Mission Blue II
Kristen Marhaver: How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs
Kristen Marhaver: 我们是如何培育珊瑚虫来重建珊瑚礁的
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
899,361 views
Kristen Marhaver 从事珊瑚虫研究，这种微小得如罂粟种子般大小的生物，经过漫长的几百年，创造了在海中延绵几百英里的，美丽的生命维持性结构体。就像她承认的那样，看到珊瑚礁的状况很容易让人伤感；最近它们常常出现在报纸上，因为它们白化，死亡和烂泥化的速度太快了。但好消息是，我们正越来越了解这种神奇的海洋无脊椎动物——包括学习如何帮助它们，同时也让它们帮助我们。这位女生物学家和TED资深会员给了我们惊鸿一瞥，让我们了解了这么绝妙的神奇生命体的辛勤工作和脆弱的生命。
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologist
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What was the most
difficult job you ever did?
difficult job you ever did?
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你曾经做过的最难的工作是什么？
00:15
Was it working in the sun?
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是曾在大太阳底下工作？
00:17
Was it working to provide food
for a family or a community?
for a family or a community?
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是给家庭或者整个社区提供餐饮？
00:21
Was it working days and nights
trying to protect lives and property?
trying to protect lives and property?
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是要昼夜不分地保护生命和财产？
00:25
Was it working alone
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是你曾独自一人工作？
00:26
or working on a project
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
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还是你在一个前途未卜的项目中，
但却可以改善人类健康或者救死扶伤？
00:30
but that might improve
human health or save a life?
human health or save a life?
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00:33
Was it working to build something,
create something, make a work of art?
create something, make a work of art?
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这份工作是不是去建造，去创新，
打造一个艺术作品？
打造一个艺术作品？
00:38
Was it work for which you were never sure
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这份工作是不是让你觉得
00:41
you were fully understood or appreciated?
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不确定自己是否会被人们所理解和感激？
00:45
The people in our communities
who do these jobs
who do these jobs
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那些在我们社会里，
正做着上述工作的人们，
正做着上述工作的人们，
理应受到我们的关注，
关爱和切实的支持。
关爱和切实的支持。
00:47
deserve our attention, our love
and our deepest support.
and our deepest support.
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00:51
But people aren't the only ones
in our communities
in our communities
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但是人类并不是我们社会里唯一
00:53
who do these difficult jobs.
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从事困难工作的群体。
00:56
These jobs are also done
by the plants, the animals
by the plants, the animals
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还有很多其他工作是植物，动物和
00:58
and the ecosystems on our planet,
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地球上生态系统在做的。
这之中的生态系统就包括了
我所研究的：热带珊瑚礁。
我所研究的：热带珊瑚礁。
01:01
including the ecosystems I study:
the tropical coral reefs.
the tropical coral reefs.
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01:05
Coral reefs are farmers.
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珊瑚礁是辛勤的农民。
01:07
They provide food, income
and food security
and food security
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它们提供食物，收入和食物安全性
给全世界数亿的人们。
01:10
for hundreds of millions
of people around the world.
of people around the world.
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珊瑚礁是安全卫士。
01:13
Coral reefs are security guards.
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01:16
The structures that they build
protect our shorelines
protect our shorelines
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它们打造的结构保护了我们的海岸线
01:18
from storm surge and waves,
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不受风暴潮和海浪的侵袭，
而且这种生态系统能过滤海水，
01:20
and the biological systems
that they house filter the water
that they house filter the water
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01:24
and make it safer for us to work and play.
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让我们能安全地在水里工作和玩耍。
01:27
Coral reefs are chemists.
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珊瑚礁是药剂师。
01:30
The molecules that we're discovering
on coral reefs are increasingly important
on coral reefs are increasingly important
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珊瑚礁上发现的分子对研究新的抗生素和
01:33
in the search for new antibiotics
and new cancer drugs.
and new cancer drugs.
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癌症治疗药物非常重要。
珊瑚礁还是艺术家。
01:37
And coral reefs are artists.
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它们创造的这种结构
01:39
The structures that they build
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是地球上最漂亮的景致之一。
01:41
are some of the most
beautiful things on planet Earth.
beautiful things on planet Earth.
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01:43
And this beauty is the foundation
of the tourism industry
of the tourism industry
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这种美丽是旅游业的基础，
特别是对于很多没有
其他自然资源的国家来说。
其他自然资源的国家来说。
01:46
in many countries with few
or little other natural resources.
or little other natural resources.
