Mission Blue II
Kristen Marhaver: How we're growing baby corals to rebuild reefs
克莉絲汀．瑪哈爾: 我們如何培育珊瑚蟲來重建珊瑚礁
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
899,361 views
克莉絲汀．瑪哈爾（Kristen Marhaver） 從事珊瑚蟲研究。這種如罌粟種子般大小的微小生物，經過漫長的幾百年，創造了幾百英哩長的美麗、自我延續的海洋生命結構體。就像她承認的那樣，看到珊瑚礁的狀況很容易讓人傷感；最近它們常常出現在報紙上，因為它們白化、死亡和爛泥化的速度太快了。但慶幸的是，我們越來越了解這種神奇的海洋無脊椎動物──包括學習如何幫助它們（也幫助它們幫助我們）。這位生物學家，同時也是TED資深會員，帶我們一窺這個辛勤工作、脆弱的美麗和神奇的生物。
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologist
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
TED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What was the most
difficult job you ever did?
difficult job you ever did?
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你做過的工作當中，哪一個最困難?
是在大太陽底下工作？
00:15
Was it working in the sun?
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00:17
Was it working to provide food
for a family or a community?
for a family or a community?
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還是提供食物給一個家庭或整個社區？
00:21
Was it working days and nights
trying to protect lives and property?
trying to protect lives and property?
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還是不分晝夜的嘗試
保護生命和財產？
保護生命和財產？
還是獨自一人工作？
00:25
Was it working alone
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00:26
or working on a project
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
that wasn't guaranteed to succeed,
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或是在一個不保證成功的專案中工作，
00:30
but that might improve
human health or save a life?
human health or save a life?
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但卻可以改善人類健康
或者拯救一條生命？
或者拯救一條生命？
00:33
Was it working to build something,
create something, make a work of art?
create something, make a work of art?
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這份工作是不是去建造或創造
某些東西，或是做一個藝術作品？
某些東西，或是做一個藝術作品？
00:38
Was it work for which you were never sure
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這份工作是不是讓你從來都不確定
自己是否會被人們所理解和感激？
00:41
you were fully understood or appreciated?
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00:45
The people in our communities
who do these jobs
who do these jobs
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那些在我們社會裡
從事這些工作的人，
從事這些工作的人，
值得受到我們的關注、
關愛和最大的支持。
關愛和最大的支持。
00:47
deserve our attention, our love
and our deepest support.
and our deepest support.
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00:51
But people aren't the only ones
in our communities
in our communities
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但是人類並不是我們社會中
00:53
who do these difficult jobs.
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唯一從事這些困難工作的群體。
00:56
These jobs are also done
by the plants, the animals
by the plants, the animals
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還有很多其他工作是植物、動物和
00:58
and the ecosystems on our planet,
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地球上生態系統所做的，
01:01
including the ecosystems I study:
the tropical coral reefs.
the tropical coral reefs.
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包括我在研究的生態系統：熱帶珊瑚礁。
珊瑚礁是農夫。
01:05
Coral reefs are farmers.
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01:07
They provide food, income
and food security
and food security
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它們提供食物、收入和食物安全性，
01:10
for hundreds of millions
of people around the world.
of people around the world.
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給全世界數億的人們。
01:13
Coral reefs are security guards.
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珊瑚礁是安全衛士。
01:16
The structures that they build
protect our shorelines
protect our shorelines
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它們打造的結構，
保護著我們的海岸線
保護著我們的海岸線
01:18
from storm surge and waves,
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不受暴風雨和海浪的侵襲，
01:20
and the biological systems
that they house filter the water
that they house filter the water
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而且這種生態系統
提供的棲息地能過濾海水，
提供的棲息地能過濾海水，
01:24
and make it safer for us to work and play.
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讓我們能更安全地在水中工作和玩耍。
01:27
Coral reefs are chemists.
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珊瑚礁是化學家。
01:30
The molecules that we're discovering
on coral reefs are increasingly important
on coral reefs are increasingly important
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珊瑚礁上發現的分子
對研究新的抗生素和癌症治療藥物
非常重要。
非常重要。
01:33
in the search for new antibiotics
and new cancer drugs.
and new cancer drugs.
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01:37
And coral reefs are artists.
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珊瑚礁也是藝術家。
01:39
The structures that they build
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它們創造的結構
是地球上最漂亮的景緻之一。
01:41
are some of the most
beautiful things on planet Earth.
beautiful things on planet Earth.
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01:43
And this beauty is the foundation
of the tourism industry
of the tourism industry
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這種美麗的景緻是旅遊業的基礎，
特別是對於許多
沒有其他自然資源的國家來說。
沒有其他自然資源的國家來說。
01:46
in many countries with few
or little other natural resources.
or little other natural resources.
