TED2015
Steven Wise: Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights
史蒂芬-外斯: 黑猩猩也有感情和想法，他们应当拥有权力
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
1,115,996 views
黑猩猩也是人类，这你也知道。好吧，事实并不完全这样。但是律师史蒂芬-外斯花了近30年的工作，让这些动物的身份由“物”变为“人”。这不是法律语义学的问题，正如他在有趣的演讲中描述的那样，承认诸如黑猩猩这般有非凡的认知能力的动物，反思我们对待他们的方式，更不只是一个道义上的责任。
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyer
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to have you look at this pencil.
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大家请看这只铅笔
00:15
It's a thing. It's a legal thing.
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这是个物体 一个合法物体
00:18
And so are books you might have
or the cars you own.
or the cars you own.
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同样 你拥有的书或者小汽车也是一样
00:22
They're all legal things.
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它们都是合法的物体
00:24
The great apes that you'll see behind me,
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你们看到我身后的这些类人猿
00:27
they too are legal things.
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它们也是合法的
00:31
Now, I can do that to a legal thing.
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好 那么我对一个合法的物体可以这样
00:35
I can do whatever I want
to my book or my car.
to my book or my car.
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同样 我对我的书和车也可以想怎样就怎样
00:38
These great apes, you'll see.
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你们看到的这些类人猿
00:41
The photographs are taken by a man
named James Mollison
named James Mollison
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这些照片是一个叫詹姆斯·莫里森的人拍的
00:45
who wrote a book called
"James & Other Apes."
"James & Other Apes."
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他写了一本书叫做《詹姆斯和其他类人猿》
00:48
And he tells in his book
how every single one them,
how every single one them,
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他的本书里讲了它们每一个的故事
00:51
almost every one of them, is an orphan
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它们当中 几乎每一个都是孤儿
00:53
who saw his mother and father
die before his eyes.
die before his eyes.
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它们亲眼目睹了自己的父母在眼前死去
00:58
They're legal things.
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它们是合法的“物体”
00:59
So for centuries, there's been
a great legal wall
a great legal wall
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几个世纪以来 一直存在着很大的一堵“合法墙”
01:02
that separates legal things
from legal persons.
from legal persons.
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这道墙把合法的人和合法的东西分开
01:05
On one hand, legal things
are invisible to judges.
are invisible to judges.
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一方面 法官们看不见这些合法的物体
01:09
They don't count in law.
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法律不把它们算在内
01:11
They don't have any legal rights.
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它们没有合法权利
01:13
They don't have
the capacity for legal rights.
the capacity for legal rights.
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它们也没有争取合法权利的能力
01:15
They are the slaves.
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它们是奴隶
01:17
On the other side of that legal wall
are the legal persons.
are the legal persons.
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在合法墙的另一边则是合法的人类
01:20
Legal persons are very visible to judges.
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法官总能看到他们
01:23
They count in law.
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他们享受法律保护
01:25
They may have many rights.
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他们有很多权力
01:27
They have the capacity
for an infinite number of rights.
for an infinite number of rights.
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他们有能争取到无数合法权利的能力
01:30
And they're the masters.
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而且 它们是主人
01:33
Right now, all nonhuman animals
are legal things.
are legal things.
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而现在 所有非人类的动物都是合法的物品
01:37
All human beings are legal persons.
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所有人类都是合法的人
01:40
But being human and being a legal person
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但是作为人类和作为一个合法的人
01:43
has never been, and is not today,
synonymous with a legal person.
synonymous with a legal person.
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从来就不等同 即便现在也是如此
01:49
Humans and legal persons
are not synonymous.
are not synonymous.
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“人类”和“合法的人”不是同义词
01:52
On the one side,
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一方面
01:55
there have been many human beings
over the centuries
over the centuries
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许多世纪以来已经有了很多人类
01:59
who have been legal things.
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他们是合法的物体
02:01
Slaves were legal things.
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奴隶是合法的物体
02:02
Women, children,
were sometimes legal things.
were sometimes legal things.