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01:51
So for all of these reasons,
all of these ecosystem services,
all of these ecosystem services,
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那么针对这么多有利的原因
和生态系统的服务，
和生态系统的服务，
经济学家估算了这种珊瑚礁的价值，
01:55
economists estimate the value
of the world's coral reefs
of the world's coral reefs
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可以达到几千亿，每年。
01:57
in the hundreds of billions
of dollars per year.
of dollars per year.
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02:01
And yet despite all that hard work
being done for us
being done for us
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尽管珊瑚礁为我们做了
所有这些艰辛的工作，
所有这些艰辛的工作，
尽管我们获得了所有的财富，
02:04
and all that wealth that we gain,
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我们却已经几乎
不遗余力地破坏了它们。
不遗余力地破坏了它们。
02:06
we have done almost everything
we possibly could to destroy that.
we possibly could to destroy that.
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我们从海洋里获取鱼类，
02:11
We have taken the fish out of the oceans
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与此同时，我们加入了肥料和废水，
02:13
and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
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以及疾病，石油，污染物，还有沉积物。
02:15
diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
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02:19
We have trampled the reefs physically
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
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我们的船舶，船舵和推土机
已经践踏了珊瑚礁，
已经践踏了珊瑚礁，
02:23
and we have changed the chemistry
of the entire sea,
of the entire sea,
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我们已经改变了整个海洋的化学结构，
导致海水温度升高，风暴变得更加猛烈。
02:26
warmed the waters and made storms worse.
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这其中的每一项本身就是有害的，
02:28
And these would all be bad on their own,
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而它们还会相互作用，彼此强化，
02:30
but these threats magnify each other
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02:32
and compound one another
and make each other worse.
and make each other worse.
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让各个因素的负面效果愈演愈烈。
我给你们举个例子。
02:35
I'll give you an example.
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Curaçao是我生活工作的地方，
这里几年前被一个热带风暴侵袭过。
这里几年前被一个热带风暴侵袭过。
02:37
Where I live and work, in Curaçao,
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
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在岛的最东端，
02:41
And on the eastern end of the island,
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珊瑚们保存完好，生长得很繁茂，
02:43
where the reefs are intact and thriving,
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你很难相信一个
热带风暴潮刚刚经过这里。
热带风暴潮刚刚经过这里。
02:45
you could barely tell
a tropical storm had passed.
a tropical storm had passed.
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但是在城镇中心，那里的珊瑚
早已死于过度捕鱼和污染，
早已死于过度捕鱼和污染，
02:48
But in town, where corals had died
from overfishing, from pollution,
from overfishing, from pollution,
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热带风暴潮夹带起死去的珊瑚，
02:53
the tropical storm picked up
the dead corals
the dead corals
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用它们撞击并消灭了其他活着的珊瑚。
02:55
and used them as bludgeons
to kill the corals that were left.
to kill the corals that were left.
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02:59
This is a coral that I studied
during my PhD --
during my PhD --
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这是一种我在读博士期间
研究过的珊瑚，
研究过的珊瑚，
我很了解它。
03:01
I got to know it quite well.
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在风暴潮过后，它只剩了半边组织，
03:03
And after this storm
took off half of its tissue,
took off half of its tissue,
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它开始被海藻侵蚀，
03:06
it became infested with algae,
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海藻在珊瑚身上过度生长，
然后珊瑚就死了。
然后珊瑚就死了。
03:08
the algae overgrew the tissue
and that coral died.
and that coral died.
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03:11
This magnification of threats,
this compounding of factors
this compounding of factors
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这样的巨大威胁，这种混合因素，
03:15
is what Jeremy Jackson describes
as the "slippery slope to slime."
as the "slippery slope to slime."
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正是 Jeremy Jackson描述的那样
"滑向烂泥深渊的斜坡。"
"滑向烂泥深渊的斜坡。"
03:20
It's hardly even a metaphor
because many of our reefs now
because many of our reefs now
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这可能都不是只是个隐喻了，
因为很多礁石都是由
因为很多礁石都是由
03:24
are literally bacteria
and algae and slime.
and algae and slime.
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细菌，海草和烂泥组成的了。
03:28
Now, this is the part of the talk
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现在你们可能觉得
03:30
where you may expect me
to launch into my plea
to launch into my plea
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我马上就要开始提出关于
03:33
for us to all save the coral reefs.