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01:51
So for all of these reasons,
all of these ecosystem services,
all of these ecosystem services,
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因為所有這些原因，
對於這些生態系統的服務，
對於這些生態系統的服務，
01:55
economists estimate the value
of the world's coral reefs
of the world's coral reefs
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經濟學家估算了全世界珊瑚礁的價值，
01:57
in the hundreds of billions
of dollars per year.
of dollars per year.
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每年高達好幾千億美金。
02:01
And yet despite all that hard work
being done for us
being done for us
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儘管珊瑚礁為我們做了
所有這些艱辛的工作，
所有這些艱辛的工作，
02:04
and all that wealth that we gain,
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儘管我們獲得了所有的財富，
02:06
we have done almost everything
we possibly could to destroy that.
we possibly could to destroy that.
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我們仍幾乎極盡所能地破壞它們。
02:11
We have taken the fish out of the oceans
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我們從海洋裡獲取魚類，
02:13
and we have added in fertilizer, sewage,
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而且我們還倒入肥料和廢水在裡面、
02:15
diseases, oil, pollution, sediments.
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疾病、石油、污染物，還有沉積物。
02:19
We have trampled the reefs physically
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
with our boats, our fins, our bulldozers,
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我們用船舶、船舵和推土機踐踏珊瑚礁，
02:23
and we have changed the chemistry
of the entire sea,
of the entire sea,
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我們已經改變了整個海洋的化學結構，
02:26
warmed the waters and made storms worse.
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讓海水溫度升高、讓暴風雨變得更加猛烈。
02:28
And these would all be bad on their own,
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這其中的每一項本身就是有害的，
02:30
but these threats magnify each other
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但它們還會彼此強化，
02:32
and compound one another
and make each other worse.
and make each other worse.
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且相互混合，讓彼此更加劇烈。
02:35
I'll give you an example.
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我給各位舉個例子。
02:37
Where I live and work, in Curaçao,
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
a tropical storm went by a few years ago.
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古拉索是我生活和工作的地方。
它在幾年前，被一個熱帶暴風雨侵襲。
它在幾年前，被一個熱帶暴風雨侵襲。
02:41
And on the eastern end of the island,
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在島的最東端，
02:43
where the reefs are intact and thriving,
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珊瑚保存完好，生長得很繁茂，
02:45
you could barely tell
a tropical storm had passed.
a tropical storm had passed.
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你很難相信一個
熱帶暴風雨剛剛經過這裡。
熱帶暴風雨剛剛經過這裡。
02:48
But in town, where corals had died
from overfishing, from pollution,
from overfishing, from pollution,
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但是在城鎮地區，因過度捕撈和污染
已造成珊瑚死亡。
已造成珊瑚死亡。
02:53
the tropical storm picked up
the dead corals
the dead corals
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熱帶暴風雨夾帶起死去的珊瑚，
02:55
and used them as bludgeons
to kill the corals that were left.
to kill the corals that were left.
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並把它們當成棍棒，
敲打死其它剩下活著的珊瑚。
敲打死其它剩下活著的珊瑚。
這是我在研讀博士學位期間
所研究的珊瑚，
所研究的珊瑚，
02:59
This is a coral that I studied
during my PhD --
during my PhD --
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03:01
I got to know it quite well.
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我很了解它。
03:03
And after this storm
took off half of its tissue,
took off half of its tissue,
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在暴風雨過後，它只剩了半邊組織，
03:06
it became infested with algae,
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它開始被海藻侵蝕，
03:08
the algae overgrew the tissue
and that coral died.
and that coral died.
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當海藻在珊瑚身上過度生長，
珊瑚就死了。
珊瑚就死了。
03:11
This magnification of threats,
this compounding of factors
this compounding of factors
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這些巨大威脅、這些綜和因素，
03:15
is what Jeremy Jackson describes
as the "slippery slope to slime."
as the "slippery slope to slime."
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正是傑里米·傑克遜描述的
"滑向爛泥的斜坡。"
"滑向爛泥的斜坡。"
這甚至不是個比喻而已，
03:20
It's hardly even a metaphor
because many of our reefs now
because many of our reefs now
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因為現在很多礁石簡直是由細菌，
海草和爛泥所組成。
海草和爛泥所組成。
03:24
are literally bacteria
and algae and slime.
and algae and slime.
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接下來的部分，你們也許會以為，
03:28
Now, this is the part of the talk
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03:30
where you may expect me
to launch into my plea
to launch into my plea
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我要開始提出
請大家來保護珊瑚礁的呼籲。
03:33
for us to all save the coral reefs.
