TED2015
Steven Wise: Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights
斯蒂芬．懷斯: 黑猩猩有感情和思想 － 他們也該擁有法律上的權利！
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
1,115,996 views
如你所知黑猩猩也是人類；好吧，不全然是啦。但是律師「史提芬．懷斯」花了三十年的時間忙於改變這些動物的位階 － 從「物品」變成「常人」。如同他在這場引人入勝的演說中提到，這無關乎法律語義；體認到諸如黑猩猩等動物具有非凡的認知力，並且從重新思考我們在法律上看待這些動物的方式，這不僅僅是一項道德責任而已。
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyer
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
By challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to have you look at this pencil.
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請大家看看這支鉛筆 －
00:15
It's a thing. It's a legal thing.
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它是「法律上的物品」；
00:18
And so are books you might have
or the cars you own.
or the cars you own.
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你們擁有的書本和汽車也一樣，
00:22
They're all legal things.
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它們全都是「法律上的物品」。
00:24
The great apes that you'll see behind me,
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你們即將在我背後屏幕上
所看到漂亮的黑猩猩，
所看到漂亮的黑猩猩，
00:27
they too are legal things.
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牠們也是法律上的物品；
00:31
Now, I can do that to a legal thing.
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此時此刻我可以對
法律上的物品做這種事，
法律上的物品做這種事，
00:35
I can do whatever I want
to my book or my car.
to my book or my car.
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我可以隨意對我的書、
車子做任何事。
車子做任何事。
00:38
These great apes, you'll see.
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你們在螢幕上所看到
這些漂亮的黑猩猩，
這些漂亮的黑猩猩，
00:41
The photographs are taken by a man
named James Mollison
named James Mollison
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照片是寫出「詹姆士以及其他黑猩猩」
的詹姆士．莫里森所拍下來的，
的詹姆士．莫里森所拍下來的，
00:45
who wrote a book called
"James & Other Apes."
"James & Other Apes."
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他在書中講訴牠們之中的
每單隻、幾乎每一隻，
每單隻、幾乎每一隻，
00:48
And he tells in his book
how every single one them,
how every single one them,
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00:51
almost every one of them, is an orphan
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都是看著爸爸、媽媽
在眼前死去的孤兒，
在眼前死去的孤兒，
00:53
who saw his mother and father
die before his eyes.
die before his eyes.
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00:58
They're legal things.
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牠們是法律上的物品！
00:59
So for centuries, there's been
a great legal wall
a great legal wall
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好幾個世紀以來
一直有道法律高牆
一直有道法律高牆
01:02
that separates legal things
from legal persons.
from legal persons.
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區隔開「法律上的物品」
和「法律上的常人」，
和「法律上的常人」，
01:05
On one hand, legal things
are invisible to judges.
are invisible to judges.
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牆的一邊 －「法律上的物品」
對法官來說就像空氣一樣，
對法官來說就像空氣一樣，
01:09
They don't count in law.
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它們在法律裡不算數，
01:11
They don't have any legal rights.
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它們不具有任何法律所賦予權利、
01:13
They don't have
the capacity for legal rights.
the capacity for legal rights.
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沒有資格得到該權利 － 牠們是奴隸！
01:15
They are the slaves.
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01:17
On the other side of that legal wall
are the legal persons.
are the legal persons.
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牆的另一邊是「法律上的常人」，
01:20
Legal persons are very visible to judges.
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「法律上的常人」對法官來說是具體的、
01:23
They count in law.
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在法律裡是算數的；
01:25
They may have many rights.
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他們可能擁有多項權利、
01:27
They have the capacity
for an infinite number of rights.
for an infinite number of rights.
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有取得無數權利的能力，
01:30
And they're the masters.
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而且他們是主子！
01:33
Right now, all nonhuman animals
are legal things.
are legal things.
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此時此刻全部的非人類動物
都是法律上的物品、
都是法律上的物品、
01:37
All human beings are legal persons.
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所有人類都是「法人」；
01:40
But being human and being a legal person
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不過成為常人而且是法人，
01:43
has never been, and is not today,
synonymous with a legal person.
synonymous with a legal person.
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從來不曾是、在今天也不是
與法人有相同涵義的，
與法人有相同涵義的，
01:49
Humans and legal persons
are not synonymous.
are not synonymous.
