TED2006
Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity?
Ken Robinsonin mukaan koulut tappavat luovuuden
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Sir Ken Robinsonin huvittava ja syvällinen puhe luovuutta tukevan koulutusjärjestelmän puolesta.
Ken Robinson - Author/educator
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
Good morning. How are you?
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Hyvää huomenta. Kuinka voitte?
00:28
(Laughter)
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00:29
It's been great, hasn't it?
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Olen ollut tavattoman vaikuttunut koko jutusta.
00:32
I've been blown away by the whole thing.
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00:34
In fact, I'm leaving.
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Itse asiassa, minä lähden. (Naurua)
00:36
(Laughter)
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Tässä konfrenssissa on ollut kolme teemaa,
00:42
There have been three themes
running through the conference
running through the conference
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jotka ovat oleellisia
00:45
which are relevant
to what I want to talk about.
to what I want to talk about.
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sille mistä aion puhua.
00:47
One is the extraordinary
evidence of human creativity
evidence of human creativity
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Ensiksi, se tavaton näyttö ihmisen luovuudesta,
00:52
in all of the presentations that we've had
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jonka olemme nähneet kaikissa esityksissä
00:54
and in all of the people here.
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ja kaikissa ihmisissä täällä.
00:56
Just the variety of it
and the range of it.
and the range of it.
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Toiseksi,
01:00
The second is
that it's put us in a place
that it's put us in a place
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se on vienyt meidät tilanteeseen, jossa emme tiedä mitä tapahtuu
01:02
where we have no idea
what's going to happen,
what's going to happen,
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01:04
in terms of the future.
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tulevaisuudessa. Emme tiedä,
01:06
No idea how this may play out.
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miten tämä ratkeaa.
01:09
I have an interest in education.
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Olen kiinnostunut koulutuksesta --
01:10
Actually, what I find is everybody
has an interest in education.
has an interest in education.
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itse asiassa, mielestäni jokainen on.
Eikö vain?
01:15
Don't you?
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01:16
I find this very interesting.
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Jos olette päivälliskutsuilla ja sanotte
01:17
If you're at a dinner party,
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01:19
and you say you work in education --
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työskentelevänne koulutuksen parissa --
01:21
Actually, you're not often
at dinner parties, frankly.
at dinner parties, frankly.
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itse asiassa, ette varmaan usein pääse kutsuille, jos työskentelette koulutusalalla --
01:24
(Laughter)
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01:28
If you work in education,
you're not asked.
you're not asked.
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(Naurua) Kukaan ei kutsu teitä.
01:31
(Laughter)
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Tai ainakaan kutsu toistamiseen. Outoa.
01:34
And you're never asked back, curiously.
That's strange to me.
That's strange to me.
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01:38
But if you are, and you say to somebody,
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Mutta jos olette, ja sanotte jollekulle,
kun he kysyvät mitä teette työksenne,
01:40
you know, they say, "What do you do?"
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ja te sanotte työskentelevänne koulutusalalla,
01:42
and you say you work in education,
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01:44
you can see the blood run from their face.
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voitte nähdä kuinka veri pakenee heidän kasvoiltaan.
01:46
They're like, "Oh my God,"
you know, "Why me?"
you know, "Why me?"
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"Hyvä luoja, miksi minä? Ainoana vapaailtana koko viikolla." (Naurua)
01:48
(Laughter)
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01:50
"My one night out all week."
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01:51
(Laughter)
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Mutta jos kysytte heidän koulutuksestaan,
01:54
But if you ask about their education,
they pin you to the wall.
they pin you to the wall.
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he eivät tahdo lopettaa. Koska se on
01:57
Because it's one of those things
that goes deep with people, am I right?
that goes deep with people, am I right?
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merkittävää ihmisille.
Kuten uskonto ja raha ja muut asiat.
02:01
Like religion, and money and other things.
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Minulla on suuri kiinnostus koulutukseen, meillä kaikilla on.
02:04
So I have a big interest in education,
and I think we all do.
and I think we all do.
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Meillä on valtava jaettu kiinnostus siihen,
02:08
We have a huge vested interest in it,
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osittain, koska koulutuksen on tarkoitus
02:10
partly because it's education
that's meant to take us into this future
that's meant to take us into this future
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johdattaa meidät tulevaisuuteen, jota emme ymmärrä.
02:14
that we can't grasp.
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02:15
If you think of it,
children starting school this year
children starting school this year
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Lapset, jotka aloittavat koulun tänä vuonna,
saavuttavat eläkeiän vuonna 2065. Kukaan ei tiedä --
02:19
will be retiring in 2065.
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02:24
Nobody has a clue,
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huolimatta kaikesta asiantuntemuksesta --
02:25
despite all the expertise that's been
on parade for the past four days,
on parade for the past four days,
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miltä maailma näyttää
02:29
what the world will look like
in five years' time.
in five years' time.