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03:36
But I have a confession to make:
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但我要坦白一件事：
03:39
that phrase drives me nuts.
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這句話讓我很受不了。
03:42
Whether I see it in a tweet,
in a news headline
in a news headline
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無論我在推特、報紙頭條
03:46
or the glossy pages
of a conservation brochure,
of a conservation brochure,
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或是設計精美的環保宣傳冊上看到，
那些辭藻都讓我覺得很反感，
03:49
that phrase bothers me,
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03:51
because we as conservationists
have been sounding the alarms
have been sounding the alarms
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因為身為自然環境保護者的我們，
幾十年來一直在發出
珊瑚礁死亡的警告。
珊瑚礁死亡的警告。
03:54
about the death
of coral reefs for decades.
of coral reefs for decades.
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03:56
And yet, almost everyone I meet,
no matter how educated,
no matter how educated,
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但是，幾乎我所遇到的人，
無論他們受教育程度如何，
無論他們受教育程度如何，
04:01
is not sure what a coral is
or where they come from.
or where they come from.
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居然都不太確定珊瑚是甚麼，
也不知道它們從哪裡來。
也不知道它們從哪裡來。
04:05
How would we get someone to care
about the world's coral reefs
about the world's coral reefs
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當它只是一個人們
幾乎不了解的抽象概念，
幾乎不了解的抽象概念，
04:08
when it's an abstract thing
they can barely understand?
they can barely understand?
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我們又要如何要求這些人
來關心世界上的珊瑚礁呢？
來關心世界上的珊瑚礁呢？
如果他們不知道珊瑚是什麼，
或是它們從哪來，
或是它們從哪來，
04:13
If they don't understand
what a coral is or where it comes from,
what a coral is or where it comes from,
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也不知道它們多麼好玩或有意思，
或它們有多美麗，
或它們有多美麗，
04:16
or how funny or interesting
or beautiful it is,
or beautiful it is,
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04:19
why would we expect them
to care about saving them?
to care about saving them?
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我們如何期待他們去
關心對珊瑚的拯救呢？
關心對珊瑚的拯救呢？
所以，讓我們改變一下。
04:22
So let's change that.
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04:23
What is a coral
and where does it come from?
and where does it come from?
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什麼是珊瑚以及它們從哪來？
珊瑚可以通過很多種方式誕生，
04:27
Corals are born
in a number of different ways,
in a number of different ways,
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但通常是通過大量產卵：
所有這些同一類的珊瑚蟲個體
所有這些同一類的珊瑚蟲個體
04:29
but most often by mass spawning:
all of the individuals of a single species
all of the individuals of a single species
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04:33
on one night a year,
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在每年的一個晚上，
04:35
releasing all the eggs
they've made that year
they've made that year
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會釋放出它們當年產的所有卵到水柱中去，
04:37
into the water column,
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04:39
packaged into bundles with sperm cells.
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並與精子細胞打包綁在一起。
04:41
And those bundles go to the surface
of the ocean and break apart.
of the ocean and break apart.
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那些卵包到了海面並散開來。
04:45
And hopefully -- hopefully --
at the surface of the ocean,
at the surface of the ocean,
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希望...希望...在海面上，
它們可以遇到其他珊瑚蟲的卵子和精子。
04:47
they meet the eggs and sperm
from other corals.
from other corals.
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04:50
And that is why you need
lots of corals on a coral reef --
lots of corals on a coral reef --
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而這就是為什麼一個珊瑚礁上
需要大量的珊瑚蟲--
需要大量的珊瑚蟲--
04:53
so that all of their eggs can
meet their match at the surface.
meet their match at the surface.
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這樣它們所有的卵
才能在海面上找到精子。
才能在海面上找到精子。
當這些卵受精後，
它們就像其他動物的卵一樣：
它們就像其他動物的卵一樣：
04:57
When they're fertilized, they do
what any other animal egg does:
what any other animal egg does:
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05:00
divides in half again and again and again.
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一遍又一遍地分裂。
每年在顯微鏡下拍這些照片，
05:03
Taking these photos
under the microscope every year
under the microscope every year
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05:05
is one of my favorite and most
magical moments of the year.
magical moments of the year.
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是我一年中最喜歡、感到最神奇的時刻。
05:08
At the end of all this cell division,
they turn into a swimming larva --
they turn into a swimming larva --
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在所有這些細胞分裂結束後，
它們變成了會游動的幼蟲——
它們變成了會游動的幼蟲——
05:12
a little tiny blob of fat
the size of a poppy seed,
the size of a poppy seed,
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胖胖的小圓點，大小像個罌粟種子，
05:16
but with all of the sensory
systems that we have.
systems that we have.