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人類不等同法人！
01:52
On the one side,
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高牆的一邊
01:55
there have been many human beings
over the centuries
over the centuries
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長達好幾個世紀以來有許多人類
01:59
who have been legal things.
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一向都是法律上的物品，
02:01
Slaves were legal things.
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奴隸是法律上的物品、
02:02
Women, children,
were sometimes legal things.
were sometimes legal things.
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女人、孩童有時候也是法律上的物品。
02:07
Indeed, a great deal of civil rights
struggle over the last centuries
struggle over the last centuries
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確確實實長達過去好幾個
世紀以來大量的民權抗爭
世紀以來大量的民權抗爭
02:11
has been to punch a hole
through that wall and begin to feed
through that wall and begin to feed
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已經在這道高牆上打穿了一個洞，
而且開始把這些人送過高牆去，
而且開始把這些人送過高牆去，
02:15
these human things through the wall
and have them become legal persons.
and have them become legal persons.
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把他們變成了法人。
02:20
But alas, that hole has closed up.
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唉呀！不過那個洞已被關上了，
02:24
Now, on the other side are legal persons,
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牆的另一邊是法人，
02:26
but they've never only been
limited to human beings.
limited to human beings.
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但是他們從來不是只侷限於人類，
02:30
There are, for example, there are many
legal persons who are not even alive.
legal persons who are not even alive.
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例如有許多法人甚至不是活著的東西。
02:34
In the United States,
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在美國我們都清楚公司是法人的事實；
02:36
we're aware of the fact
that corporations are legal persons.
that corporations are legal persons.
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在獨立前的印度有個法庭認定
一尊印度神像是法人、
一尊印度神像是法人、
02:40
In pre-independence India,
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02:42
a court held that a Hindu idol
was a legal person,
was a legal person,
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一間清真寺是法人，
02:45
that a mosque was a legal person.
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02:47
In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court
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在 2000 年時印度最高法院
02:49
held that the holy books
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
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裁定錫克教的聖典是法人；
02:53
and in 2012, just recently,
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而就在最近的 2012 年
02:55
there was a treaty between
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
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紐西蘭原住民和君權政府之間的公約
02:59
and the crown, in which it was agreed
that a river was a legal person
that a river was a legal person
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認可了一條河流是法人，
03:02
who owned its own riverbed.
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它擁有著自己的河床。
03:05
Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,
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我在 1980 年時拜讀過
「彼得．辛格」的著作，
「彼得．辛格」的著作，
03:08
when I had a full head
of lush, brown hair,
of lush, brown hair,
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當時我有著滿頭茂盛的棕髮，
03:12
and indeed I was moved by it,
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而深深被這本書感動，
03:15
because I had become a lawyer because
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
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因為我成為律師就是為了
來替弱勢者出聲、
來替弱勢者出聲、
03:18
defend the defenseless,
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為無力辯護的人來辯護；
03:19
and I'd never realized how voiceless
and defenseless the trillions,
and defenseless the trillions,
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而我從來不知道
有多如牛毛的非人類動物
有多如牛毛的非人類動物
03:24
billions of nonhuman animals are.
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是沒有聲音的、無力辯護的，
03:27
And I began to work
as an animal protection lawyer.
as an animal protection lawyer.
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於是我開始當護守動物權利的律師。
03:30
And by 1985, I realized that I was trying
to accomplish something
to accomplish something
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到了 1985 年我意識到
自己正嘗試在做某種
自己正嘗試在做某種
03:35
that was literally impossible,
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根本不可能成功的事，
03:37
the reason being that all of my clients,
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理由就是我的所有客戶 －
03:40
all the animals whose interests
I was trying to defend,
I was trying to defend,
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所有我正在捍衛其權利的動物
03:43
were legal things; they were invisible.
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都是法律上的物品、被當成空氣一般！
03:46
It was not going to work, so I decided
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這根本行不通的，
因此我做出決定唯一的方法是
牠們必須 － 至少有些動物 －
牠們必須 － 至少有些動物 －
03:48
that the only thing that was going to work
was they had, at least some of them,
was they had, at least some of them,
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03:52
had to also be moved through a hole
that we could open up again in that wall
that we could open up again in that wall
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也得一樣穿過我們在法律高牆上
再度打開的孔洞，
再度打開的孔洞，
03:55
and begin feeding the appropriate
nonhuman animals through that hole
nonhuman animals through that hole
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開始將合適的非人類動物送過這孔洞
03:59
onto the other side
of being legal persons.
of being legal persons.