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viiden vuoden kuluttua. Ja silti
02:32
And yet we're meant
to be educating them for it.
to be educating them for it.
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meidän odotetaan opettavan heitä sitä varten.
02:34
So the unpredictability,
I think, is extraordinary.
I think, is extraordinary.
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Sen ennalta-arvaamattomuus on ainutlaatuista.
02:36
And the third part of this
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Ja kolmanneksi,
02:38
is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,
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kaikesta huolimatta olemme yhtä mieltä
02:40
on the really extraordinary
capacities that children have --
capacities that children have --
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lasten tavattomista kyvyistä --
02:45
their capacities for innovation.
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heidän innovaatiokyvyistään.
02:48
I mean, Sirena last night
was a marvel, wasn't she?
was a marvel, wasn't she?
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Sirena oli ihmeellinen.
02:50
Just seeing what she could do.
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Ja poikkeuksellinen, mutta ei
02:52
And she's exceptional, but I think
she's not, so to speak,
she's not, so to speak,
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02:57
exceptional in the whole of childhood.
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poikkeuksellinen koko lapsuuteen nähden.
Hän on poikkeuksellisen omistautunut henkilö,
03:00
What you have there is a person
of extraordinary dedication
of extraordinary dedication
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joka löysi lahjansa. Ja väitteeni on, että
03:03
who found a talent.
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kaikki lapset ovat suunnattoman lahjakkaita.
03:05
And my contention is,
all kids have tremendous talents.
all kids have tremendous talents.
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Ja me hukkaamme ne, säälimättömästi.
03:07
And we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.
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Haluan puhua koulutuksesta ja
03:09
So I want to talk about education
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03:12
and I want to talk about creativity.
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luovuudesta. Väitteeni on, että
03:13
My contention is that creativity now
is as important in education as literacy,
is as important in education as literacy,
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luovuus on nykyään yhtä tärkeää kuin lukutaito,
ja meidän tulisi kohdella niitä samanarvoisina.
03:19
and we should treat it
with the same status.
with the same status.
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(Aplodeja) Kiitos. Siinä kaikki.
03:22
(Applause) Thank you.
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03:24
(Applause)
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03:29
That was it, by the way.
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Kiitos paljon. (Naurua) Eli, 15 minuuttia jäljellä.
03:30
Thank you very much.
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03:31
(Laughter)
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03:33
So, 15 minutes left.
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No, synnyin... Ei. (Naurua)
03:35
(Laughter)
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03:38
Well, I was born... no.
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03:40
(Laughter)
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Kuulin hienon tarinan äskettäin
03:43
I heard a great story recently
-- I love telling it --
-- I love telling it --
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pienestä tytöstä piirrustustunnilla. Hän oli kuusivuotias
03:46
of a little girl
who was in a drawing lesson.
who was in a drawing lesson.
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ja luokan takaosassa, piirtämässä,
03:49
She was six, and she was
at the back, drawing,
at the back, drawing,
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ja tämä pieni tyttö oli tuskin koskaan
03:51
and the teacher said this girl
hardly ever paid attention,
hardly ever paid attention,
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kiinnostunut, mutta tällä piirrustustunnilla hän oli.
03:54
and in this drawing lesson, she did.
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03:55
The teacher was fascinated.
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Opettaja meni tytön luokse
03:57
She went over to her,
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
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ja sanoi: "Mitä piirrät?"
04:00
And the girl said, "I'm
drawing a picture of God."
drawing a picture of God."
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Ja tyttö sanoi: "Piirrän kuvaa Jumalasta."
04:03
And the teacher said, "But nobody
knows what God looks like."
knows what God looks like."
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Ja opettaja sanoi: "Mutta kukaan ei tiedä miltä Jumala näyttää."
04:06
And the girl said,
"They will, in a minute."
"They will, in a minute."
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Ja tyttö sanoi: "Kohta tietävät."
04:09
(Laughter)
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(Naurua)
Kun poikani oli neljä Englannissa --
04:20
When my son was four in England --
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itse asiassa hän oli neljä kaikkialla.
04:23
Actually, he was four
everywhere, to be honest.
everywhere, to be honest.
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Jos ollaan tarkkoja, minne ikinä hän meni, hän oli neljä sinä vuonna.
04:25
(Laughter)
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04:27
If we're being strict about it,
wherever he went, he was four that year.
wherever he went, he was four that year.
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Hänellä oli rooli joulunäytelmässä.
04:30
He was in the Nativity play.
Do you remember the story?
Do you remember the story?
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Muistatteko tarinan?
04:33
(Laughter)
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04:34
No, it was big, it was a big story.
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Se oli suuri tarina. Mel Gibson teki jatko-osan.
04:36
Mel Gibson did the sequel,
you may have seen it.
you may have seen it.