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保护珊瑚礁的倡议了。
03:36
But I have a confession to make:
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但是我必须要承认：
03:39
that phrase drives me nuts.
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保护珊瑚礁这词让我很受不了。
03:42
Whether I see it in a tweet,
in a news headline
in a news headline
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无论我在微博，报纸头条，
或是设计精美的环保宣传册上看到，
03:46
or the glossy pages
of a conservation brochure,
of a conservation brochure,
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那些辞藻都让我觉得很反感，
03:49
that phrase bothers me,
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因为我们这些自然环境保护者几十年来
一直在散播
一直在散播
03:51
because we as conservationists
have been sounding the alarms
have been sounding the alarms
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03:54
about the death
of coral reefs for decades.
of coral reefs for decades.
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关于珊瑚礁死亡的警告。
但是现在，几乎我遇到的所有人，
无论他们受教育程度如何，
无论他们受教育程度如何，
03:56
And yet, almost everyone I meet,
no matter how educated,
no matter how educated,
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居然都不知道什么是珊瑚，
或不知道它们从哪里来。
或不知道它们从哪里来。
04:01
is not sure what a coral is
or where they come from.
or where they come from.
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04:05
How would we get someone to care
about the world's coral reefs
about the world's coral reefs
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那么我们要如何让人们来关心
世界上的珊瑚礁呢？
世界上的珊瑚礁呢？
对大众来说它们只是抽象的词汇，
又怎么会被人们所了解呢？
又怎么会被人们所了解呢？
04:08
when it's an abstract thing
they can barely understand?
they can barely understand?
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04:13
If they don't understand
what a coral is or where it comes from,
what a coral is or where it comes from,
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如果大众不知道珊瑚是什么，
从何而来，
从何而来，
或者它们多么有意思，
亦或不知道它们有多美丽，
亦或不知道它们有多美丽，
04:16
or how funny or interesting
or beautiful it is,
or beautiful it is,
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那为什么我们要期待大众去
保护它们呢？
保护它们呢？
04:19
why would we expect them
to care about saving them?
to care about saving them?
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04:22
So let's change that.
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那么，我们要改变一下现状了。
什么是珊瑚，它们从哪来？
04:23
What is a coral
and where does it come from?
and where does it come from?
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04:27
Corals are born
in a number of different ways,
in a number of different ways,
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珊瑚可以通过很多种方式诞生，
04:29
but most often by mass spawning:
all of the individuals of a single species
all of the individuals of a single species
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但通常是通过大量产卵：
所有这些同一类的珊瑚虫个体
所有这些同一类的珊瑚虫个体
在每年的一个晚上，
04:33
on one night a year,
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释放它们当年产的所有卵
04:35
releasing all the eggs
they've made that year
they've made that year
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04:37
into the water column,
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到水柱中去，
并和精子细胞打包在一起。
04:39
packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
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那些卵包到了海面，散开。
04:41
And those bundles go to the surface
of the ocean and break apart.
of the ocean and break apart.
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之后在海面上，咱们只能是希望，
04:45
And hopefully -- hopefully --
at the surface of the ocean,
at the surface of the ocean,
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它们可能遇到了
其他珊瑚虫的卵子和精子。
其他珊瑚虫的卵子和精子。
04:47
they meet the eggs and sperm
from other corals.
from other corals.
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而这就是为什么一个珊瑚礁上
需要大量的珊瑚虫——
需要大量的珊瑚虫——
04:50
And that is why you need
lots of corals on a coral reef --
lots of corals on a coral reef --
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这样它们所有的卵
才能在海面上找到精子。
才能在海面上找到精子。
04:53
so that all of their eggs can
meet their match at the surface.
meet their match at the surface.
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04:57
When they're fertilized, they do
what any other animal egg does:
what any other animal egg does:
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当这些卵受精后，
它们就像其他动物的卵一样：
它们就像其他动物的卵一样：
一遍又一遍地分裂。
05:00
divides in half again and again and again.
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05:03
Taking these photos
under the microscope every year
under the microscope every year
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在显微镜下拍到这些照片，
05:05
is one of my favorite and most
magical moments of the year.
magical moments of the year.