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去到身為法人的另一邊去。
04:02
Now, at that time, there was
very little known about or spoken about
very little known about or spoken about
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在那時候後有關實切動物的權力
04:08
truly animal rights,
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所知不多、談論也少，
04:10
about the idea of having legal personhood
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
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有關於讓非人類動物擁有法人身分
或是法律上之權力的概念，
或是法律上之權力的概念，
04:15
and I knew it was going
to take a long time.
to take a long time.
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因此我知道這條路很漫長。
04:18
And so, in 1985, I figured that it
would take about 30 years
would take about 30 years
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所以在 1985 年時
我以為會花上三十年的時間，
我以為會花上三十年的時間，
04:21
before we'd be able to even begin
a strategic litigation,
a strategic litigation,
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我們才會有辦法幾乎發起一樁
策略性訴訟、長期抗爭，
策略性訴訟、長期抗爭，
04:24
long-term campaign, in order to be able
to punch another hole through that wall.
to punch another hole through that wall.
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為了能夠在法律的高牆上打穿另一個洞，
04:30
It turned out that I was pessimistic,
that it only took 28.
that it only took 28.
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結果證明我太悲觀了 －
這只花了 28 年。
這只花了 28 年。
04:38
So what we had to do in order
to begin was not only
to begin was not only
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為了要開始我們必須做的不只是
04:45
to write law review articles
and teach classes, write books,
and teach classes, write books,
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寫寫法律評論文章、開課或出書而已，
04:49
but we had to then begin
to get down to the nuts and bolts
to get down to the nuts and bolts
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而且我們得接著開始認真專注於
04:52
of how you litigate that kind of case.
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要如何提起爭訟的具體細節。
04:54
So one of the first things we needed to do
was figure out what a cause of action was,
was figure out what a cause of action was,
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因此首要之事裡面有一件
便是釐清事由 －
便是釐清事由 －
04:58
a legal cause of action.
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法律上的訴訟事由，
05:00
And a legal cause of action
is a vehicle that lawyers use
is a vehicle that lawyers use
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訴訟事由是律師在法官面前
用來表達論點的方法。
用來表達論點的方法。
05:03
to put their arguments in front of courts.
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05:08
It turns out there's
a very interesting case
a very interesting case
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結果有個非常值得玩味的案子，
05:11
that had occurred almost 250 years ago
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
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發生在約 250 年前的倫敦，
被稱做「桑莫塞特與史都華爭訟」，
被稱做「桑莫塞特與史都華爭訟」，
05:16
whereby a black slave
had used the legal system
had used the legal system
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藉此一位黑人奴隸利用了司法的體制
05:19
and had moved from a legal thing
to a legal person.
to a legal person.
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從法律上的東西轉變成為法人！
05:22
I was so interested in it that I
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
eventually wrote an entire book about it.
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我對該案件深感興趣，
我最終還為此寫了一整本書。
我最終還為此寫了一整本書。
05:26
James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
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詹姆斯．桑默塞特在西非
遭到綁架時年僅八歲，
遭到綁架時年僅八歲，
05:31
He survived the Middle Passage,
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他熬過了「中央航線」，
05:34
and he was sold to a Scottish businessman
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
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以及在維吉尼亞州被賣給一名
蘇格蘭商人查爾斯．史都華。
蘇格蘭商人查爾斯．史都華。
05:39
Now, 20 years later, Stewart
brought James Somerset to London,
brought James Somerset to London,
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20 年後查爾斯帶著詹姆斯去到倫敦，
05:44
and after he got there, James decided
he was going to escape.
he was going to escape.
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到倫敦後詹姆斯便決定要脫逃。
05:47
And so one of the first things he did
was to get himself baptized,
was to get himself baptized,
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所以他所做的第一件事便是受洗，
05:51
because he wanted to get
a set of godparents,
a set of godparents,
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目的是為了得到一對教父、母；
05:53
because to an 18th-century slave,
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對一個十八世紀的奴隸來說
05:55
they knew that one of the major
responsibilities of godfathers
responsibilities of godfathers
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他們知道教父的一個重責大任
就是幫助你脫逃。
就是幫助你脫逃。
05:58
was to help you escape.