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Olette ehkä nähneet sen: "Joulunäytelmä II." James sai Joosefin roolin,
04:38
(Laughter)
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04:40
"Nativity II."
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04:41
But James got the part of Joseph,
which we were thrilled about.
which we were thrilled about.
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ja me olimme innoissamme.
04:45
We considered this to be
one of the lead parts.
one of the lead parts.
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Meistä se oli yksi pääosista.
Koko paikka oli täynnä kykyjenetsijöitä t-paidoissa, joissa luki:
04:48
We had the place crammed
full of agents in T-shirts:
full of agents in T-shirts:
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"James Robinson ON Joosef!"
04:50
"James Robinson IS Joseph!" (Laughter)
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04:53
He didn't have to speak,
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Hänellä ei ollut puheroolia, mutta
04:54
but you know the bit
where the three kings come in?
where the three kings come in?
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kohtauksessa kolme kuningasta saapuu lahjoineen.
04:57
They come in bearing gifts,
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
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He tuovat kultaa, suitsukkeita ja mirhamia.
04:59
This really happened.
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Tämä todella tapahtui. Istuimme katsomossa,
05:00
We were sitting there and I think
they just went out of sequence,
they just went out of sequence,
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ja luulen että he vain sekoittivat järjestyksen,
koska puhuimme pojan kanssa jälkeenpäin:
05:04
because we talked to the little boy
afterward and we said,
afterward and we said,
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"Oliko se sinusta OK?" Ja hän sanoi: "Joo, miksi? Mikä oli pielessä?"
05:06
"You OK with that?" And he said,
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
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He vain vaihtoivat järjestystä.
05:09
They just switched.
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Joka tapauksessa, kolme poikaa tuli sisään --
05:10
The three boys came in,
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neljävuotiaat, pyyhkeet päissään --
05:12
four-year-olds with tea towels
on their heads,
on their heads,
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Ja he laskivat laatikot maahan,
05:14
and they put these boxes down,
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05:15
and the first boy said,
"I bring you gold."
"I bring you gold."
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Ensimmäinen poika sanoi: "Tuon sinulle kultaa."
05:17
And the second boy said,
"I bring you myrrh."
"I bring you myrrh."
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Toinen poika sanoi: "Tuon sinulle mirhamia."
05:20
And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."
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Kolmas poika sanoi: "Frank lähetti tämän." (Naurua)
05:22
(Laughter)
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05:34
What these things have in common
is that kids will take a chance.
is that kids will take a chance.
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Yhteistä on se, että lapset ottavat riskejä.
Jos he eivät tiedä, he yrittävät.
05:37
If they don't know, they'll have a go.
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Heistä ei ole pelottavaa olla väärässä.
05:40
Am I right? They're not
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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En tarkoita, että väärässä oleminen olisi sama asia kuin luovuus.
05:44
I don't mean to say that being wrong
is the same thing as being creative.
is the same thing as being creative.
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Tiedämme, että
05:48
What we do know is,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
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jos ei ole valmis olemaan väärässä,
05:52
you'll never come up
with anything original --
with anything original --
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ei koskaan keksi mitään.
05:54
if you're not prepared to be wrong.
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Aikuisikään tullessaan
05:56
And by the time they get to be adults,
most kids have lost that capacity.
most kids have lost that capacity.
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suurin osa on kadottanut tämän ominaisuuden.
Heihin on kasvanut pelko väärässä olemisesta.
06:01
They have become
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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Me muuten pyöritämme yrityksiä tähän tapaan.
06:03
And we run our companies like this.
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Sakotamme virheistä. Ja nyt pyöritämme
06:05
We stigmatize mistakes.
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06:07
And we're now running
national education systems
national education systems
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kansallisia koulujärjestelmiä, joissa
06:09
where mistakes are the worst
thing you can make.
thing you can make.
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virheet ovat pahin asia mitä voi tehdä.
06:12
And the result is that
we are educating people
we are educating people
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Koulutamme ihmiset pois
06:15
out of their creative capacities.
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luovuudestaan. Picasso sanoi:
06:18
Picasso once said this, he said
that all children are born artists.
that all children are born artists.
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kaikki lapset syntyvät taiteilijoina.
06:22
The problem is to remain an artist
as we grow up.
as we grow up.
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Haaste on pysyä taiteilijana kun kasvamme. Uskon hartaasti,
06:25
I believe this passionately,
that we don't grow into creativity,
that we don't grow into creativity,
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että emme kasva luovuuteen,
kasvamme pois siitä. Kouluttaudumme pois siitä.
06:29
we grow out of it.
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06:30
Or rather, we get educated out if it.
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Mutta miksi?
06:33
So why is this?
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Elin aiemmin Stratford-on-Avonissa.
06:34
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon
until about five years ago.
until about five years ago.
