you, meet遇到 people
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阿兰: 当然啦 我像你们一样遇到很多人
16:13
who say things like, "But isn't there something bigger than us,
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他们说 "难道世界上不存在什么
16:16
something else其他?"
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比我们人类更伟大的东西吗?"
16:18
And I say, "Of course课程." And they say, "So aren't you sort分类 of religious宗教?"
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我说 "当然有啦" 他们说 "那你就是认同宗教的咯?"
16:21
And I go, "No." Why does that sense of mystery神秘,
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我说 "不是啊" 为什么这些神秘的感觉
16:24
that sense of the dizzying令人目不暇接 scale规模 of the universe宇宙,
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被宇宙的伟大所触动的感觉
16:27
need to be accompanied伴随着 by a mystical神秘 feeling感觉?
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一定要和神扯上关系呢
16:30
Science科学 and just observation意见
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科学和观察可以给我们那种感觉
16:32
gives us that feeling感觉 without it,
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这和神没有关系
16:34
so I don't feel the need.
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所以我不觉得有相信神的必要
16:36
The universe宇宙 is large and we are tiny,
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宇宙很大 而我们很渺小
16:38
without the need for further进一步 religious宗教 superstructure上层建筑.
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这不需要超自然学说来解释吧
16:42
So one can have so-called所谓 spiritual精神 moments瞬间
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所以一个人可以有精神上的体验
16:44
without belief信仰 in the spirit精神.
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即使他不相信有灵魂这东西
16:46
CACA: Actually其实, let me just ask a question.
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CA: 好吧 现在让我问个问题
16:48
How many许多 people here would say
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在场观众们有多少是觉得
16:50
that religion宗教 is important重要 to them?
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宗教对他们是非常重要的呢
16:54
Is there an equivalent当量 process处理
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有没有一种类似的说法
16:57
by which哪一个 there's a sort分类 of bridge
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你们觉得他刚才说的和你们想说的
16:59
between之间 what you're talking about and what you would say to them?
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有种类似的地方呢
17:02
ABAB: I would say that there are many许多, many许多 gaps空白 in secular世俗 life
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阿兰: 我觉得世俗的世界是有许多缺点的
17:04
and these can be plugged.
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但是那些缺点是可以被弥补的
17:06
It's not as though虽然, as I try to suggest建议,
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但这不是说
17:08
it's not as though虽然 either you have religion宗教
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要么你相信宗教
17:10
and then you have to accept接受 all sorts排序 of things,
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然后你就要相信宗教所有的教条
17:12
or you don't have religion宗教
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要么你不相信宗教
17:14
and then you're cut off from all these very good things.
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然后拒绝一切宗教带来的益处
17:17
It's so sad伤心 that we constantly经常 say,
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很可悲的是我们经常说
17:20
"I don't believe so I can't have community社区,
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"我不信教所以我不能有社群
17:22
so I'm cut off from morality道德,
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所以我没有好的道德
17:24
so I can't go on a pilgrimage朝圣."
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所以我不能去朝圣"
17:26
One wants to say, "Nonsense废话. Why not?"
437
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有人会说 "胡扯 为什么不呢"
17:28
And that's really the spirit精神 of my talk.
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这正是我演说的重点
17:30
There's so much we can absorb吸收.
439
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宗教有很多可取之处
17:32
Atheism无神论 shouldn't不能 cut itself本身 off from the rich丰富 sources来源 of religion宗教.
440
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相信无神论不应该完全无视宗教里的内涵
17:35
CACA: It seems似乎 to me that there's plenty丰富 of people in the TEDTED community社区
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CA: 似乎在TED群体中
17:38
who are atheists无神论者.
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有很多人是无神论的
17:40
But probably大概 most people in the community社区
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但是很多人可能都认为
17:42
certainly当然 don't think that religion宗教 is going away any time soon不久
444
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宗教是不可能在短时间内消失的
17:45
and want to find the language语言
445
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他们还想找到适合的方法
17:47
to have a constructive建设性 dialogue对话
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去建设性地谈论问题
17:50
and to feel like we can actually其实 talk to each other
447
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他们还觉得我们彼此可以互相沟通
17:52
and at least最小 share分享 some things in common共同.
448
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或者至少有些共同点