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而在 1771 年的秋天，
06:00
And so in the fall of 1771,
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06:04
James Somerset had a confrontation
with Charles Stewart.
with Charles Stewart.
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詹姆斯和查爾斯起了衝突，
06:07
We don't know exactly what happened,
but then James dropped out of sight.
but then James dropped out of sight.
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我們也不知道到底是發生了什麼事，
不過後來詹姆斯消失不見了。
不過後來詹姆斯消失不見了。
06:12
An enraged Charles Stewart
then hired slave catchers
then hired slave catchers
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盛怒的查爾斯隨後雇用了
獵奴人查訪倫敦市，
獵奴人查訪倫敦市，
06:15
to canvass the city of London,
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06:17
find him, bring him
not back to Charles Stewart,
not back to Charles Stewart,
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找出他、帶他回泊留在倫敦港的
「安與瑪莉號」船上
「安與瑪莉號」船上
06:20
but to a ship, the Ann and Mary,
that was floating in London Harbour,
that was floating in London Harbour,
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而非帶回給查爾斯；
06:26
and he was chained to the deck,
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而且他被鏈鎖在甲板上，
06:27
and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica
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該船預定要航向牙買加，
06:29
where James was to be sold
in the slave markets
in the slave markets
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在那裡詹姆斯即將在奴隸市場被賣掉，
06:32
and be doomed to the three to five
years of life that a slave had
years of life that a slave had
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他被註定了奴隸在牙買加會有的日子
三到五年裡不停收割甘蔗。
三到五年裡不停收割甘蔗。
06:36
harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.
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06:39
Well now James' godparents
swung into action.
swung into action.
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不錯，當下詹姆斯的教父、母
迅速有所行動，
迅速有所行動，
06:42
They approached the most powerful judge,
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找上了最權威的法官 －
06:44
Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge
of the court of King's Bench,
of the court of King's Bench,
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「曼斯菲爾德」大法官，
其為「王座法庭」的首席法官。
其為「王座法庭」的首席法官。
06:48
and they demanded that he issue
a common law writ of habeus corpus
a common law writ of habeus corpus
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他們代表詹姆士要求他簽發
人身保護令普通法傳票。
人身保護令普通法傳票。
06:52
on behalf of James Somerset.
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06:53
Now, the common law is the kind of law
that English-speaking judges can make
that English-speaking judges can make
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普通法是當未被法令或是憲法所納入
06:57
when they're not cabined in
by statutes or constitutions,
by statutes or constitutions,
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英語系國家的法官可以
制訂法條的法律；
制訂法條的法律；
07:02
and a writ of habeus corpus
is called the Great Writ,
is called the Great Writ,
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而人身保護令傳票叫做「大令狀」，
07:04
capital G, capital W,
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旨在保護我們誰違反自身意願
遭受拘禁的任何人。
遭受拘禁的任何人。
07:06
and it's meant to protect any of us
who are detained against our will.
who are detained against our will.
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07:11
A writ of habeus corpus is issued.
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一旦人身保護令傳票被簽發，
07:13
The detainer is required
to bring the detainee in
to bring the detainee in
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拘禁人受命帶來受拘禁者到庭上
07:15
and give a legally sufficient reason
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
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並且給出剝奪其身體自由
在法律上的充分理由。
在法律上的充分理由。
07:21
Well, Lord Mansfield had to make
a decision right off the bat,
a decision right off the bat,
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好了，曼斯菲爾德大法官必須
即刻做出決定，
即刻做出決定，
07:26
because if James Somerset
was a legal thing,
was a legal thing,
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因為詹姆士是「法律上的物品」
07:29
he was not eligible
for a writ of habeus corpus,
for a writ of habeus corpus,
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他不合乎於人身保護令傳票的用途，
07:32
only if he could be a legal person.
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除非他可以是個法人。
07:34
So Lord Mansfield decided
that he would assume,
that he would assume,
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所以曼斯菲爾德大法官決定 －
他將會假定而不是裁定
他將會假定而不是裁定
07:37
without deciding, that James Somerset
was indeed a legal person,
was indeed a legal person,
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詹姆斯確實是個法人，
07:41
and he issued the writ of habeus corpus,
and James's body was brought in
and James's body was brought in
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他簽發了人身保護令傳票，
詹姆士人就被該船船長帶來法庭上。
詹姆士人就被該船船長帶來法庭上。
07:44
by the captain of the ship.