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Muutimme Stratfordista Los Angelesiin.
06:38
In fact, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
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Voitte kuvitella kuinka sulava muutos se oli.
06:41
So you can imagine
what a seamless transition that was.
what a seamless transition that was.
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Itse asiassa,
06:44
(Laughter)
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06:46
Actually, we lived in a place
called Snitterfield,
called Snitterfield,
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asuimme Snitterfieldissä,
Stratfordin ulkopuolella, missä
06:48
just outside Stratford,
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06:49
which is where
Shakespeare's father was born.
Shakespeare's father was born.
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Shakespearen isä syntyi. Saitteko juuri uuden ajatuksen? Minä sain.
06:52
Are you struck by a new thought? I was.
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06:54
You don't think of Shakespeare
having a father, do you?
having a father, do you?
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Kukaan ei ajattele, että Shakespearella olisi isä.
Koska kukaan ei ajattele
06:57
Do you? Because you don't think
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
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Shakespearea lapsena.
07:01
Shakespeare being seven?
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Seitsemänvuotias Shakespeare? Hän oli
07:02
I never thought of it.
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07:03
I mean, he was seven at some point.
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seitsemän jossain vaiheessa.
07:05
He was in somebody's
English class, wasn't he?
English class, wasn't he?
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Hän oli jonkun äidinkielentunnilla.
07:07
(Laughter)
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07:14
How annoying would that be?
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Kuinka ärsyttävää sen on täytynyt olla. "Pitää yrittää enemmän."
07:16
(Laughter)
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07:23
"Must try harder."
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07:24
(Laughter)
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07:28
Being sent to bed by his dad, you know,
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
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Isä pakottamassa lastaan nukkumaan.
"Laske se kynä alas."
07:32
And put the pencil down."
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"Ja lakkaa puhumasta tuolla tavoin. Se on hämmentävää."
07:34
(Laughter)
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07:35
"And stop speaking like that."
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07:37
(Laughter)
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07:41
"It's confusing everybody."
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(Naurua)
07:42
(Laughter)
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Muutimme Stratfordista Los Angelesiin,
07:47
Anyway, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
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ja halusin sanoa muutaman sanan muutoksesta.
07:53
and I just want to say a word
about the transition.
about the transition.
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Poikani ei halunnut tulla.
07:55
My son didn't want to come.
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07:57
I've got two kids;
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
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Minulla on kaksi lasta. Poikani on nyt 21, tyttäreni on 16.
08:00
He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.
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Hän ei halunnut tulla Los Angelesiin.
Hänellä oli tyttöystävä Englannissa. Elämänsä rakkaus, Sarah.
08:02
He loved it, but he had
a girlfriend in England.
a girlfriend in England.
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08:05
This was the love of his life, Sarah.
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Hän oli tuntenut tytön
08:08
He'd known her for a month.
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kuukauden ajan.
08:10
(Laughter)
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08:11
Mind you, they'd had
their fourth anniversary,
their fourth anniversary,
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2256
Se on pitkä aika 16-vuotiaalle.
08:13
because it's a long time when you're 16.
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Hän oli hyvin poissa tolaltaan:
08:16
He was really upset on the plane,
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"En ikinä löydä sellaista tyttöä kuin Sarah."
08:18
he said, "I'll never find
another girl like Sarah."
another girl like Sarah."
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Ja me olimme melko tyytyväisiä,
08:20
And we were rather pleased
about that, frankly --
about that, frankly --
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koska Sarah oli pääsyy siihen miksi vaihdoimme maanosaa.
08:23
(Laughter)
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08:31
Because she was the main reason
we were leaving the country.
we were leaving the country.
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(Naurua)
08:34
(Laughter)
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Sitä huomaa jotain kun muuttaa Amerikkaan.
Tai kun matkustaa ympäri maailmaa:
08:40
But something strikes you
when you move to America
when you move to America
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Jokaisessa koulutusjärjestelmässä on sama aineiden hierarkia.
08:42
and travel around the world:
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08:43
Every education system on Earth
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
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3378
Jokaisessa. Minne tahansa meneekin.
08:47
Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.
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1955
Voisi luulla ettei näin ole, mutta se on.
08:49
You'd think it would be
otherwise, but it isn't.
otherwise, but it isn't.
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2270
Korkeimmalla ovat matematiikka ja kielet,
08:51
At the top are mathematics and languages,
183
507810
1966
sitten humanistiset tieteet, ja pohjalla ovat taideaineet.
08:53
then the humanities,
and at the bottom are the arts.
and at the bottom are the arts.
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Kaikkialla maailmassa.
08:56
Everywhere on Earth.
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1118
Ja melko tarkkaan jokaisessa järjestelmässä
08:57
And in pretty much every system too,
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
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taideaineilla on oma hierarkiansa.