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妇女 小孩 有时也会成为合法的物体
02:07
Indeed, a great deal of civil rights
struggle over the last centuries
struggle over the last centuries
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诚然 上个世纪发生的很多民权斗争
02:11
has been to punch a hole
through that wall and begin to feed
through that wall and begin to feed
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来打通这堵墙 穿过这堵墙 来帮助墙外的人
02:15
these human things through the wall
and have them become legal persons.
and have them become legal persons.
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使他们成为”合法人“
02:20
But alas, that hole has closed up.
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但最终 通道重新被堵上
02:24
Now, on the other side are legal persons,
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现在 墙的另一面是合法人
02:26
but they've never only been
limited to human beings.
limited to human beings.
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但他们不仅只有人类
02:30
There are, for example, there are many
legal persons who are not even alive.
legal persons who are not even alive.
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比如 有很多合法人甚至不是活人
02:34
In the United States,
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在美国
02:36
we're aware of the fact
that corporations are legal persons.
that corporations are legal persons.
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我们都知道公司就是一种合法人
02:40
In pre-independence India,
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在独立前的印度
02:42
a court held that a Hindu idol
was a legal person,
was a legal person,
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供奉印度神灵的场所是合法人
02:45
that a mosque was a legal person.
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清真寺是一个合法人
02:47
In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court
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2000年，印度最高法院
02:49
held that the holy books
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
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判决锡克教的圣书是一个合法人
02:53
and in 2012, just recently,
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就在最近，2012年
02:55
there was a treaty between
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
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有一个协定，新西兰本土人民和王室之间达成
02:59
and the crown, in which it was agreed
that a river was a legal person
that a river was a legal person
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同意一条河也是一个合法人
03:02
who owned its own riverbed.
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它拥有它自己的河岸
03:05
Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,
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我在1980年读了Peter Singer的书
03:08
when I had a full head
of lush, brown hair,
of lush, brown hair,
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当时我有一头浓密的棕色头发
03:12
and indeed I was moved by it,
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事实上 我曾为此感动
03:15
because I had become a lawyer because
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
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因为我是一名律师 我要替那些沉寂的人发声
03:18
defend the defenseless,
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我要保护那些手无寸铁的人
03:19
and I'd never realized how voiceless
and defenseless the trillions,
and defenseless the trillions,
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我从没意识到千千万万的不属于人类的动物们
03:24
billions of nonhuman animals are.
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它们是多么的无声和无助
03:27
And I began to work
as an animal protection lawyer.
as an animal protection lawyer.
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于是我成为了一名动物保护的律师
03:30
And by 1985, I realized that I was trying
to accomplish something
to accomplish something
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知道1985年 我才意识到 我所努力实现的
03:35
that was literally impossible,
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简直是不可能
03:37
the reason being that all of my clients,
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因为我所有的客户
03:40
all the animals whose interests
I was trying to defend,
I was trying to defend,
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那些我致力于保护的动物
03:43
were legal things; they were invisible.
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只是一种合法物品；它们被视而不见
03:46
It was not going to work, so I decided
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我的工作根本不会有用 所以我决定
03:48
that the only thing that was going to work
was they had, at least some of them,
was they had, at least some of them,
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我能做的只是把那些动物 至少它们中的一些
03:52
had to also be moved through a hole
that we could open up again in that wall
that we could open up again in that wall
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把那堵墙重新打通 必须把它们运到另一测
03:55
and begin feeding the appropriate
nonhuman animals through that hole
nonhuman animals through that hole
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通过墙洞给那非人类的动物应得的帮助
03:59
onto the other side
of being legal persons.
of being legal persons.
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进入合法人所在的一侧
04:02
Now, at that time, there was
very little known about or spoken about
very little known about or spoken about
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那时候 人们几乎不知道也很少谈及
04:08
truly animal rights,
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动物的真正权利
04:10
about the idea of having legal personhood
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
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也很少关心让动物拥有合法人格，或合法权利的观点
04:15
and I knew it was going
to take a long time.
to take a long time.
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所以我知道这将是一条漫长的路
04:18
And so, in 1985, I figured that it
would take about 30 years
would take about 30 years
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所以在1985年，我估计需要花费将近30年
04:21
before we'd be able to even begin
a strategic litigation,
a strategic litigation,
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才仅仅能够着手一场战略性的诉讼
04:24
long-term campaign, in order to be able
to punch another hole through that wall.
to punch another hole through that wall.