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接下來六個月內有一連串的聽證會。
07:46
There were a series of hearings
over the next six months.
over the next six months.
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07:49
On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield
said that slavery was so odious,
said that slavery was so odious,
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1772 年 6 月 22 日曼斯菲爾德
大法官直言奴隸制度是如此醜惡，
大法官直言奴隸制度是如此醜惡，
07:55
and he used the word "odious,"
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他用了「醜惡」這個字眼，
07:56
that the common law would not support it,
and he ordered James free.
and he ordered James free.
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這下普通法不會再助長它的，
他發出釋放詹姆士的命令。
他發出釋放詹姆士的命令。
08:00
At that moment, James Somerset
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
underwent a legal transubstantiation.
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在那一刻詹姆斯經歷了法律上的轉形，
08:04
The free man who walked
out of the courtroom
out of the courtroom
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走出法庭這個自由的男人
08:06
looked exactly like the slave
who had walked in,
who had walked in,
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看起來和走進法庭的奴隸完全相像，
08:09
but as far as the law was concerned,
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
they had nothing whatsoever in common.
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不過就法律層面而言
他倆已經沒有任何相同之處了。
他倆已經沒有任何相同之處了。
08:14
The next thing we did is that
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
the Nonhuman Rights Project,
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我所成立的 「非人類權利專案」
所做的下一件事情是
所做的下一件事情是
08:17
which I founded, then began to look at
what kind of values and principles
what kind of values and principles
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接著開始著眼於我們想放在法官面前的
是什麼樣的價值觀和原則，
是什麼樣的價值觀和原則，
08:21
do we want to put before the judges?
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08:24
What values and principles
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
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哪些價值觀和原則
對他們來說再自然不過？
對他們來說再自然不過？
08:28
were they taught in law school,
do they use every day,
do they use every day,
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在法學院裡有上過？每天都會用到？
他們打從心底相信？
他們打從心底相信？
08:31
do they believe with all their hearts --
and we chose liberty and equality.
and we chose liberty and equality.
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而我們選中「自由」和「平等」。
08:34
Now, liberty right is the kind of right
to which you're entitled
to which you're entitled
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如今自由之權是那種因為
你的外觀所被賦予的權利，
你的外觀所被賦予的權利，
08:37
because of how you're put together,
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而基本的自由權保護基本的利益。
08:40
and a fundamental liberty right
protects a fundamental interest.
protects a fundamental interest.
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08:45
And the supreme interest in the common law
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普通法至高的利益
08:48
are the rights to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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是自主和自決的權力。
08:54
So they are so powerful that
in a common law country,
in a common law country,
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所以這兩種權利非常強大，
在普通法國家要是你進了醫院
而拒絕了保命的醫療救治，
而拒絕了保命的醫療救治，
08:57
if you go to a hospital and you refuse
life-saving medical treatment,
life-saving medical treatment,
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09:02
a judge will not order it forced upon you,
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法官不會下令使其強加於你身上，
09:04
because they will respect
your self-determination and your autonomy.
your self-determination and your autonomy.
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因為他們會尊重你的自決和自主權。
09:09
Now, an equality right is the kind
of right to which you're entitled
of right to which you're entitled
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平等權是那種因為你很某人在有關方面
09:12
because you resemble someone else
in a relevant way,
in a relevant way,
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看起來很相像而你所被賦予的權利，
09:15
and there's the rub, relevant way.
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這裡有一個關卡 － 相關方面；
09:17
So if you are that, then because
they have the right, you're like them,
they have the right, you're like them,
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所以要是你是那樣，
然後因為他們有權利、你和他們相像，
然後因為他們有權利、你和他們相像，
09:21
you're entitled to the right.
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你就被賦予了該權力。
09:23
Now, courts and legislatures
draw lines all the time.
draw lines all the time.
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如今法院和立法機構
不時劃分出界限，
不時劃分出界限，
09:26
Some are included, some are excluded.
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有些人被包含在內、有些人排除在外。
09:29
But you have to,
at the bare minimum you must --
at the bare minimum you must --
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但是在最低限度你一定要、你得要 －
09:35
that line has to be a reasonable means
to a legitimate end.
to a legitimate end.