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但已經具備我們人類
所有的感覺系統了。
所有的感覺系統了。
05:19
They can sense color and light,
textures, chemicals, pH.
textures, chemicals, pH.
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它們可以感知顏色和光、
紋理、化學物質和酸鹼值。
紋理、化學物質和酸鹼值。
05:24
They can even feel pressure waves;
they can hear sound.
they can hear sound.
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它們甚至可以感覺到壓力波；
它們可以聽到聲音。
它們可以聽到聲音。
它們可以用這些天份，
05:28
And they use those talents
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05:29
to search the bottom of the reef
for a place to attach
for a place to attach
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在珊瑚礁的底部
尋找附著的地方，
尋找附著的地方，
05:32
and live the rest of their lives.
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並度過它們的餘生。
05:34
So imagine finding a place
where you would live the rest of your life
where you would live the rest of your life
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想像一下，
當你只有2天大的時候，
當你只有2天大的時候，
你就要去尋找一個
能度過你餘生的地方，
能度過你餘生的地方，
05:37
when you were just two days old.
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05:39
They attach in the place
they find most suitable,
they find most suitable,
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它們會附著在它們覺得最適合的地方，
05:42
they build a skeleton
underneath themselves,
underneath themselves,
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在自己下面建造骨架，
05:44
they build a mouth and tentacles,
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建造嘴巴和觸手，
05:46
and then they begin the difficult work
of building the world's coral reefs.
of building the world's coral reefs.
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然後他們就開始建造珊瑚礁世界
的這份艱辛工作了。
的這份艱辛工作了。
05:51
One coral polyp will divide itself
again and again and again,
again and again and again,
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珊瑚蟲將自己分裂一次又一次，
05:54
leaving a limestone skeleton
underneath itself
underneath itself
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它們會在自己的下面，
留下一個石灰岩的骨架，
留下一個石灰岩的骨架，
05:57
and growing up toward the sun.
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然後朝著太陽的方向生長。
05:59
Given hundreds of years and many species,
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數百年之後，許多種類的珊瑚在一起
06:02
what you get is a massive
limestone structure
limestone structure
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形成了一個巨大的石灰結構。
06:05
that can be seen from space in many cases,
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許多在太空中都能看到，
06:07
covered by a thin skin
of these hardworking animals.
of these hardworking animals.
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這些石灰結構的表面覆蓋著一層薄薄的
這些辛勤工作的珊瑚蟲。
這些辛勤工作的珊瑚蟲。
06:11
Now, there are only a few hundred species
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
of corals on the planet, maybe 1,000.
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現在，地球上僅有
幾百種珊瑚，也許1000種。
幾百種珊瑚，也許1000種。
06:16
But these systems house millions
and millions of other species,
and millions of other species,
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但這些系統棲息著其他好幾百萬種生物，
06:21
and that diversity is what
stabilizes the systems,
stabilizes the systems,
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而其多樣性造就了
這個生態系統的穩定性，
這個生態系統的穩定性，
06:23
and it's where we're finding
our new medicines.
our new medicines.
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也讓我們找到了新型的藥物。
06:25
It's how we find new sources of food.
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它讓我們找到新的食物來源。
06:29
I'm lucky enough to work
on the island of Curaçao,
on the island of Curaçao,
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我很幸運能在古拉索島上工作，
06:32
where we still have reefs
that look like this.
that look like this.
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在那裡我們仍能找到像這樣的珊瑚礁。
06:34
But, indeed, much of the Caribbean
and much of our world
and much of our world
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但是，事實上在加勒比海和
我們世界上大多數地方，
我們世界上大多數地方，
06:38
is much more like this.
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卻是這般光景。
06:40
Scientists have studied
in increasing detail
in increasing detail
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科學家已經深入研究
06:43
the loss of the world's coral reefs,
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全球珊瑚礁消失的原因細節。
06:45
and they have documented
with increasing certainty the causes.
with increasing certainty the causes.
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他們記錄了這些更被確認的原因。
06:49
But in my research, I'm not
interested in looking backward.
interested in looking backward.
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但是在我的研究中，我對過去不感興趣。
06:52
My colleagues and I in Curaçao
are interested in looking forward
are interested in looking forward
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我和我同事，對將來在古拉索島上
會發生什麼很感興趣。
06:55
at what might be.
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06:56
And we have the tiniest reason
to be optimistic.
to be optimistic.
