Suzanne Simard: How trees talk to each other
Suzanne Simard: Ako sa stromy rozprávajú
Suzanne Simard studies the complex, symbiotic networks in our forests. Full bio
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of a collection of trees,
and their beautiful crowns.
a nádhernými korunami.
than what you see,
akým o ňom rozmýšľate.
the way you think about forests.
there is this other world,
existuje skrytý svet,
and allow them to communicate
a umožňujú im komunikovať
as though it's a single organism.
ako jeden organizmus.
of a sort of intelligence.
ako akási forma inteligencie.
of British Columbia.
and stare up at the tree crowns.
a hľadieť na koruny stromov.
cedar poles from the inland rainforest.
z vnútrozemského pralesa.
and cohesive ways of the woods,
a súdržným spôsobom stromov
tú zvedavosť ohľadne lesov,
had slipped and fallen into the pit.
a spadol do jamy.
to rescue the poor dog.
through that forest floor,
cez lesnú zem,
was the white mycelium
bolo biele mycélium
and yellow mineral horizons.
rescued the poor dog,
toho nešťastného psa zachránili.
alongside the powerful people
po boku mocných ľudí,
conflicted by my part in it.
and hacking of the aspens and birches
valuable planted pines and firs
hodnotnejším boroviciam a jedliam,
this relentless industrial machine.
mašinériu nedokáže nič zastaviť.
in the laboratory in vitro
v laboratóriu in vitro,
to another pine seedling root.
could this happen in real forests?
či sa to môže stať v skutočnom lese.
share information below ground.
pod zemou vymieňať aj informácie.
getting research funding.
získať pre svoj výskum financie.
some experiments deep in the forest,
pokusov hlboko v lese;
and western red cedar.
a tuje riasnatej.
would be connected in a belowground web,
budú spojené podzemnou sieťou,
so I had to do it on the cheap.
musela som to urobiť lacno.
and duct tape and shade cloth,
lepiacu pásku, tieniaci materiál,
high-tech stuff from my university:
kúsky z mojej univerzity:
a mass spectrometer, microscopes.
hmotnostný spektrometer, mikroskopy.
really dangerous stuff:
skutočne nebezpečný materiál:
carbon-14 carbon dioxide gas
s rádioaktívnym izotopom 14C
carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.
so stabilným izotopom 13C.
the filters for my respirator.
a filtre pre môj respirátor.
we got out to our plot
chased us off.
forest research in Canada goes.
lesov v Kanade chodí.
papierový overal,
vrecia cez moje stromy.
carbon dioxide gases,
ako prvé brezy.
14C, rádioaktívny plyn.
carbon-13 carbon dioxide gas.
going on between these species.
existuje obojsmerná komunikácia.
mama grizzly showed up again.
and I jumped into the truck,
by mohlo trvať stromom
the CO2 through photosynthesis,
send it down into their roots,
poslať ich do koreňov
to their neighbors.
pod zemou svojim susedom.
eating her huckleberries.
a kŕmi sa čučoriedkami.“
and I got to work.
a dala sa do práce.
I pulled the bag off.
a dala som ho dolu.
ponad jej listy.
the radioactive gas.
ponad jej ihličie
hovoriacej k duglaske
"Hey, can I help you?"
„Hej, môžem ti pomôcť?“
can you send me some of your carbon?
môžeš poslať nejaký svoj uhlík?
threw a shade cloth over me."
tieniacu látku.“
the Geiger counter over its leaves,
Geigerom ponad jej listy.
interlinking birch and fir.
spájajúcej brezu a duglasku.
and I checked all 80 replicates.
a skontrolovala všetkých 80.
were in a lively two-way conversation.
viedli živú vzájomnú komunikáciu.
than fir was sending back to birch,
ako duglaska breze,
we found the opposite,
sme zistili opak:
than birch was sending to fir,
ako breza duglaske.
growing while the birch was leafless.
zatiaľčo breza už bola bezlistá.
were interdependent,
že oba druhy boli vzájomne závislé,
everything came into focus for me.
we look at how trees interact in forests,
ako stromy v lese interagujú;
sa stali spolupracovníci.
communications network,
how we practice forestry,
akým sa praktikuje lesníctvo;
and more practical.
lacnejšie a praktickejšie.
in complex systems like forests?
v komplexných systémoch ako lesy?
we have to do our research in the forests,
výskum v lesoch,
as I've shown you.
at running from bears.
v behu pred medveďmi.
stacked against us.
kladeným nám pod nohy.
and our experiences
našu intuíciu a skúsenosti
and then go verify.
a následne ich overiť.
hundreds of experiments in the forest.
a publikovala stovky experimentov.
are now over 30 years old.
sadeníc majú dnes 30 rokov.
and Douglas fir communicating?
duglaska tisolistá komunikovali?
not only in the language of carbon
iba v jazyku uhlíka,
and allele chemicals and hormones --
chemických látok a hormónov –
before me, scientists had thought
že predo mnou si vedci mysleli,
mutualistic symbiosis called a mycorrhiza
nazývaná mykorhíza.
when you walk through the forest.
are just the tip of the iceberg,
are fungal threads that form a mycelium,
tvoriace mycélium.