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那條線對合法性的目標來說
得要是合理的方式，
得要是合理的方式，
09:39
The Nonhuman Rights Project
argues that drawing a line
argues that drawing a line
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「非人類權利專案」
據理說明：畫出一條線
據理說明：畫出一條線
09:42
in order to enslave an autonomous
and self-determining being
and self-determining being
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就為了宰制像你所看到在我背後螢幕上
有自主和自決力的生物，
有自主和自決力的生物，
09:45
like you're seeing behind me,
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09:47
that that's a violation of equality.
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那是違背了平等權。
09:51
We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,
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然後我們找遍80個司法管轄區，
09:53
it took us seven years,
to find the jurisdiction
to find the jurisdiction
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花費了七年的時間，
09:56
where we wanted to begin
filing our first suit.
filing our first suit.
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找出我們要提出第一個
訴案的司法管轄地，
訴案的司法管轄地，
09:58
We chose the state of New York.
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我們選擇了紐約。
09:59
Then we decided upon
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
who our plaintiffs are going to be.
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然後我們選定了誰將會是
原告 － 黑猩猩，
原告 － 黑猩猩，
10:02
We decided upon chimpanzees,
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10:04
not just because Jane Goodall
was on our board of directors,
was on our board of directors,
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不僅因為「珍．古德」
當時是我們董事會的成員，
當時是我們董事會的成員，
10:07
but because they, Jane and others,
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更是因為珍和其他人已經扎實地
研究黑猩猩幾十年了。
研究黑猩猩幾十年了。
10:10
have studied chimpanzees
intensively for decades.
intensively for decades.
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10:13
We know the extraordinary
cognitive capabilities that they have,
cognitive capabilities that they have,
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我們已經知道黑猩猩具有
驚人的認知能力、
驚人的認知能力、
10:17
and they also resemble the kind
that human beings have.
that human beings have.
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他們的身體構造也和人類相像，
10:20
And so we chose chimpanzees,
and we began to then canvass the world
and we began to then canvass the world
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所以我們選擇了黑猩猩；
之後我們開始到世界處探問，
之後我們開始到世界處探問，
10:25
to find the experts
in chimpanzee cognition.
in chimpanzee cognition.
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要找出黑猩猩認知研究的專家，
10:28
We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany,
Scotland, England and the United States,
Scotland, England and the United States,
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我們在日本、瑞典、德國、蘇格蘭、
英格蘭和美國找到這些人，
英格蘭和美國找到這些人，
10:32
and amongst them, they wrote
100 pages of affidavits
100 pages of affidavits
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這些人之中寫了 100 頁的書面證詞，
10:35
in which they set out more than 40 ways
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裡面列出了40多種研究方法，
10:38
in which their complex
cognitive capability,
cognitive capability,
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其中他們錯綜複雜的認知力
單獨也好、共同也罷，
單獨也好、共同也罷，
10:41
either individually or together,
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2020
10:43
all added up to autonomy
and self-determination.
and self-determination.
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全都提升了自主和自決力。
10:47
Now, these included, for example,
that they were conscious.
that they were conscious.
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舉例來說現在這些納進來的
這些非人類動物是有意識的，
這些非人類動物是有意識的，
10:50
But they're also conscious
that they're conscious.
that they're conscious.
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而且他們也能意識到
自己是有意識的；
自己是有意識的；
10:53
They know they have a mind.
They know that others have minds.
They know that others have minds.
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他們知道自己有心智、
他們知道其他黑猩猩有心智；
他們知道其他黑猩猩有心智；
10:56
They know they're individuals,
and that they can live.
and that they can live.
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他們知道自己是個體、
而且能夠過日子；
而且能夠過日子；
10:58
They understand that they lived yesterday
and they will live tomorrow.
and they will live tomorrow.
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他們知道自己昨天活著，
而且明天還會活着；
而且明天還會活着；
11:01
They engage in mental time travel.
They remember what happened yesterday.
They remember what happened yesterday.
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他們進行心靈的時光之旅，
他們記得昨天發生過的事情、
他們記得昨天發生過的事情、
11:05
They can anticipate tomorrow,
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他們能夠預測明天。
11:06
which is why it's so terrible to imprison
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
a chimpanzee, especially alone.