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我們只能用最小的理由保持樂觀。
因為即使在某些我們早就
不抱希望的珊瑚礁裡，
不抱希望的珊瑚礁裡，
07:00
Because even in some of these reefs
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07:02
that we probably could have
written off long ago,
written off long ago,
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我們有時仍會看到珊瑚蟲的幼蟲
到達這裡並想辦法生存下來。
到達這裡並想辦法生存下來。
07:06
we sometimes see baby corals
arrive and survive anyway.
arrive and survive anyway.
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07:11
And we're starting to think
that baby corals may have the ability
that baby corals may have the ability
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隨後，我們開始思考，這些小珊瑚蟲們
可能有某種能力去適應一些
成年珊瑚蟲可能適應不了的地方。
成年珊瑚蟲可能適應不了的地方。
07:14
to adjust to some of the conditions
that the adults couldn't.
that the adults couldn't.
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07:18
They may be able to adjust
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它們也許可以快速調整
07:20
ever so slightly more readily
to this human planet.
to this human planet.
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來適應人類這個星球。
所以我和同事在古拉索的研究中，
07:24
So in the research I do
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
with my colleagues in Curaçao,
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07:28
we try to figure out
what a baby coral needs
what a baby coral needs
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我們嘗試尋找小珊瑚蟲
在初期階段生長的需求，
07:31
in that critical early stage,
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07:33
what it's looking for
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這些小珊瑚蟲到底在找些什麼，
07:34
and how we can try to help it
through that process.
through that process.
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以及我們怎麼才能
幫助它們渡過這些難關。
幫助它們渡過這些難關。
07:36
I'm going to show you three examples
of the work we've done
of the work we've done
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我將向你們展示
我們工作中的三個例子，
我們工作中的三個例子，
07:39
to try to answer those questions.
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並以此來解答我剛提出的那些困惑。
07:42
A few years ago we took a 3D printer
and we made coral choice surveys --
and we made coral choice surveys --
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在幾年以前，我們用3D打印設備，
進行了「珊瑚選擇調查研究」，
進行了「珊瑚選擇調查研究」，
07:47
different colors and different textures,
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給出不同顏色和材質的環境，
07:49
and we simply asked the coral
where they preferred to settle.
where they preferred to settle.
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我們只是簡單地詢問珊瑚蟲，
它們喜歡住在哪裡。
它們喜歡住在哪裡。
07:52
And we found that corals,
even without the biology involved,
even without the biology involved,
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然後我們發現，珊瑚蟲即使在
沒有任何生物介入的情況下，
沒有任何生物介入的情況下，
07:55
still prefer white and pink,
the colors of a healthy reef.
the colors of a healthy reef.
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仍然較喜歡白色和
粉紅色的健康礁石。
粉紅色的健康礁石。
07:58
And they prefer crevices
and grooves and holes,
and grooves and holes,
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它們喜歡裂縫，凹槽，還有洞，
08:01
where they will be safe
from being trampled
from being trampled
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在那些地方它們可以
安全地不受外界踐踏，
安全地不受外界踐踏，
08:03
or eaten by a predator.
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也不會被捕食者吃掉。
08:05
So we can use this knowledge,
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所以我們可以用這些知識，
08:06
we can go back and say
we need to restore those factors --
we need to restore those factors --
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回到實驗室，
我們需要重構這些因素，
我們需要重構這些因素，
08:09
that pink, that white, those crevices,
those hard surfaces --
those hard surfaces --
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將--粉紅，白色，有裂縫，堅硬的表面--
列入到我們的保存專案之中。
08:13
in our conservation projects.
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08:14
We can also use that knowledge
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我們也能把這些知識，
08:16
if we're going to put something
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
underwater, like a sea wall or a pier.
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運用到建造海底牆體和碼頭上，
把合適的材料放在水下。
把合適的材料放在水下。
08:19
We can choose to use the materials
and colors and textures
and colors and textures
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我們可以選擇用這些材料、顏色、紋路，
08:22
that might bias the system
back toward those corals.
back toward those corals.
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讓整個生態系統有利於
珊瑚蟲的生存。
珊瑚蟲的生存。
除了研究合適的表面，
08:27
Now in addition to the surfaces,
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08:29
we also study the chemical
and microbial signals
and microbial signals
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我們也研究了可以吸引珊瑚蟲
08:32
that attract corals to reefs.
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附著在礁石上的化學和微生物訊號。
08:34
Starting about six years ago,
I began culturing bacteria
I began culturing bacteria
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大約六年前，我就開始培養
棲息在珊瑚礁表面的細菌。
棲息在珊瑚礁表面的細菌。
08:36
from surfaces where corals had settled.