09:01
Art and music are normally
given a higher status in schools
given a higher status in schools
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Taide ja musiikki korkeammalla
kuin teatteri ja tanssi. Ei ole koulutusjärjestelmää,
09:04
than drama and dance.
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1167
09:05
There isn't an education
system on the planet
system on the planet
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joka opettaa lapsille tanssia joka päivä
09:07
that teaches dance everyday to children
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2058
kuten opetamme heille matematiikkaa. Miksi?
09:09
the way we teach them mathematics. Why?
191
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2047
Miksi ei?
09:12
Why not? I think this is rather important.
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Matematiikka on tärkeää, mutta niin on tanssikin.
09:15
I think math is very
important, but so is dance.
important, but so is dance.
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531249
2303
Lapset tanssivat koko ajan, jos heidän annetaan.
09:17
Children dance all the time
if they're allowed to, we all do.
if they're allowed to, we all do.
194
533576
2900
Meillä kaikilla on kehot, eikö vain?
09:20
We all have bodies, don't we?
Did I miss a meeting?
Did I miss a meeting?
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2476
09:23
(Laughter)
196
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3338
Mitä tapahtuu on se, että
09:26
Truthfully, what happens is,
as children grow up,
as children grow up,
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2335
lasten kasvaessa alamme kouluttaa heitä
09:28
we start to educate them progressively
from the waist up.
from the waist up.
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2768
navasta ylöspäin. Ja keskitymme heidän päihinsä.
09:31
And then we focus on their heads.
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1625
Varsinkin pään yhteen puoleen.
09:33
And slightly to one side.
200
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1490
Jos katsoisimme koulutusta avaruusolion silmin,
09:35
If you were to visit
education, as an alien,
education, as an alien,
201
551319
2657
09:38
and say "What's it for, public education?"
202
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2976
ja sanoisimme, "Mikä on julkisen koulutuksen tarkoitus?"
09:41
I think you'd have to conclude,
if you look at the output,
if you look at the output,
203
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2776
Minusta meidän olisi pakko päätellä
parhaiten menestyvät ovat niitä,
09:43
who really succeeds by this,
204
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1376
jotka tekevät kaiken mitä pitää,
09:45
who does everything that they should,
205
561200
1776
09:47
who gets all the brownie
points, who are the winners --
points, who are the winners --
206
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2731
jotka saavat kaikki papukaijamerkit, ovat voittajia --
09:49
I think you'd have to conclude
the whole purpose of public education
the whole purpose of public education
207
565755
3339
julkisen koulutuksen koko tarkoitus
läpi maailman
09:53
throughout the world
208
569118
1097
on tuottaa professoreja.
09:54
is to produce university professors.
209
570239
1953
09:56
Isn't it?
210
572216
1311
09:57
They're the people who come out the top.
211
573551
1983
He ovat parhaiten menestyviä.
09:59
And I used to be one, so there.
212
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2179
Ja minä olin yksi heistä.
10:01
(Laughter)
213
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2636
Pidän professoreista, mutta
10:04
And I like university
professors, but you know,
professors, but you know,
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580421
3101
10:07
we shouldn't hold them up
215
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1475
meidän ei pitäisi kohottaa heitä korkeimmaksi saavutukseksi.
10:09
as the high-water mark
of all human achievement.
of all human achievement.
216
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2931
10:12
They're just a form of life,
217
588000
1976
He ovat vain elämänmuoto,
10:14
another form of life.
218
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1560
yksi elämänmuoto. He ovat eriskummallisia,
10:15
But they're rather curious, and I say this
out of affection for them.
out of affection for them.
219
591584
3298
ja sanon tämän rakkaudesta heihin.
Professoreissa on jotain eriskummallista --
10:18
There's something curious
about professors in my experience --
about professors in my experience --
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594906
2970
he elävät päidensä sisällä. Siellä ylhäällä.
10:21
not all of them, but typically,
they live in their heads.
they live in their heads.
221
597900
2676
Hiukan enemmän yhdellä puolella.
10:24
They live up there,
and slightly to one side.
and slightly to one side.
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2143
He ovat ruumiittomia, melko kirjaimellisesti.
10:27
They're disembodied, you know,
in a kind of literal way.
in a kind of literal way.
223
603495
3374
He näkevät ruumiinsa
10:30
They look upon their body as a form
of transport for their heads.
of transport for their heads.
224
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3093
kuljetusmuotona päilleen, eikö vain?
10:34
(Laughter)
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6166
10:40
Don't they?
226
616200
1016
Tapana siirtää pää kokouksiin.
10:41
It's a way of getting
their head to meetings.
their head to meetings.
227
617240
2222
10:43
(Laughter)
228
619486
5512
Jos haluatte todisteita,
10:49
If you want real evidence
of out-of-body experiences,
of out-of-body experiences,
229
625022
3830
osallistukaa akateemikkojen
10:52
get yourself along to a residential
conference of senior academics,
conference of senior academics,
230
628876
3486
koulutuspäiville ja
käykää diskossa viimeisenä iltana.