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打这样一场持久战来在隔离墙上砸出一个洞
04:30
It turned out that I was pessimistic,
that it only took 28.
that it only took 28.
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结果表明我是悲观的，仅用了28年就实现了这些。
04:38
So what we had to do in order
to begin was not only
to begin was not only
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所以开始行动我们要做的
04:45
to write law review articles
and teach classes, write books,
and teach classes, write books,
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不仅仅是写法律文件 开班教学 著书立说
04:49
but we had to then begin
to get down to the nuts and bolts
to get down to the nuts and bolts
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我们还要深入到具体细节
04:52
of how you litigate that kind of case.
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来确定如何打赢这场官司
04:54
So one of the first things we needed to do
was figure out what a cause of action was,
was figure out what a cause of action was,
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所以我们需要做的第一件事就是找出
04:58
a legal cause of action.
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一个合法的行动动机
05:00
And a legal cause of action
is a vehicle that lawyers use
is a vehicle that lawyers use
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合法动机是律师的一个工具
05:03
to put their arguments in front of courts.
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以此开展法庭的论辩
05:08
It turns out there's
a very interesting case
a very interesting case
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事实上有一个非常有趣的案例
05:11
that had occurred almost 250 years ago
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
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就是发生在250年前的伦敦的萨默赛特与斯图尔特案
05:16
whereby a black slave
had used the legal system
had used the legal system
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一个黑人奴隶通过运用法律体系
05:19
and had moved from a legal thing
to a legal person.
to a legal person.
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从一个合法物体变成一个合法人
05:22
I was so interested in it that I
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
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我被这一案例深深吸引，最终写了一本关于它的书
05:26
James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
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詹姆斯·萨默赛特在西非被绑架时才8岁
05:31
He survived the Middle Passage,
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他从“中途航道”存活
05:34
and he was sold to a Scottish businessman
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
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然后被卖给弗吉尼亚州一个叫查理·斯图尔特的苏格兰商人
05:39
Now, 20 years later, Stewart
brought James Somerset to London,
brought James Somerset to London,
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20年后，斯图尔特带着詹姆斯·萨默赛特来到伦敦
05:44
and after he got there, James decided
he was going to escape.
he was going to escape.
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到了伦敦詹姆斯决定逃跑
05:47
And so one of the first things he did
was to get himself baptized,
was to get himself baptized,
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所以他做的第一件事就是受洗
05:51
because he wanted to get
a set of godparents,
a set of godparents,
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因为他想有教父和教母
05:53
because to an 18th-century slave,
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因为对于一个18世纪的奴隶
05:55
they knew that one of the major
responsibilities of godfathers
responsibilities of godfathers
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教父的一个主要责任
05:58
was to help you escape.
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就是帮你逃脱
06:00
And so in the fall of 1771,
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1771年秋天
06:04
James Somerset had a confrontation
with Charles Stewart.
with Charles Stewart.
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詹姆斯·萨默赛特和查理·斯图尔特发生了一些冲突
06:07
We don't know exactly what happened,
but then James dropped out of sight.
but then James dropped out of sight.
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我们无法确切得知发声了什么，但詹姆斯从此不见了。
06:12
An enraged Charles Stewart
then hired slave catchers
then hired slave catchers
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愤怒的斯图尔特雇了一个奴隶捕手
06:15
to canvass the city of London,
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去搜遍伦敦
06:17
find him, bring him
not back to Charles Stewart,
not back to Charles Stewart,
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找到萨默赛特，把他带回来，不是带给斯图尔特
06:20
but to a ship, the Ann and Mary,
that was floating in London Harbour,
that was floating in London Harbour,
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而是带到漂浮在一艘伦敦港的船，安和玛丽号
06:26
and he was chained to the deck,
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他被栓在甲板上
06:27
and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica
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这艘船将驶向牙买加
06:29
where James was to be sold
in the slave markets
in the slave markets
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到了那里詹姆斯将在奴隶市场被卖掉
06:32
and be doomed to the three to five
years of life that a slave had
years of life that a slave had
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注定了用一个奴隶三到五年的时间
06:36
harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.