17:54
Are we foolish to be optimistic乐观
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对于这样乐观的想法 我们是不是太傻了呢
17:56
about the possibility可能性 of a world世界
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那些关于神的隔阂、争论
17:58
where, instead代替 of religion宗教 being存在 the great rallying振臂 cry
451
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是不是有彼此了解的可能性呢
18:01
of divide划分 and war战争,
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持有两种学说的人
18:03
that there could be bridging桥接?
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是否有可能彼此沟通呢
18:05
ABAB: No, we need to be polite有礼貌 about differences分歧.
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阿兰: 不一定 我们只是需要礼貌地对待另一方
18:08
Politeness礼貌 is a much-overlooked备受忽视 virtue美德.
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有时候礼貌都被我们忽视了
18:10
It's seen看到 as hypocrisy假意.
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有时候我们觉得那是虚伪
18:12
But we need to get to a stage阶段 when you're an atheist无神论者
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如果你是个无神论者 而有个人对你说
18:14
and someone有人 says, "Well you know, I did pray祈祷 the other day,"
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"你知道嘛 那天我祈祷了"
18:17
you politely礼貌 ignore忽视 it.
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你应该礼貌地无视这话
18:19
You move移动 on.
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该干嘛干嘛去
18:21
Because you've agreed同意 on 90 percent百分 of things,
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因为你们两个可以认同90%的事情
18:24
because you have a shared共享 view视图 on so many许多 things,
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因为你们的世界有很多相似的地方
18:26
and you politely礼貌 differ不同.
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你们只是稍微有那么一点不同 但不伤和气
18:28
And I think that's what the religious宗教 wars战争 of late晚了 have ignored忽视.
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我认为近年的有无神的争论忽视了这点
18:32
They've他们已经 ignored忽视 the possibility可能性 of harmonious和谐 disagreement异议.
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他们忘记了人们即使不同也能和谐地在一起
18:36
CACA: And finally最后, does this new thing that you're proposing建议
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CA: 最后 你说的无神论2.0
18:38
that's not a religion宗教 but something else其他,
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它本身不是个宗教
18:40
does it need a leader领导,
468
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但它需要一个领袖吗
18:42
and are you volunteering志愿服务 to be the pope教皇?
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而你又是否愿意当这个领袖呢
18:44
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
18:46
ABAB: Well, one thing that we're all very suspicious可疑 of
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阿兰: 好吧 我们都对个人领袖
18:48
is individual个人 leaders领导者.
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非常警惕
18:50
It doesn't need it.
473
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但无神论不需要领袖
18:52
What I've tried试着 to lay铺设 out is a framework骨架
474
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我所说的只是一个框架理论
18:54
and I'm hoping希望 that people can just fill it in.
475
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而我希望大家可以自由发挥实践
18:57
I've sketched草图 a sort分类 of broad广阔 framework骨架.
476
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我只是大概地勾勒出一个结构
18:59
But wherever哪里 you are, as I say, if you're in the travel旅行 industry行业, do that travel旅行 bit.
477
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那不管你是谁 就像如果你是搞旅游的 那就专门钻研宗教中的旅游
19:02
If you're in the communal公社 industry行业, look at religion宗教 and do the communal公社 bit.
478
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如果你在社群里工作 那就专门钻研宗教里的社群方面
19:05
So it's a wiki维基 project项目.
479
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所以这就像维基百科一样
19:07
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
19:09
CACA: Alain阿兰, thank you for sparking火花 many许多 conversations对话 later后来.
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CA: 阿兰 谢谢你精彩的回答
19:12
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Kim Wang
Reviewed by Dennis Guo

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alain de Botton - Philosopher
Through his witty and literate books -- and his new School of Life -- Alain de Botton helps others find fulfillment in the everyday.

Why you should listen

It started in 1997, when Alain de Botton turned away from writing novels and instead wrote a touching extended essay titled How Proust Can Change Your Life, which became an unlikely blockbuster in the "self-help"category. His subsequent books take on some of the fundamental worries of modern life (am I happy? where exactly do I stand?), informed by his deep reading in philosophy and by a novelist's eye for small, perfect moments. His newest book is The Pleasures and Sorrows of Work.

In 2008, de Botton helped start the School of Life in London, a social enterprise determined to make learning and therapy relevant in today's uptight culture. His goal is (through any of his mediums) to help clients learn "how to live wisely and well."

More profile about the speaker
Alain de Botton | Speaker | TED.com