10:56
and pop into the discotheque
on the final night.
on the final night.
231
632386
2243
10:58
(Laughter)
232
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2801
Ja sieltä se löytyy -- aikuiset miehet ja naiset
11:01
And there, you will see it.
233
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1356
11:02
Grown men and women
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
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4118
vääntelehtimässä hillittomästi, rytmittömästi,
11:07
(Laughter)
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2867
odottaen loppua voidakseen kirjoittaa tutkielman kokemuksestaan.
11:09
Waiting until it ends so they can
go home and write a paper about it.
go home and write a paper about it.
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3325
Koulutusjärjestelmämme perustuu ajatukseen akateemisesta kyvystä.
11:13
(Laughter)
237
649240
1904
11:15
Our education system is predicated
on the idea of academic ability.
on the idea of academic ability.
238
651168
3843
Ja siihen on syynsä.
11:19
And there's a reason.
239
655035
1241
Koko järjestelmä on keksitty.
11:20
Around the world, there were
no public systems of education,
no public systems of education,
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656300
3556
Julkisia koulutusjärjestelmiä ei ollut ennen 1800-lukua.
11:23
really, before the 19th century.
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659880
2106
Ne kaikki näkivät päivänvalon
11:26
They all came into being
to meet the needs of industrialism.
to meet the needs of industrialism.
242
662010
2957
palvellakseen teollistumisen tarpeita.
Joten hierarkia perustuu kahteen ajatukseen.
11:29
So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
243
665269
2163
Yksi: Kaikkein hyödyllisimmät aineet työnteolle
11:31
Number one, that the most useful
subjects for work are at the top.
subjects for work are at the top.
244
667456
4597
ovat ylimpänä. Lapsina teidät varmaan ohjattiin
11:36
So you were
probably steered benignly away
probably steered benignly away
245
672077
2031
hyväntahtoisesti pois aiheista
11:38
from things at school when you
were a kid, things you liked,
were a kid, things you liked,
246
674132
2934
sillä perusteella, että
sitä ei voi tehdä työkseen.
11:41
on the grounds that you would
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
247
677090
3386
Älä opiskele musiikkia, sinusta ei ikinä tule muusikkoa;
11:44
Don't do music, you're not
going to be a musician;
going to be a musician;
248
680500
2381
Älä opiskele taidetta, sinusta ei ikinä tule taiteilijaa.
11:46
don't do art, you won't be an artist.
249
682905
1801
11:48
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.
250
684730
3420
Hyväntahtoisia neuvoja -- nyt syvästi erheellisiä. Koko maailma on vallankumouksen
11:52
The whole world
is engulfed in a revolution.
is engulfed in a revolution.
251
688174
2145
syövereissä.
Kaksi: Akateeminen kyky, mikä on todella alkanut hallita
11:54
And the second is academic ability,
252
690343
2097
11:56
which has really come to dominate
our view of intelligence,
our view of intelligence,
253
692464
2885
näkemystämme älykkyydestä,
koska yliopistot suunnittelivat järjestelmän omaksi kuvakseen.
11:59
because the universities designed
the system in their image.
the system in their image.
254
695373
2903
Jos ajattelette asiaa, koko järjestelmä
12:02
If you think of it, the whole system
of public education around the world
of public education around the world
255
698300
3494
on pidennetty pääsykoeprosessi
yliopistoille.
12:05
is a protracted process
of university entrance.
of university entrance.
256
701818
2226
Sen seurauksena monet hyvin lahjakkaat, nerokkaat,
12:08
And the consequence
is that many highly-talented,
is that many highly-talented,
257
704068
2333
luovat ihmiset luulevat etteivät he ole sitä,
12:10
brilliant, creative
people think they're not,
people think they're not,
258
706425
2435
koska asiaa, jossa he olivat hyviä koulussa
12:12
because the thing
they were good at at school
they were good at at school
259
708884
2138
ei arvostettu, tai siitä joutui leimatuksi.
12:15
wasn't valued,
or was actually stigmatized.
or was actually stigmatized.
260
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2108
12:17
And I think we can't afford
to go on that way.
to go on that way.
261
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2296
Meillä ei ole varaa jatkaa tähän tapaan.
12:19
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,
262
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2464
UNESCOn mukaan seuraavan 30 vuoden kuluessa
enemmän ihmisiä valmistuu
12:22
more people worldwide will be graduating
263
718191
2810
kuin koskaan ennen.
12:25
through education
than since the beginning of history.
than since the beginning of history.