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在牙买加收获甘蔗
06:39
Well now James' godparents
swung into action.
swung into action.
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这时詹姆斯的教父母突然行动
06:42
They approached the most powerful judge,
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他们求助有权利的法官
06:44
Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge
of the court of King's Bench,
of the court of King's Bench,
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曼斯菲尔德法官，当时的王座法院的大法官
06:48
and they demanded that he issue
a common law writ of habeus corpus
a common law writ of habeus corpus
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然后他们请求法官发一道人身保护令
06:52
on behalf of James Somerset.
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给詹姆斯·萨默赛特
06:53
Now, the common law is the kind of law
that English-speaking judges can make
that English-speaking judges can make
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普通法系是英美法官所制定的法系
06:57
when they're not cabined in
by statutes or constitutions,
by statutes or constitutions,
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他们并不被限制于法规和宪法
07:02
and a writ of habeus corpus
is called the Great Writ,
is called the Great Writ,
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有一条叫做the Great Writ 的人身保护令
07:04
capital G, capital W,
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大写G，大写W
07:06
and it's meant to protect any of us
who are detained against our will.
who are detained against our will.
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它可以用来保护我们中的每一个被非法拘留的人
07:11
A writ of habeus corpus is issued.
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有这样一个人身保护令被签署
07:13
The detainer is required
to bring the detainee in
to bring the detainee in
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要求拘留者请来被拘留者
07:15
and give a legally sufficient reason
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
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并对于剥夺他们人身自由给出充分的理由
07:21
Well, Lord Mansfield had to make
a decision right off the bat,
a decision right off the bat,
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曼斯菲尔德法官立刻作出了英明决定
07:26
because if James Somerset
was a legal thing,
was a legal thing,
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因为如果詹姆斯·萨默赛特是一个合法物品
07:29
he was not eligible
for a writ of habeus corpus,
for a writ of habeus corpus,
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那么人身保护令将不适用于他
07:32
only if he could be a legal person.
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只有当他是一个合法人才可以
07:34
So Lord Mansfield decided
that he would assume,
that he would assume,
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所以曼斯菲尔德法官毫不迟疑的认为
07:37
without deciding, that James Somerset
was indeed a legal person,
was indeed a legal person,
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詹姆斯·萨默赛特是一个合法人
07:41
and he issued the writ of habeus corpus,
and James's body was brought in
and James's body was brought in
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他签署了人身保护令
07:44
by the captain of the ship.
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詹姆斯被船长带进来
07:46
There were a series of hearings
over the next six months.
over the next six months.
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随后的六个月举行了一系列的听证会
07:49
On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield
said that slavery was so odious,
said that slavery was so odious,
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1772年6月22日，曼斯菲尔德法官宣布奴隶制令人作呕
07:55
and he used the word "odious,"
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他用了”令人作呕“
07:56
that the common law would not support it,
and he ordered James free.
and he ordered James free.
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这一本不能被普通法系支持的词，给予詹姆斯自由
08:00
At that moment, James Somerset
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
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这一刻，詹姆斯经历着法律上的转变
08:04
The free man who walked
out of the courtroom
out of the courtroom
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从法庭走出的是一个自由人
08:06
looked exactly like the slave
who had walked in,
who had walked in,
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虽然长相和走进法庭时的那个奴隶完全一样
08:09
but as far as the law was concerned,
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
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但从法律的视角看，他们没有任何相同之处
08:14
The next thing we did is that
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
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我们做的另外一件事就是非人权项目
08:17
which I founded, then began to look at
what kind of values and principles
what kind of values and principles
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我建立这个项目，然后开始检查有哪些价值观和准则
08:21
do we want to put before the judges?
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需要我们呈现给法官
08:24
What values and principles
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
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有哪些价值观和准则是与生俱来的
08:28
were they taught in law school,
do they use every day,
do they use every day,
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哪些是法律学校教授的，哪些是每天使用的
08:31
do they believe with all their hearts --
and we chose liberty and equality.
and we chose liberty and equality.