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這是為什麼關住一隻黑猩猩，
尤其是單獨一隻有多麼駭人；
尤其是單獨一隻有多麼駭人；
11:11
It's the thing that we do
to our worst criminals,
to our worst criminals,
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這是我們對罪大惡極的人犯所作之事，
11:14
and we do that to chimpanzees
without even thinking about it.
without even thinking about it.
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而我們對黑猩猩們做這檔事
連想都沒有想過這點！
連想都沒有想過這點！
11:19
They have some kind of moral capacity.
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牠們具有某種良知本能，
11:22
When they play economic games
with human beings,
with human beings,
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牠們和人類進行經濟活動時，
11:25
they'll spontaneously make fair offers,
even when they're not required to do so.
even when they're not required to do so.
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牠們會自動地做出對等的提案，
儘管沒人要求牠們這麼做。
儘管沒人要求牠們這麼做。
11:29
They are numerate.
They understand numbers.
They understand numbers.
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牠們會算數的 － 牠們瞭解數字、
11:31
They can do some simple math.
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他們能做一些簡單的數學運算；
11:32
They can engage in language --
or to stay out of the language wars,
or to stay out of the language wars,
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牠們可以進行或是避免語言的爭戰；
11:36
they're involved in intentional
and referential communication
and referential communication
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他們投入於本意的以及指射性的溝通，
11:40
in which they pay attention
to the attitudes of those
to the attitudes of those
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在溝通中會留意牠們正在
講話之對象的態度；
講話之對象的態度；
11:42
with whom they are speaking.
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他們有文化 －
11:44
They have culture.
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11:45
They have a material culture,
a social culture.
a social culture.
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有實物的文化、社會的文化、
11:48
They have a symbolic culture.
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還有象徵含意的文化。
11:50
Scientists in the Taï Forests
in the Ivory Coast
in the Ivory Coast
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科學家在象牙海岸的塔伊國家森林
11:54
found chimpanzees who were using
these rocks to smash open
these rocks to smash open
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發現正在用石頭敲開
果殼異常堅硬之核果的黑猩猩，
果殼異常堅硬之核果的黑猩猩，
11:58
the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.
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這花了很長的一段時間來學如何做到，
12:01
It takes a long time
to learn how to do that,
to learn how to do that,
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12:03
and they excavated the area
and they found
and they found
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他們挖掘了該地區
而發現這個實物文化，
而發現這個實物文化，
12:05
that this material culture,
this way of doing it,
this way of doing it,
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這樣子做事的方法，
12:08
these rocks, had passed down
for at least 4,300 years
for at least 4,300 years
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這些石頭已經傳承下來
至少 4,300 年，
至少 4,300 年，
12:11
through 225 chimpanzee generations.
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經歷了 225 代的黑猩猩。
12:16
So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.
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所以我們需要找出我們的黑猩猩原告，
12:19
Our chimpanzee,
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首先我們在紐約找到兩隻，
12:22
first we found two of them
in the state of New York.
in the state of New York.
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12:25
Both of them would die before
we could even get our suits filed.
we could even get our suits filed.
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兩隻都會在我們第一次提交
訴訟之前就死掉；
訴訟之前就死掉；
12:28
Then we found Tommy.
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後來我們找到了「湯米」，
12:30
Tommy is a chimpanzee.
You see him behind me.
You see him behind me.
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3112
湯米是一隻黑猩猩，
大家看牠就在我背後的螢幕上，
大家看牠就在我背後的螢幕上，
12:33
Tommy was a chimpanzee.
We found him in that cage.
We found him in that cage.
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湯米當初是一隻黑猩猩，
我們在籠子裏找到了牠，
我們在籠子裏找到了牠，
12:35
We found him in a small room
that was filled with cages
that was filled with cages
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我們在一個塞滿籠子
的小房間裡發現他的，
的小房間裡發現他的，
12:39
in a larger warehouse structure on a used
trailer lot in central New York.
trailer lot in central New York.
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就在紐約中央曾經用來當拖車場的
一間大型倉儲建物裡。
一間大型倉儲建物裡。
12:44
We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.
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我們還找到了「濟科」，
他有一邊的耳朵聾掉了。
他有一邊的耳朵聾掉了。
12:46
Kiko was in the back of a cement
storefront in western Massachusetts.
storefront in western Massachusetts.