264
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2546
Se on yhdistelmä
12:27
More people, and it's the combination
of all the things we've talked about --
of all the things we've talked about --
265
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3681
kaikista niistä asioista, joista olemme puhuneet --
teknologia ja sen tuoma muutos, demografia
12:31
technology and its transformation
effect on work, and demography
effect on work, and demography
266
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3048
ja väestön räjähdysmäinen kasvu.
12:34
and the huge explosion in population.
267
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1804
Yhtäkkiä tutkinnoilla ei ole mitään arvoa.
12:36
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.
268
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2865
Kun minä opiskelin, jos oli tutkinto, oli myös työpaikka.
12:39
Isn't that true?
269
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1380
12:40
When I was a student,
if you had a degree, you had a job.
if you had a degree, you had a job.
270
736723
2753
Jos työpaikkaa ei ollut, se oli koska ei halunnut töitä.
12:43
If you didn't have a job,
it's because you didn't want one.
it's because you didn't want one.
271
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2776
Ja minä en halunnut töitä.
12:46
And I didn't want one, frankly. (Laughter)
272
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2676
12:49
But now kids with degrees
273
745000
4074
Mutta nyt nuoret, joilla on tutkinto, usein menevät kotiin
12:53
are often heading home
to carry on playing video games,
to carry on playing video games,
274
749098
3045
pelaamaan tietokonepelejä,
koska töihin, joihin ennen riitti kandidaatin tutkinto, tarvitaan maisterin tutkinto,
12:56
because you need an MA where
the previous job required a BA,
the previous job required a BA,
275
752167
3198
ja maisterin töihin tohtorin tutkinto.
12:59
and now you need a PhD for the other.
276
755389
1787
Se on akateemista inflaatiota.
13:01
It's a process of academic inflation.
277
757200
1776
13:03
And it indicates the whole
structure of education
structure of education
278
759000
2376
Koulutuksen koko rakenne
siirtyy jalkojemme alla. Meidän täytyy ajatella uudestaan
13:05
is shifting beneath our feet.
279
761400
1433
13:06
We need to radically rethink
our view of intelligence.
our view of intelligence.
280
762857
2620
näkemystämme älykkyydestä.
Me tiedämme kolme asiaa älykkyydestä.
13:09
We know three things about intelligence.
281
765501
1995
Yksi, se on monimuotoista. Me ajattelemme kaikilla tavoin,
13:11
One, it's diverse.
282
767520
1227
13:12
We think about the world in all the ways
that we experience it.
that we experience it.
283
768771
3005
joilla koemme maailmaa. Ajattelemme visuaalisesti,
ajattelemme ääninä, ajattelemme kineettisesti.
13:15
We think visually, we think in sound,
we think kinesthetically.
we think kinesthetically.
284
771800
2976
Ajattelemme abstrakteina termeinä, ajattelemmme liikkeenä.
13:18
We think in abstract terms,
we think in movement.
we think in movement.
285
774800
2301
Toiseksi, älykkyys on dynaamista.
13:21
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.
286
777246
1754
Jos katsomme vuorovaikutuksia aivoissa,
13:23
If you look at the interactions
of a human brain,
of a human brain,
287
779587
2389
13:26
as we heard yesterday
from a number of presentations,
from a number of presentations,
288
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2976
kuten kuulimme eilisissä esityksissä,
13:29
intelligence is wonderfully interactive.
289
785000
1976
älykkyys on valtavan vuorovaikutteista.
13:31
The brain isn't divided into compartments.
290
787000
2238
Aivot eivät ole jakautuneet osastoihin.
13:33
In fact, creativity --
which I define as the process
which I define as the process
291
789873
3103
Luovuus -- jonka määrittelen prosessina
13:37
of having original ideas
that have value --
that have value --
292
793000
2325
saada omaperäisiä ideoita joilla on arvoa --
tulee usein vuorovaikutuksesta
13:39
more often than not comes about
through the interaction
through the interaction
293
795349
2652
eri katsomustapojen välillä.
13:42
of different disciplinary
ways of seeing things.
ways of seeing things.
294
798025
3000
Aivoissa on hermokimppu,
13:46
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves
that joins the two halves of the brain
that joins the two halves of the brain
295
802310
3666
joka yhdistää aivojen molemmat puolet,
13:50
called the corpus callosum.
296
806000
1491
nimeltään corpus callosum. Se on paksumpi naisilla.
13:51
It's thicker in women.
297
807515
1266
Jatkan Helenin eilisistä ajatuksista, että
13:53
Following off from Helen yesterday,
298
809088
1741
siksi naiset ovat parempia jakamaan aikaansa.
13:54
this is probably why women
are better at multi-tasking.
are better at multi-tasking.
299
810853
3123
13:58
Because you are, aren't you?
300
814000
1817
Koska te olette, eikö vain?
13:59
There's a raft of research,
but I know it from my personal life.
but I know it from my personal life.