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哪些是发自内心相信的——然后我们选择了自由和平等
08:34
Now, liberty right is the kind of right
to which you're entitled
to which you're entitled
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现在，自由权是你们所拥有的权利
08:37
because of how you're put together,
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因为你们的身体组成而被赋予
08:40
and a fundamental liberty right
protects a fundamental interest.
protects a fundamental interest.
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基本的自由权保护基本的利益
08:45
And the supreme interest in the common law
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普通法系中的最高权利
08:48
are the rights to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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是自治和自主决定的权利
08:54
So they are so powerful that
in a common law country,
in a common law country,
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它们是如此的有力，所以在一个执行普通法律的国家
08:57
if you go to a hospital and you refuse
life-saving medical treatment,
life-saving medical treatment,
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如果你去医院却拒绝拯救生命的疗法
09:02
a judge will not order it forced upon you,
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法官不会命令它强加于你
09:04
because they will respect
your self-determination and your autonomy.
your self-determination and your autonomy.
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因为他们尊重你的自主决定和自治权
09:09
Now, an equality right is the kind
of right to which you're entitled
of right to which you're entitled
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现在平等权是你们所拥有的权利
09:12
because you resemble someone else
in a relevant way,
in a relevant way,
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因为你以某种相关道德方式和另一个人相似
09:15
and there's the rub, relevant way.
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并且存在这种方式
09:17
So if you are that, then because
they have the right, you're like them,
they have the right, you're like them,
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这样的话，因为他们拥有权利，你与他们相似
09:21
you're entitled to the right.
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所以你也拥有
09:23
Now, courts and legislatures
draw lines all the time.
draw lines all the time.
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现在法院和立法机构在不停的划分界限
09:26
Some are included, some are excluded.
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一些被包括进来，另一些被排除
09:29
But you have to,
at the bare minimum you must --
at the bare minimum you must --
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但你不得不，至少你必须要
09:35
that line has to be a reasonable means
to a legitimate end.
to a legitimate end.
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使这个界限以合理的方式成为法律
09:39
The Nonhuman Rights Project
argues that drawing a line
argues that drawing a line
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非人权项目坚决主张划分界限
09:42
in order to enslave an autonomous
and self-determining being
and self-determining being
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是为了奴役自治的、自主决定的个体
09:45
like you're seeing behind me,
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就像我身后的这个
09:47
that that's a violation of equality.
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这是对平等权利的侵犯
09:51
We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,
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然后我们搜寻了80种司法权
09:53
it took us seven years,
to find the jurisdiction
to find the jurisdiction
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用了7年的时间才找到我们需要的一项权利
09:56
where we wanted to begin
filing our first suit.
filing our first suit.
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来提出我们的第一份诉讼
09:58
We chose the state of New York.
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我们选择了纽约州
09:59
Then we decided upon
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
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然后我们决定谁来做我们的原告
10:02
We decided upon chimpanzees,
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我们决定是黑猩猩
10:04
not just because Jane Goodall
was on our board of directors,
was on our board of directors,
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不仅因为简·古道尔是我们的负责人之一
10:07
but because they, Jane and others,
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而且因为简和其他人一起
10:10
have studied chimpanzees
intensively for decades.
intensively for decades.
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对黑猩猩进行了十年的深入研究
10:13
We know the extraordinary
cognitive capabilities that they have,
cognitive capabilities that they have,
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我们了解它们拥有的非凡认知能力
10:17
and they also resemble the kind
that human beings have.
that human beings have.
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在这一点上他们和人类很相似
10:20
And so we chose chimpanzees,
and we began to then canvass the world
and we began to then canvass the world
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所以我们选择黑猩猩，然后我们在全世界寻找
10:25
to find the experts
in chimpanzee cognition.
in chimpanzee cognition.