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5642
濟科當時在麻省西部
一排水泥鄰街店舖的後方；
一排水泥鄰街店舖的後方；
12:52
And we found Hercules and Leo.
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我們找到了「赫裘里斯」和「李奧」。
12:54
They're two young male chimpanzees
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他們是兩隻年輕的雄性黑猩猩，
12:55
who are being used for biomedical,
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
anatomical research at Stony Brook.
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他們正在石溪大學
接受生物醫學、解剖學的研究，
接受生物醫學、解剖學的研究，
12:59
We found them.
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我們發現了牠倆。
13:00
And so on the last week of December 2013,
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然後在 2013 年 12 月的最後一週，
13:03
the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three
suits all across the state of New York
suits all across the state of New York
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「非人類權利專案」在全紐約
提交了三起訴訟，
提交了三起訴訟，
13:07
using the same common law
writ of habeus corpus argument
writ of habeus corpus argument
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利用一樣曾經用在詹姆士．桑莫塞特
案子的一般法人身保護令傳票，
案子的一般法人身保護令傳票，
13:10
that had been used with James Somerset,
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13:13
and we demanded that the judges issue
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
these common law writs of habeus corpus.
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我們要求法官簽發
普通法人身保護令傳票。
普通法人身保護令傳票。
13:18
We wanted the chimpanzees out,
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我們想要救出這些黑猩猩，
13:20
and we wanted them brought
to Save the Chimps,
to Save the Chimps,
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想讓牠們被送去「拯救黑猩猩」，
13:23
a tremendous chimpanzee
sanctuary in South Florida
sanctuary in South Florida
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那是一個在南佛羅里達州
極棒的黑猩猩庇護地，
極棒的黑猩猩庇護地，
13:27
which involves an artificial lake
with 12 or 13 islands --
with 12 or 13 islands --
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包括了一個有著 12、3 個
小島的人工湖，
小島的人工湖，
13:32
there are two or three acres
where two dozen chimpanzees live
where two dozen chimpanzees live
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小島面積為二到三畝，
每個小島上住著二十四隻的黑猩猩。
每個小島上住著二十四隻的黑猩猩。
13:35
on each of them.
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13:36
And these chimpanzees would then live
the life of a chimpanzee,
the life of a chimpanzee,
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這些黑猩猩將會過上
黑猩猩的生活，
黑猩猩的生活，
13:39
with other chimpanzees in an environment
that was as close to Africa as possible.
that was as close to Africa as possible.
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與其他的黑猩猩在一個
盡可能接近西非的環境，
盡可能接近西非的環境，
13:43
Now, all these cases are still going on.
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至今所有的案件仍在審理中，
13:48
We have not yet run into
our Lord Mansfield.
our Lord Mansfield.
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我們尚未巧遇到
我們的曼斯菲爾德大法官，
我們的曼斯菲爾德大法官，
13:52
We shall. We shall.
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我們應該會碰到的，
13:54
This is a long-term strategic
litigation campaign. We shall.
litigation campaign. We shall.
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這是一場長期戰略性的訴訟戰役，
我們應該會碰上的啦。
我們應該會碰上的啦。
13:58
And to quote Winston Churchill,
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引用「溫斯頓．邱吉爾」的說法 ，
14:00
the way we view our cases
is that they're not the end,
is that they're not the end,
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我們看待自己訴案的方式 －
它們並非是個結束，
它們並非是個結束，
14:04
they're not even the beginning of the end,
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甚至不是結束的開端，
14:06
but they are perhaps
the end of the beginning.
the end of the beginning.
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不過它們也許是一個開端的結束。
14:10
Thank you.
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謝謝大家！
14:12
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Wise - Animal rights lawyerBy challenging long-held legal notions of “personhood”, Steven Wise seeks to grant cognitively advanced animals access to a full spectrum of fundamental rights.
Why you should listen
Using a long-term litigation campaign based on existing habeas corpus law, Steven Wise and the Nonhuman Rights Project are redefining the playing field for animal rights law. While the high-profile New York lawsuits Wise has initiated on behalf of captive chimpanzees have yet to bear fruit, they’re only the first stage of a strategy that is changing the conversation about animal rights.
Wise’s work with the Nonhuman Rights Project is the subject of Unlocking the Cage, a forthcoming film by Chris Hegedus and D.A. Pennebaker.
Steven Wise | Speaker | TED.com