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成为了我每年最喜欢的，
最神奇的时刻之一。
最神奇的时刻之一。
在所有这些细胞分裂结束后，
它们变成了游动的幼虫——
它们变成了游动的幼虫——
05:08
At the end of all this cell division,
they turn into a swimming larva --
they turn into a swimming larva --
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05:12
a little tiny blob of fat
the size of a poppy seed,
the size of a poppy seed,
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小小的一团，
肥的像个罂粟种子，
肥的像个罂粟种子，
但已经具备我们人类
所有的感觉系统了。
所有的感觉系统了。
05:16
but with all of the sensory
systems that we have.
systems that we have.
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它们可以感知颜色和光，
材质，化学物质和酸碱值。
材质，化学物质和酸碱值。
05:19
They can sense color and light,
textures, chemicals, pH.
textures, chemicals, pH.
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它们甚至可以感觉到压力波；
可以听到声音。
可以听到声音。
05:24
They can even feel pressure waves;
they can hear sound.
they can hear sound.
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05:28
And they use those talents
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而且它们可以用这些天份，
05:29
to search the bottom of the reef
for a place to attach
for a place to attach
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去寻找珊瑚礁的底端附着上去，
并在珊瑚礁上度过它们的余生。
05:32
and live the rest of their lives.
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05:34
So imagine finding a place
where you would live the rest of your life
where you would live the rest of your life
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那么想像下找到一个地方
去度过你们的余生，
去度过你们的余生，
而当时你只诞生了两天。
05:37
when you were just two days old.
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05:39
They attach in the place
they find most suitable,
they find most suitable,
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它们附着在它们觉得最适合的地方，
05:42
they build a skeleton
underneath themselves,
underneath themselves,
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在自己身体下面创造支架，
一起建造一张嘴和很多触手，
05:44
they build a mouth and tentacles,
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05:46
and then they begin the difficult work
of building the world's coral reefs.
of building the world's coral reefs.
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然后就开始了艰难的工作，
去建造全世界的珊瑚礁。
去建造全世界的珊瑚礁。
05:51
One coral polyp will divide itself
again and again and again,
again and again and again,
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一只珊瑚虫将自己分裂一次又一次，
在其腹下产生一个石灰岩的骨架，
05:54
leaving a limestone skeleton
underneath itself
underneath itself
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然后朝着太阳的方向的生长。
05:57
and growing up toward the sun.
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05:59
Given hundreds of years and many species,
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数百年之后，万物纵生，
一个巨大的石灰结构形成了，
06:02
what you get is a massive
limestone structure
limestone structure
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在太空上都能从很多地方看到，
06:05
that can be seen from space in many cases,
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表面还覆盖着薄薄的一层
这些辛勤工作的珊瑚虫。
这些辛勤工作的珊瑚虫。
06:07
covered by a thin skin
of these hardworking animals.
of these hardworking animals.
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06:11
Now, there are only a few hundred species
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
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现在，仅有几百种珊瑚存于世间，
也可能1000种。
也可能1000种。
06:16
But these systems house millions
and millions of other species,
and millions of other species,
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但是这种珊瑚的石灰结构却是
亿万其他生物的栖息地，
亿万其他生物的栖息地，
而其多样性造就了
这个生态系统的稳定性，
这个生态系统的稳定性，
06:21
and that diversity is what
stabilizes the systems,
stabilizes the systems,
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也让我们找到了新型的药物。
06:23
and it's where we're finding
our new medicines.
our new medicines.
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我们在其中还找到了新的食物来源。
06:25
It's how we find new sources of food.
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06:29
I'm lucky enough to work
on the island of Curaçao,
on the island of Curaçao,
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我很幸运能在 Curaçao岛上工作，
在那里我们仍能找到像这样的珊瑚礁。
06:32
where we still have reefs
that look like this.
that look like this.
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但是，事实上在加勒比海和
世界上大多数地方，
世界上大多数地方，
06:34
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean
and much of our world
and much of our world
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却是这般光景。
06:38
is much more like this.
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科学家们更深入地研究了这种
退化的本质原因，
退化的本质原因，
06:40
Scientists have studied
in increasing detail
in increasing detail
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为何我们的珊瑚礁会慢慢消失，
06:43
the loss of the world's coral reefs,
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他们已经记录了不断被确定的原因。
06:45
and they have documented
with increasing certainty the causes.
with increasing certainty the causes.
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但是在我的研究中，我对过去不感兴趣。
06:49
But in my research, I'm not
interested in looking backward.
interested in looking backward.
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我和我同事在Curaçao岛上对将来
06:52
My colleagues and I in Curaçao
are interested in looking forward
are interested in looking forward
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可能会发生什么很感兴趣。
06:55
at what might be.