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黑猩猩认知方面的专家
10:28
We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany,
Scotland, England and the United States,
Scotland, England and the United States,
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我们在日本、瑞典、德国、苏格兰、英格兰、美国找到这些专家
10:32
and amongst them, they wrote
100 pages of affidavits
100 pages of affidavits
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他们写了100多页的证词
10:35
in which they set out more than 40 ways
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证词中用40多种方式出发
10:38
in which their complex
cognitive capability,
cognitive capability,
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表明了他们的复杂认知能力
10:41
either individually or together,
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或是个体的或是集体的认知能力
10:43
all added up to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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集合成自治与自主决定
10:47
Now, these included, for example,
that they were conscious.
that they were conscious.
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比如这些能力包括它们是有意识的
10:50
But they're also conscious
that they're conscious.
that they're conscious.
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它们能够意识到它们自己有意识
10:53
They know they have a mind.
They know that others have minds.
They know that others have minds.
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他们知道自己有意识，他们知道其他个体也有意识
10:56
They know they're individuals,
and that they can live.
and that they can live.
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它们知道它们是个体，并且知道它们活着
10:58
They understand that they lived yesterday
and they will live tomorrow.
and they will live tomorrow.
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他们理解自己昨天活着，明天也将活着
11:01
They engage in mental time travel.
They remember what happened yesterday.
They remember what happened yesterday.
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它们参与思想的时间旅行，它们记得昨天发生了什么
11:05
They can anticipate tomorrow,
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它们可以预测明天
11:06
which is why it's so terrible to imprison
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
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这就是监禁黑猩猩非常糟糕的原因，尤其是单独关押
11:11
It's the thing that we do
to our worst criminals,
to our worst criminals,
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这是我们对最恶劣的罪犯所做的事情
11:14
and we do that to chimpanzees
without even thinking about it.
without even thinking about it.
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却这样对待黑猩猩，甚至丝毫不考虑这种做法
11:19
They have some kind of moral capacity.
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它们拥有一些方面的道德
11:22
When they play economic games
with human beings,
with human beings,
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当它们和人类玩经济游戏的时候
11:25
they'll spontaneously make fair offers,
even when they're not required to do so.
even when they're not required to do so.
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它们会自发的提供合理的开价，即便当它们未被要求如此的时候
11:29
They are numerate.
They understand numbers.
They understand numbers.
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它们有计算能力，它们也认识数字
11:31
They can do some simple math.
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它们可以做简单的数学计算
11:32
They can engage in language --
or to stay out of the language wars,
or to stay out of the language wars,
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它们可以使用语言--或者避免语言争论
11:36
they're involved in intentional
and referential communication
and referential communication
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它们参与有目的的和有关的交流
11:40
in which they pay attention
to the attitudes of those
to the attitudes of those
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在交流中他们会注意
11:42
with whom they are speaking.
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谈话对象的态度
11:44
They have culture.
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它们有文明
11:45
They have a material culture,
a social culture.
a social culture.
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有物质文明，有社会文明
11:48
They have a symbolic culture.
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它们有象征性的文明
11:50
Scientists in the Taï Forests
in the Ivory Coast
in the Ivory Coast
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科学家在象牙海岸的塔伊森林发现
11:54
found chimpanzees who were using
these rocks to smash open
these rocks to smash open
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黑猩猩可以用石块来砸开
11:58
the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.
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非常坚硬的坚果外壳
12:01
It takes a long time
to learn how to do that,
to learn how to do that,
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它们用很长的时间学会这项技能
12:03
and they excavated the area
and they found
and they found
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科学家挖掘这片区域时发现
12:05
that this material culture,
this way of doing it,
this way of doing it,
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这种物质文明，这种做事情的方式，
12:08
these rocks, had passed down
for at least 4,300 years
for at least 4,300 years
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这些石块，已经传承了至少4300年
12:11
through 225 chimpanzee generations.
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通过225代的黑猩猩
12:16
So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.
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所以现在我们需要找到我们的黑猩猩
12:19
Our chimpanzee,
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我们的黑猩猩
12:22
first we found two of them
in the state of New York.
in the state of New York.
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我们先在纽约发现了两只
12:25
Both of them would die before
we could even get our suits filed.
we could even get our suits filed.
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他们很可能在我们诉讼成文前死去
12:28
Then we found Tommy.
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然后我们找到了汤米
12:30
Tommy is a chimpanzee.
You see him behind me.
You see him behind me.