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08:39
And I tried those one by one by one,
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我一個一個試，
08:41
looking for the bacteria that would
convince corals to settle and attach.
convince corals to settle and attach.
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尋找那些能誘導珊瑚蟲
定居和吸附的細菌種類。
定居和吸附的細菌種類。
08:46
And we now have many
bacterial strains in our freezer
bacterial strains in our freezer
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現在我們有很多細菌株在冷凍櫃裡，
08:49
that will reliably cause corals
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可以信賴地讓珊瑚蟲
08:51
to go through that settlement
and attachment process.
and attachment process.
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願意去附著和生長的菌類。
08:54
So as we speak,
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所以在我們演講的這段時間裡，
08:55
my colleagues in Curaçao
are testing those bacteria
are testing those bacteria
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我在古拉索的同事們
正在測試那些細菌，
正在測試那些細菌，
08:58
to see if they'll help us raise
more coral settlers in the lab,
more coral settlers in the lab,
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去研究它們是否能幫助我們在實驗室
建造珊瑚的棲息地，
建造珊瑚的棲息地，
09:01
and to see if those coral settlers
will survive better
will survive better
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以及觀察這些珊瑚蟲，
是否在我們把它放回海底後
能夠更好地生存。
能夠更好地生存。
09:04
when we put them back underwater.
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09:06
Now in addition to these tools,
we also try to uncover the mysteries
we also try to uncover the mysteries
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除了這些工具，
我們也在嘗試解開
我們也在嘗試解開
研究中的物種秘密。
09:09
of species that are under-studied.
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09:12
This is one of my favorite corals,
and always has been:
and always has been:
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這是其中我最喜歡的
珊瑚中的一種，一直都是：
珊瑚中的一種，一直都是：
09:16
dendrogyra cylindrus, the pillar coral.
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系統樹柱狀的柱狀珊瑚。
09:19
I love it because it makes
this ridiculous shape,
this ridiculous shape,
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我喜歡它，因為它有著無與倫比的形狀，
09:22
because its tentacles
are fat and look fuzzy
are fat and look fuzzy
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因為它的觸鬚胖嘟嘟，看起來毛茸茸，
09:25
and because it's rare.
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而且它很稀有。
09:26
Finding one of these on a reef is a treat.
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能找到這樣一種珊瑚
絕對是一種慰藉。
絕對是一種慰藉。
09:29
In fact, it's so rare,
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實際上，它是真的太稀有了，
09:30
that last year it was listed
as a threatened species
as a threatened species
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以至於它去年在瀕危物種列表上
09:33
on the endangered species list.
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被認定是瀕危物種，
09:35
And this was in part because
in over 30 years of research surveys,
in over 30 years of research surveys,
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這不難理解，因為在
過去30年的研究中，
過去30年的研究中，
09:38
scientists had never found
a baby pillar coral.
a baby pillar coral.
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科學家從未發現過一隻
幼年柱形珊瑚蟲。
幼年柱形珊瑚蟲。
09:42
We weren't even sure
if they could still reproduce,
if they could still reproduce,
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我們之前都無法確信
它是否還可以繼續繁衍，
它是否還可以繼續繁衍，
09:45
or if they were still reproducing.
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或者當時是否還在繁殖。
09:47
So four years ago, we started
following these at night
following these at night
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所以四年前，我們開始在夜間跟蹤它們，
09:50
and watching to see if we could
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
figure out when they spawn in Curaçao.
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並觀察它們什麼時候會在古拉索產卵。
我們從佛羅里達的同事那裡
得到了一些好的建議，
得到了一些好的建議，
09:55
We got some good tips
from our colleagues in Florida,
from our colleagues in Florida,
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09:58
who had seen one in 2007, one in 2008,
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他們在2007年和2008年分別
看到了一隻柱狀珊瑚，
看到了一隻柱狀珊瑚，
10:02
and eventually we figured out
when they spawn in Curaçao
when they spawn in Curaçao
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最後，我們找到了
它們在古拉索產卵的時間，
它們在古拉索產卵的時間，
10:05
and we caught it.
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我們捕捉到了這個時刻。
10:06
Here's a female on the left
with some eggs in her tissue,
with some eggs in her tissue,
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左邊是一隻母珊瑚蟲和
一些在她組織中的卵，
一些在她組織中的卵，
10:09
about to release them into the seawater.
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她正要把這些卵釋放到海水中。
10:11
And here's a male
on the right, releasing sperm.
on the right, releasing sperm.