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我们只能用最微不足道的
原因去保持乐观。
原因去保持乐观。
06:56
And we have the tiniest reason
to be optimistic.
to be optimistic.
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07:00
Because even in some of these reefs
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因为即使在某些我们早就
不抱希望的珊瑚礁中，
07:02
that we probably could have
written off long ago,
written off long ago,
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我们有时仍会看到珊瑚虫的幼虫
到达这里，并挣扎生存下来。
到达这里，并挣扎生存下来。
07:06
we sometimes see baby corals
arrive and survive anyway.
arrive and survive anyway.
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07:11
And we're starting to think
that baby corals may have the ability
that baby corals may have the ability
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随后，我们开始思考，这些小珊瑚虫们
可能有某种能力去适应一些
成年珊瑚虫可能适应不了的地方。
成年珊瑚虫可能适应不了的地方。
07:14
to adjust to some of the conditions
that the adults couldn't.
that the adults couldn't.
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它们可能可以调整自身
07:18
They may be able to adjust
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去不断适应这个被人类占领的星球。
07:20
ever so slightly more readily
to this human planet.
to this human planet.
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07:24
So in the research I do
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
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所以在Curaçao的研究中，
我和同事们
我和同事们
努力去找出小珊瑚虫生长需要的因素，
07:28
we try to figure out
what a baby coral needs
what a baby coral needs
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特别是在关键的早期生长过程中，
07:31
in that critical early stage,
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这些小珊瑚虫到底在找些什么，
07:33
what it's looking for
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以及我们怎么才能
帮助它们渡过这些难关。
帮助它们渡过这些难关。
07:34
and how we can try to help it
through that process.
through that process.
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07:36
I'm going to show you three examples
of the work we've done
of the work we've done
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我将向你们展示
我们工作中的三个例子，
我们工作中的三个例子，
并以此来解答我刚提出的那些困惑。
07:39
to try to answer those questions.
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07:42
A few years ago we took a 3D printer
and we made coral choice surveys --
and we made coral choice surveys --
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在几年以前，我们用3D打印设备，
进行了珊瑚选择鉴定研究，
进行了珊瑚选择鉴定研究，
给出不同颜色和材质的环境，
07:47
different colors and different textures,
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我们简单地观察珊瑚虫，
想知道哪些环境是它们最喜欢的。
想知道哪些环境是它们最喜欢的。
07:49
and we simply asked the coral
where they preferred to settle.
where they preferred to settle.
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之后我们发现珊瑚虫甚至在
没有任何生物手段干预的情况下，
没有任何生物手段干预的情况下，
07:52
And we found that corals,
even without the biology involved,
even without the biology involved,
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07:55
still prefer white and pink,
the colors of a healthy reef.
the colors of a healthy reef.
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仍然选择了白色和粉红，
代表着健康礁石。
代表着健康礁石。
它们喜欢裂缝，凹槽，还有洞，
07:58
And they prefer crevices
and grooves and holes,
and grooves and holes,
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在那些地方它们可以免受外界侵扰，
08:01
where they will be safe
from being trampled
from being trampled
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也不会被捕食者吃掉。
08:03
or eaten by a predator.
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08:05
So we can use this knowledge,
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所以我们可以用这些知识，
回到实验室，
提出我们需要重构这些因素——
提出我们需要重构这些因素——
08:06
we can go back and say
we need to restore those factors --
we need to restore those factors --
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粉红的，白色的，
有裂缝的，坚硬的表面——
有裂缝的，坚硬的表面——
08:09
that pink, that white, those crevices,
those hard surfaces --
those hard surfaces --
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列入到我们的保护项目之中。
08:13
in our conservation projects.
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我们也能把这些知识，
08:14
We can also use that knowledge
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运用到建造海底墙体和码头上，
把合适的材料放在水下。
把合适的材料放在水下。
08:16
if we're going to put something
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
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08:19
We can choose to use the materials
and colors and textures
and colors and textures
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我们可以选择用这些材料、颜色、纹路，
让整个生态系统有利于
珊瑚虫的生存。
珊瑚虫的生存。
08:22
that might bias the system
back toward those corals.
back toward those corals.
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08:27
Now in addition to the surfaces,
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除了研究合适的表面，
08:29
we also study the chemical
and microbial signals
and microbial signals
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我们也研究了可以吸引珊瑚虫
08:32
that attract corals to reefs.