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汤米是一只黑猩猩，就是我身后的这只
12:33
Tommy was a chimpanzee.
We found him in that cage.
We found him in that cage.
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汤米是一只黑猩猩，我们在这个笼子里发现他
12:35
We found him in a small room
that was filled with cages
that was filled with cages
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我们在一个装满笼子的小屋里发现他
12:39
in a larger warehouse structure on a used
trailer lot in central New York.
trailer lot in central New York.
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在纽约中央的一个仓库中的拖车上
12:44
We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.
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我们发现了有些耳聋的Kiko
12:46
Kiko was in the back of a cement
storefront in western Massachusetts.
storefront in western Massachusetts.
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Kiko在西马萨诸塞州的水泥商店后面
12:52
And we found Hercules and Leo.
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然后我们发现了Hercules和Leo
12:54
They're two young male chimpanzees
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两只年轻的雄性黑猩猩
12:55
who are being used for biomedical,
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
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被打了生物药，在石溪做解剖学研究
12:59
We found them.
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我们找到了他们
13:00
And so on the last week of December 2013,
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所以在2013年12月的最后一个星期
13:03
the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three
suits all across the state of New York
suits all across the state of New York
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非人权项目在整个纽约州提出了三个诉讼
13:07
using the same common law
writ of habeus corpus argument
writ of habeus corpus argument
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使用相同的普通法系中的人身保护令辩护
13:10
that had been used with James Somerset,
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也是以前用在詹姆斯身上的
13:13
and we demanded that the judges issue
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
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我们请求法官签署普通法系中的人身保护令
13:18
We wanted the chimpanzees out,
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我们想要把黑猩猩拉出围墙
13:20
and we wanted them brought
to Save the Chimps,
to Save the Chimps,
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我们希望他们促使”拯救黑猩猩“
13:23
a tremendous chimpanzee
sanctuary in South Florida
sanctuary in South Florida
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一个南弗洛里达州的大型黑猩猩庇护所
13:27
which involves an artificial lake
with 12 or 13 islands --
with 12 or 13 islands --
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拥有一个12或13个小岛的人工湖
13:32
there are two or three acres
where two dozen chimpanzees live
where two dozen chimpanzees live
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20多只黑猩猩生活在这二三十英亩
13:35
on each of them.
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的每一寸土地上
13:36
And these chimpanzees would then live
the life of a chimpanzee,
the life of a chimpanzee,
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然后这些黑猩猩就可以过上它们应有的生活
13:39
with other chimpanzees in an environment
that was as close to Africa as possible.
that was as close to Africa as possible.
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和其他的黑猩猩一起 在一个和非洲尽可能接近的环境中
13:43
Now, all these cases are still going on.
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现在 所有的这些案件还在审理之中
13:48
We have not yet run into
our Lord Mansfield.
our Lord Mansfield.
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我们还没有遇到我们的曼斯菲尔德法官
13:52
We shall. We shall.
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我们会遇到的 我们会的
13:54
This is a long-term strategic
litigation campaign. We shall.
litigation campaign. We shall.
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这是一项漫长的战略性的战役 我们会赢的
13:58
And to quote Winston Churchill,
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借用Winston Churchill话，
14:00
the way we view our cases
is that they're not the end,
is that they're not the end,
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我们看待当下状况的方式，就是一切还未结束
14:04
they're not even the beginning of the end,
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甚至通往结局的道路还没有开始
14:06
but they are perhaps
the end of the beginning.
the end of the beginning.
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但它们很有可能 是开端的结束。
14:10
Thank you.
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谢谢。
14:12
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyerBy challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights.
Why you should listen
Using a long-term litigation campaign based on existing habeas corpus law, Steven Wise and the Nonhuman Rights Project are redefining the playing field for animal rights law. While the high-profile New York lawsuits Wise has initiated on behalf of captive chimpanzees have yet to bear fruit, they’re only the first stage of a strategy that is changing the conversation about animal rights.
Wise’s work with the Nonhuman Rights Project is the subject of Unlocking the Cage, a forthcoming film by Chris Hegedus and D.A. Pennebaker.
Steven Wise | Speaker | TED.com