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而右邊是一隻公的珊瑚蟲在釋放精子。
10:14
We collected this, we got it
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
back to the lab, we got it to fertilize
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我們收集了這些卵子和精子，
帶回實驗室進行培育，
帶回實驗室進行培育，
10:18
and we got baby pillar corals
swimming in our lab.
swimming in our lab.
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於是就有了柱狀珊瑚蟲
在我們實驗室里里游來游去。
在我們實驗室里里游來游去。
10:22
Thanks to the work
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
of our scientific aunts and uncles,
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感謝我們科學界的叔叔阿姨們，
10:25
and thanks to the 10 years of practice
we've had in Curaçao
we've had in Curaçao
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也要感謝我們在古拉索島上
10:27
at raising other coral species,
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十年培育其他珊瑚蟲種類的經驗，
10:30
we got some of those larvae
to go through the rest of the process
to go through the rest of the process
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我們有了這些珊瑚幼蟲，
就可以完成剰下的步驟，
就可以完成剰下的步驟，
10:34
and settle and attach,
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讓它們在礁石上附著和生存下來，
10:35
and turn into metamorphosed corals.
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並成為變質珊瑚礁。
10:38
So this is the first pillar coral baby
that anyone ever saw.
that anyone ever saw.
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這是任何人都未曾見過的
第一隻年幼柱狀珊瑚蟲。
第一隻年幼柱狀珊瑚蟲。
10:43
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
10:49
And I have to say --
if you think baby pandas are cute,
if you think baby pandas are cute,
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我不得不說——
如果你們認為熊貓寶寶很可愛，
如果你們認為熊貓寶寶很可愛，
那這些小珊瑚蟲更可愛。
10:52
this is cuter.
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10:53
(Laughter)
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1983
（笑聲）
10:56
So we're starting to figure out
the secrets to this process,
the secrets to this process,
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所以，我們開始研究珊瑚繁殖過程的秘密，
10:59
the secrets of coral reproduction
and how we might help them.
and how we might help them.
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我們要找出如何幫助它們繁殖。
11:03
And this is true all around the world;
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全世界都面臨著同樣的情況；
11:04
scientists are figuring out new ways
to handle their embryos,
to handle their embryos,
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科學家們正在找出新的方法
去處理珊瑚蟲的胚胎，
去處理珊瑚蟲的胚胎，
11:07
to get them to settle,
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讓它們棲息生長，
11:09
maybe even figuring out the methods
to preserve them at low temperatures,
to preserve them at low temperatures,
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甚至在想辦法
把它們保存在低溫底下，
把它們保存在低溫底下，
11:13
so that we can preserve
their genetic diversity
their genetic diversity
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這樣我們就可以保存
它們的基因多樣性，
它們的基因多樣性，
11:16
and work with them more often.
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並且有更多機會對它們進行研究。
11:18
But this is still so low-tech.
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但是這個過程的技術含量很低。
11:22
We are limited by the space on our bench,
the number of hands in the lab
the number of hands in the lab
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我們實驗室的空間有限，人手也不夠，
連喝個咖啡的時間都少的可憐。
11:27
and the number of coffees
we can drink in any given hour.
we can drink in any given hour.
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現在，比對一下我們人類
遇到的其它危機及社會問題。
遇到的其它危機及社會問題。
11:32
Now, compare that to our other crises
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11:34
and our other areas
of concern as a society.
of concern as a society.
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我們有先進的醫療技術，
我們有先進的防禦技術，
我們有先進的防禦技術，
11:38
We have advanced medical technology,
we have defense technology,
we have defense technology,
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我們也有科學手段，
11:41
we have scientific technology,
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11:43
we even have advanced technology for art.
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甚至還有先進的藝術科技。
11:46
But our technology
for conservation is behind.
for conservation is behind.
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但是我們的保育技術卻遠遠落後。
11:53
Think back to the most
difficult job you ever did.
difficult job you ever did.
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回想你們做過的最艱辛工作。
11:56
Many of you would say
it was being a parent.
it was being a parent.
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你們很多人肯定會說是為人父母。
12:00
My mother described being a parent
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我的母親形容，為人父母就是，
12:01
as something that makes your life
far more amazing and far more difficult
far more amazing and far more difficult
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要讓自己的生命比你想像的
更加精彩、更加艱辛。
更加精彩、更加艱辛。
12:06
than you could've ever possibly imagined.
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12:08
I've been trying to help corals
become parents for over 10 years now.
become parents for over 10 years now.
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我從事讓珊瑚蟲當父母
的這項工作已超過十年了。
的這項工作已超過十年了。
12:13
And watching the wonder of life
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而見證這些生命的奇蹟，
12:15
has certainly filled me with amazement
to the core of my soul.
to the core of my soul.