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附着在礁石上的化学和微生物因素。
大约六年前，
我就开始培养珊瑚礁表面
我就开始培养珊瑚礁表面
08:34
Starting about six years ago,
I began culturing bacteria
I began culturing bacteria
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有珊瑚栖息的区域的细菌。
08:36
from surfaces where corals had settled.
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我一个一个地试，
08:39
And I tried those one by one by one,
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想要找到那些能诱导珊瑚虫
聚集吸附的细菌种类。
聚集吸附的细菌种类。
08:41
looking for the bacteria that would
convince corals to settle and attach.
convince corals to settle and attach.
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现在我们有很多细菌株在冷冻柜里，
08:46
And we now have many
bacterial strains in our freezer
bacterial strains in our freezer
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这些细菌是珊瑚虫信赖的，
08:49
that will reliably cause corals
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愿意去附着和生长的菌类。
08:51
to go through that settlement
and attachment process.
and attachment process.
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就在演讲的这段时间里，
08:54
So as we speak,
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08:55
my colleagues in Curaçao
are testing those bacteria
are testing those bacteria
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我的同事们正在Curaçao测试那些细菌，
去研究它们是否能帮助我们在实验室
建造珊瑚的栖息地，
建造珊瑚的栖息地，
08:58
to see if they'll help us raise
more coral settlers in the lab,
more coral settlers in the lab,
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以及这些有珊瑚附着的结构能够
09:01
and to see if those coral settlers
will survive better
will survive better
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在海水中更好地生存。
09:04
when we put them back underwater.
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09:06
Now in addition to these tools,
we also try to uncover the mysteries
we also try to uncover the mysteries
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除了这些工具，
我们也在努力解开不为我们
我们也在努力解开不为我们
09:09
of species that are under-studied.
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所熟知的物种的秘密。
09:12
This is one of my favorite corals,
and always has been:
and always has been:
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这是其中我最喜欢的珊瑚中的一种，
一直都是：
一直都是：
系统柱状的，柱状珊瑚。
09:16
dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
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09:19
I love it because it makes
this ridiculous shape,
this ridiculous shape,
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我喜欢它，因为它有着无与伦比的形状，
09:22
because its tentacles
are fat and look fuzzy
are fat and look fuzzy
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因为它的触须胖嘟嘟，看起来毛茸茸，
还因为它很稀有。
09:25
and because it's rare.
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能找到这样一种珊瑚
绝对是一种慰藉。
绝对是一种慰藉。
09:26
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
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09:29
In fact, it's so rare,
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实际上，它是真的太稀有了，
09:30
that last year it was listed
as a threatened species
as a threatened species
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以至于它去年被认为是濒危物种，
出现在了濒危物种列表上。
09:33
on the endangered species list.
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这不难理解，因为在
过去30年的研究中，
过去30年的研究中，
09:35
And this was in part because
in over 30 years of research surveys,
in over 30 years of research surveys,
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科学家从未发现过一只
幼年柱形珊瑚虫。
幼年柱形珊瑚虫。
09:38
scientists had never found
a baby pillar coral.
a baby pillar coral.
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09:42
We weren't even sure
if they could still reproduce,
if they could still reproduce,
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我们之前都无法确信
它是否还可以继续繁衍，
它是否还可以继续繁衍，
或者当时是否还在繁殖。
09:45
or if they were still reproducing.
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573241
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09:47
So four years ago, we started
following these at night
following these at night
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所以四年前，我们开始在夜间观察，
看它们什么时候会在Curaçao产卵。
09:50
and watching to see if we could
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
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09:55
We got some good tips
from our colleagues in Florida,
from our colleagues in Florida,
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我们从佛罗里达的同事那里
得到了一些好的建议，
得到了一些好的建议，
09:58
who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
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他们在2007年和2008年分别
看到了一只柱状珊瑚，
看到了一只柱状珊瑚，
终于我们发现了
它们在Curaçao产卵的时间，
它们在Curaçao产卵的时间，
10:02
and eventually we figured out
when they spawn in Curaçao
when they spawn in Curaçao
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我们捕捉到了这个时刻。
10:05
and we caught it.
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10:06
Here's a female on the left
with some eggs in her tissue,
with some eggs in her tissue,
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左边是一只母珊瑚虫和一些卵，
正要把这些卵释放到海水中。
10:09
about to release them into the seawater.
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而右边是一只公的珊瑚虫在释放精子。
10:11
And here's a male
on the right, releasing sperm.
on the right, releasing sperm.