infects and colonizes the roots
a kolonizuje korene
interact with the root cells,
bunky huby a bunky koreňov,
by growing through the soil
prerastaním cez pôdu
hundreds of kilometers of mycelium
že môže mať stovky kilometrov
different individuals in the forest,
v lese rôzne jedince;
but between species, like birch and fir,
odlišných druhov, ako brezu a duglasku,
the short sequences of DNA
krátkych sekvencií DNA
in a patch of Douglas fir forest.
v časti lesa duglasky tisolistej.
the Douglas fir, or the nodes,
predstavujú duglasky, alebo uzly;
fungal highways, or the links.
teda články.
are the busiest nodes.
sú najaktívnejšie.
that those hub trees nurture their young,
that have established within the network
ktoré boli zakomponované
connected to hundreds of other trees.
so stovkami ďalších stromov.
through the mycorrhizal network
cez mykorízovú sieť
with increased seedling survival
že takéto semenáčiky
favor our own children,
recognize its own kin,
rozozná svoje vlastné príbuzenstvo,
with kin and stranger's seedlings.
s vlastnými a cudzími semenáčikmi.
they do recognize their kin.
with bigger mycorrhizal networks.
väčšou mykorízovou sieťou.
their own root competition
svojich vlastných koreňov,
alebo zomierajú,
on to the next generation of seedlings.
ďalšej generácii semenáčikov.
from an injured mother tree
z raneného materského stromu
into the mycorrhizal network
of those seedlings to future stresses.
voči záťaži v budúcnosti.
of the whole community.
of our own social communities,
naše vlastné sociálne skupiny
aspoň niektoré rodiny.
collections of trees,
with hubs and networks
and allow them to communicate,
umožňujú im komunikovať
for feedbacks and adaptation,
a prispôsobenie,
and many overlapping networks.
stromov a prekrývajúcich sa sietí.
to natural disturbances
attack big old trees
s obľubou na veľké staré stromy,
and clear-cut logging.
one or two hub trees,
alebo dva centrálne stromy,
unlike rivets in an airplane.
nitom v lietadle.
and the plane still flies,
a lietadlo stále letí,
about forests? Differently?
that I hoped that my research,
spôsob fungovania lesníctva.
the way we practice forestry.
30 years later here in western Canada.
skontrolovať tu, v západnej Kanade.
to the west of us,
reported that Canada in the past decade
že Kanada mala za posledné desaťročie
narušenia lesných porastov;
rate of any country worldwide,
four times the rate that is sustainable.
4x vyššia, ako je udržateľné.
is known to affect hydrological cycles,
ovplyvňujú kolobeh vody,
back into the atmosphere,
and more tree diebacks.
spôsobuje ďalší úhyn stromov.
to plant one or two species
jedného či dvoch druhov
to infections and bugs.
mountain pine beetle outbreak
kôrovca Dendroctonus ponderosae,
couple months in Alberta.
zúriaci mesiace v Alberte.
to my final question:
and help them deal with climate change?
zvládnuť klimatické zmeny?
about forests as complex systems
ako komplexných systémoch je,
capacity to self-heal.
and retention of hub trees
a ponechaní materských stromov,
of species and genes and genotypes
druhovú biodiverzitu,
they recover really rapidly.
spamätajú veľmi rýchlo.
with four simple solutions.
záverom štyri jednoduché riešenia,
that these are too complicated to act on.
že ich uplatnenie je príliš náročné.
to get out in the forest.
všetci potrebujeme ísť von do lesa.
local involvement in our own forests.
s našimi miestnymi lesmi.
a one-size-fits-all approach,
„jeden spôsob pre všetky“,
requires knowledge of local conditions.
vyžaduje znalosť miestnych podmienok.
our old-growth forests.
potrebujeme chrániť naše pralesy.
and mother trees and mycorrhizal networks.
a mykorízových sietí.
onto the next generation of trees
odovzdať ďalšej generácii stromov
the future stresses coming down the road.
ktoré ich čakajú v budúcnosti.
with a diversity of species
rozmanitými druhmi,
natural regeneration.
prirodzenou regeneráciou.
the tools she needs
nástroje, ktoré potrebuje,
that forests aren't just a bunch of trees
že lesy nie sú iba hromady stromov,
showed me this other world,
how you think about forests.
ste svoj pohľad zmenili aj vy.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Suzanne Simard - Forest ecologistSuzanne Simard studies the complex, symbiotic networks in our forests.
Why you should listen
A professor of forest ecology at the University of British Columbia's Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences in Vancouver, Suzanne Simard studies the surprising and delicate complexity in nature. Her main focus is on the below-ground fungal networks that connect trees and facilitate underground inter-tree communication and interaction. Her team's analysis revealed that the fungi networks move water, carbon and nutrients such as nitrogen between and among trees as well as across species. The research has demonstrated that these complex, symbiotic networks in our forests -- at the hub of which stand what she calls the "mother trees" -- mimic our own neural and social networks. This groundbreaking work on symbiotic plant communication has far-reaching implications in both the forestry and agricultural industries, in particular concerning sustainable stewardship of forests and the plant’s resistance to pathogens. She works primarily in forests, but also grasslands, wetlands, tundra and alpine ecosystems.
Suzanne Simard | Speaker | TED.com