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確實讓我的靈魂核心充滿了驚艷。
12:19
But I've also seen how difficult
it is for them to become parents.
it is for them to become parents.
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但我也了解成為父母
對珊瑚蟲而言有多麼的困難。
對珊瑚蟲而言有多麼的困難。
那些柱狀珊瑚蟲兩週前在此產卵，
12:24
The pillar corals spawned
again two weeks ago,
again two weeks ago,
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12:26
and we collected their eggs
and brought them back to the lab.
and brought them back to the lab.
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我們取了它們的卵，並帶回了實驗室。
這裡你們可以看到一個胚胎在分裂，
馬上就會炸裂開，
馬上就會炸裂開，
12:29
And here you see one embryo dividing,
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12:31
alongside 14 eggs that didn't fertilize
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而旁邊其他的14個卵
還沒有任何分裂跡象。
12:34
and will blow up.
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12:36
They'll be infected with bacteria,
they will explode
they will explode
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這些珊瑚蟲卵
會被細菌感染，爆裂開來，
會被細菌感染，爆裂開來，
12:39
and those bacteria will threaten
the life of this one embryo
the life of this one embryo
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而這些細菌也會侵害那隻能夠分裂的胚胎。
12:43
that has a chance.
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12:45
We don't know if it was our handling
methods that went wrong
methods that went wrong
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我們不知道是否
我們的處理過程有問題，
我們的處理過程有問題，
12:48
and we don't know
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12:50
if it was just this coral on this reef,
always suffering from low fertility.
always suffering from low fertility.
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還是這種珊瑚蟲在礁石上
的繁育率一直都很低。
的繁育率一直都很低。
無論這種低產率的原因是什麼，
12:55
Whatever the cause,
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12:56
we have much more work to do
before we can use baby corals
before we can use baby corals
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在我們能用這些珊瑚蟲去培育、修復、
或者保護珊瑚礁之前，
或者保護珊瑚礁之前，
13:01
to grow or fix or, yes,
maybe save coral reefs.
maybe save coral reefs.
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我們還有更多的工作要做。
13:07
So never mind that they're worth
hundreds of billions of dollars.
hundreds of billions of dollars.
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不要在意它們是否價值連城。
13:10
Coral reefs are hardworking animals
and plants and microbes and fungi.
and plants and microbes and fungi.
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珊瑚礁是由辛勤工作的
動、植物和細菌組成的。
動、植物和細菌組成的。
13:15
They're providing us with art
and food and medicine.
and food and medicine.
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它們提供我們
藝術、食物和藥物。
藝術、食物和藥物。
13:20
And we almost took out
an entire generation of corals.
an entire generation of corals.
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我們幾乎毀掉了整整一代的珊瑚。
13:23
But a few made it anyway,
despite our best efforts,
despite our best efforts,
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儘管我們一直不斷地破壞，
但仍有一些倖存了下來，
但仍有一些倖存了下來，
13:28
and now it's time for us to thank them
for the work they did
for the work they did
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而現在，是時候，換我們去
感謝這些物種所帶來的貢獻，
感謝這些物種所帶來的貢獻，
13:31
and give them every chance they have
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
to raise the coral reefs of the future,
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並且給予它們所有在未來
成長為珊瑚礁的機會，
成長為珊瑚礁的機會，
及撫育珊瑚幼蟲的機會。
13:36
their coral babies.
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13:37
Thank you so much.
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非常謝謝你們。
13:38
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kristen Marhaver - Coral reef biologistTED Senior Fellow Kristen Marhaver is a marine biologist studying the ecology, behavior and reproduction of reef corals.
Why you should listen
Dr. Kristen Marhaver's work combines classic scientific methods with new technologies to help threatened coral species survive their early life stages. She was the first person to rear juveniles of the endangered Caribbean Pillar Coral. Now she's now developing bacterial tools to improve coral survival at all life stages.
Marhaver's research has been covered by NPR, BBC, The Atlantic and Popular Science, among hundreds of outlets. She's earned five fellowships and grants from the US National Science Foundation and multiple awards for science communication. Marhaver is a TED Senior Fellow, a WINGS Fellow, and a World Economic Forum Young Scientist.
Outside the lab, Marhaver advocates for stronger ocean conservation and smarter science communication. Her talks and articles have been featured by Google, Wired UK, Mission Blue and by ocean and scuba festivals around the world.
A scuba diver from the age of 15, Marhaver is a graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology and the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Her lab is based at the CARMABI Research Station on the island of Curaçao.
Kristen Marhaver | Speaker | TED.com