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10:14
We collected this, we got it
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
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我们收集了这些卵子和精子，
带回实验室进行培育，
带回实验室进行培育，
于是就有了柱状珊瑚虫
在我们实验室里里游来游去。
在我们实验室里里游来游去。
10:18
and we got baby pillar corals
swimming in our lab.
swimming in our lab.
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10:22
Thanks to the work
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
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感谢我们的科学界的前辈们，
也要感谢我们在Curaçao岛上
10:25
and thanks to the 10 years of practice
we've had in Curaçao
we've had in Curaçao
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十年培育其他珊瑚虫种类的经验，
10:27
at raising other coral species,
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我们有了一些珊瑚幼虫
可以完成余下的步骤，
可以完成余下的步骤，
10:30
we got some of those larvae
to go through the rest of the process
to go through the rest of the process
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让它们在礁石上附着和生存下来，
10:34
and settle and attach,
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并形成变质珊瑚礁。
10:35
and turn into metamorphosed corals.
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这是所有人见过的第一只
年幼的柱状珊瑚虫。
年幼的柱状珊瑚虫。
10:38
So this is the first pillar coral baby
that anyone ever saw.
that anyone ever saw.
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10:43
(Applause)
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（掌声）
我不得不说——
如果你们认为熊猫宝宝很可爱，
如果你们认为熊猫宝宝很可爱，
10:49
And I have to say --
if you think baby pandas are cute,
if you think baby pandas are cute,
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那这些小珊瑚虫更可爱。
10:52
this is cuter.
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（笑声）
10:53
(Laughter)
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1983
10:56
So we're starting to figure out
the secrets to this process,
the secrets to this process,
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我们正在研究珊瑚繁殖过程的秘密，
10:59
the secrets of coral reproduction
and how we might help them.
and how we might help them.
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我们要找出如何帮助它们繁殖。
11:03
And this is true all around the world;
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全世界都面临着同样的情况；
科学家们正在找出新的方法
去处理珊瑚虫的胚胎，
去处理珊瑚虫的胚胎，
11:04
scientists are figuring out new ways
to handle their embryos,
to handle their embryos,
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让它们栖息生长，
11:07
to get them to settle,
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1158
甚至在想办法
让它们能够在低温下生长，
让它们能够在低温下生长，
11:09
maybe even figuring out the methods
to preserve them at low temperatures,
to preserve them at low temperatures,
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4534
11:13
so that we can preserve
their genetic diversity
their genetic diversity
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这样我们就可以保护
它们的基因多样性，
它们的基因多样性，
并且有更多机会对它们进行研究。
11:16
and work with them more often.
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1882
11:18
But this is still so low-tech.
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2873
但是这个过程的技术含量太低了。
11:22
We are limited by the space on our bench,
the number of hands in the lab
the number of hands in the lab
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我们实验室的空间有限，人手也不够，
连休息时间提供的咖啡都少得可怜。
11:27
and the number of coffees
we can drink in any given hour.
we can drink in any given hour.
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11:32
Now, compare that to our other crises
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2493
现在，与我们人类遇到的其他危机，
以及其他社会问题比较一下。
11:34
and our other areas
of concern as a society.
of concern as a society.
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3213
11:38
We have advanced medical technology,
we have defense technology,
we have defense technology,
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3652
我们有先进的医疗技术，
防御技术，
防御技术，
我们也有科学手段，
11:41
we have scientific technology,
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1597
甚至还有先进的艺术科技。
11:43
we even have advanced technology for art.
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2426
但是我们的环保技术却远远落后了。
11:46
But our technology
for conservation is behind.
for conservation is behind.
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11:53
Think back to the most
difficult job you ever did.
difficult job you ever did.
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想想你们做过的最艰难的工作。
11:56
Many of you would say
it was being a parent.
it was being a parent.
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3235
你们很多人肯定会说是为人父母。
12:00
My mother described being a parent
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1657
我的妈妈描述了为人父母，
会让自己的生命更加精彩，
也更加艰辛，
也更加艰辛，
12:01
as something that makes your life
far more amazing and far more difficult
far more amazing and far more difficult
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4211
相比任何所能想象的工作。
12:06
than you could've ever possibly imagined.
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我已经从事让珊瑚虫们做父母这项工作
超过十年了。
超过十年了。
12:08
I've been trying to help corals
become parents for over 10 years now.
become parents for over 10 years now.
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4025
12:13
And watching the wonder of life
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见证这些生命的奇迹，
让我的内心十分充实，
在灵魂深处也惊叹不已。
在灵魂深处也惊叹不已。
12:15
has certainly filled me with amazement
to the core of my soul.
to the core of my soul.
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但是我看到了珊瑚虫们
想成为父母有多么困难。
想成为父母有多么困难。
12:19
But I've also seen how difficult
it is for them to become parents.
it is for them to become parents.
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12:24
The pillar corals spawned
again two weeks ago,
again two weeks ago,
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那些柱状珊瑚虫两周前在此产卵，
我们取了它们的卵，并带回了实验室。
12:26
and we collected their eggs
and brought them back to the lab.
and brought them back to the lab.
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这里你们可以看到一个胚胎在分裂，
马上就会炸裂开，
马上就会炸裂开，
12:29
And here you see one embryo dividing,
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而旁边其他的14个卵
12:31
alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
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还没有任何分裂迹象。
12:34
and will blow up.
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12:36
They'll be infected with bacteria,
they will explode
they will explode
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这些珊瑚虫卵
会被细菌感染，爆裂开来，
会被细菌感染，爆裂开来，
而这些细菌也会侵害那只
12:39
and those bacteria will threaten
the life of this one embryo
the life of this one embryo
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12:43
that has a chance.
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能够分裂的胚胎。
12:45
We don't know if it was our handling
methods that went wrong
methods that went wrong
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我们不知道是
我们的处理过程有问题，
我们的处理过程有问题，
还是只有这种珊瑚虫
12:48
and we don't know
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在礁石上繁育率一直很低。
12:50
if it was just this coral on this reef,
always suffering from low fertility.
always suffering from low fertility.
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12:55
Whatever the cause,
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无论这种低产率的原因是什么，
在我们能用这些珊瑚虫去培育、修复、
或者保护珊瑚礁之前，
或者保护珊瑚礁之前，
12:56
we have much more work to do
before we can use baby corals
before we can use baby corals
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我们还有更多的工作要做。
13:01
to grow or fix or, yes,
maybe save coral reefs.
maybe save coral reefs.
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13:07
So never mind that they're worth
hundreds of billions of dollars.
hundreds of billions of dollars.
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不要在意它们是否价值连城。
13:10
Coral reefs are hardworking animals
and plants and microbes and fungi.
and plants and microbes and fungi.
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珊瑚礁由是辛勤工作的
动植物和细菌组成的。
动植物和细菌组成的。
它们给予了我们艺术，食物和药物。
13:15
They're providing us with art
and food and medicine.
and food and medicine.
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13:20
And we almost took out
an entire generation of corals.
an entire generation of corals.
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我们几乎毁掉了整整一代的珊瑚。
13:23
But a few made it anyway,
despite our best efforts,
despite our best efforts,
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但是仍有一些幸存了下来
尽管我们一直在不遗余力地破坏着，
尽管我们一直在不遗余力地破坏着，
所以现在我们应该去感谢这些物种，
13:28
and now it's time for us to thank them
for the work they did
for the work they did
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并且给予它们所有
能在未来长成珊瑚礁的机会，
能在未来长成珊瑚礁的机会，
13:31
and give them every chance they have
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
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保护珊瑚幼虫。
13:36
their coral babies.
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非常谢谢你们。
13:37
Thank you so much.
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（掌声）
13:38
(Applause)
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Translated by Tianyu WANG
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologistTED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals.
Why you should listen
Dr. Kristen Marhaver's work combines classic scientific methods with new technologies to help threatened coral species survive their early life stages. She was the first person to rear juveniles of the endangered Caribbean Pillar Coral. Now she's now developing bacterial tools to improve coral survival at all life stages.
Marhaver's research has been covered by NPR, BBC, The Atlantic and Popular Science, among hundreds of outlets. She's earned five fellowships and grants from the US National Science Foundation and multiple awards for science communication. Marhaver is a TED Senior Fellow, a WINGS Fellow, and a World Economic Forum Young Scientist.
Outside the lab, Marhaver advocates for stronger ocean conservation and smarter science communication. Her talks and articles have been featured by Google, Wired UK, Mission Blue and by ocean and scuba festivals around the world.
A scuba diver from the age of 15, Marhaver is a graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology and the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her lab is based at the CARMABI Research Station on the island of Curaçao.
Kristen Marhaver | Speaker | TED.com