301
815841
3207
Tiedän sen myös omasta kokemuksestani.
Jos vaimoni valmistaa kotona ateriaa --
14:03
If my wife is cooking a meal at home --
which is not often, thankfully.
which is not often, thankfully.
302
819738
5238
mitä ei tapahdu usein, kaikeksi onneksi.
14:09
(Laughter)
303
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2854
Hän on hyvä joissain asioissa,
14:11
No, she's good at some things,
but if she's cooking,
but if she's cooking,
304
827878
2498
mutta jos hän tekee ruokaa,
hän puhuu samaan aikaan puhelimessa,
14:14
she's dealing with people on the phone,
305
830400
1876
puhuu lapsillemme, maalaa kattoa,
14:16
she's talking to the kids,
she's painting the ceiling,
she's painting the ceiling,
306
832300
2556
14:18
she's doing open-heart surgery over here.
307
834880
3096
tekee avosydänleikkausta.
14:22
If I'm cooking, the door
is shut, the kids are out,
is shut, the kids are out,
308
838000
2976
Jos minä laitan ruokaa, ovi on kiinni, lapset ulkona,
14:25
the phone's on the hook,
if she comes in I get annoyed.
if she comes in I get annoyed.
309
841000
2976
puhelin irti seinästä, jos hän tulee keittiöön, minä hermostun.
14:28
I say, "Terry, please,
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
310
844000
3071
Sanon: "Terry, ole kiltti, yritän paistaa kananmunaa. Jätä minut rauhaan."
14:31
(Laughter)
311
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6730
14:38
"Give me a break."
312
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1200
14:39
(Laughter)
313
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1720
Itse asiassa, vanha filosofinen kysymys,
14:41
Actually, do you know
that old philosophical thing,
that old philosophical thing,
314
857222
2499
jos puu kaatuu metsässä ja kukaan kuule sitä,
14:43
if a tree falls in a forest
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
315
859745
3253
tapahtuiko se? Muistatteko tämän?
14:47
Remember that old chestnut?
316
863252
1329
14:48
I saw a great t-shirt
recently, which said,
recently, which said,
317
864605
2409
Näin hienon T-paidan jossa luki: "Jos mies sanoo jotain
14:51
"If a man speaks his mind
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
318
867038
3938
metsässä ja kukaan nainen ei kuule häntä,
14:55
is he still wrong?"
319
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1396
onko hän silti väärässä?"
14:56
(Laughter)
320
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5606
15:03
And the third thing about intelligence is,
321
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2000
Kolmas asia älykkyydestä on,
15:06
it's distinct.
322
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1369
se on erilaista. Valmistelen uutta kirjaa
15:07
I'm doing a new book at the moment
called "Epiphany,"
called "Epiphany,"
323
883754
2573
nimeltä "Oivallus", joka perustuu sarjaan
15:10
which is based on a series
of interviews with people
of interviews with people
324
886351
2474
haastatteluja siitä miten ihmiset löysivät
15:12
about how they discovered their talent.
325
888849
1920
lahjakkuutensa.
15:14
I'm fascinated
by how people got to be there.
by how people got to be there.
326
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2169
Se sai alkunsa keskustelustani
15:16
It's really prompted by a conversation
I had with a wonderful woman
I had with a wonderful woman
327
892986
3190
loistavan naisen kanssa, josta monet
eivät ole kuulleetkaan: Gillian Lynne.
15:20
who maybe most people
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
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2676
Hän on koreografi
15:22
Have you heard of her? Some have.
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ja kaikki tuntevat hänen teoksensa:
15:24
She's a choreographer,
and everybody knows her work.
and everybody knows her work.
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2522
"Cats" ja "Oopperan kummitus".
15:27
She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."
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903100
2001
Olin aiemmin kuninkaallisen baletin johtokunnassa Englannissa,
15:29
She's wonderful.
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978
15:30
I used to be on the board
of The Royal Ballet,
of The Royal Ballet,
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2146
kuten huomaatte.
15:32
as you can see.
334
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1201
15:33
Anyway, Gillian and I had
lunch one day and I said,
lunch one day and I said,
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Yhtenä päivänä olimme lounaalla ja sanoin:
"Gillian, kuinka sinusta tuli tanssija?" Hän sanoi,
15:36
"How did you get to be a dancer?"
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1800
15:37
It was interesting.
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1000
että ollessaan koulussa
15:39
When she was at school,
she was really hopeless.
she was really hopeless.
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hän oli täysin toivoton. Koulu kirjoitti
15:41
And the school, in the '30s,
wrote to her parents and said,
wrote to her parents and said,
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917374
3602
hänen vanhemmilleen: "Epäilemme,
15:45
"We think Gillian
has a learning disorder."
has a learning disorder."
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921000
2000
että Gillianilla on oppimishäiriö." Hän ei pystynyt keskittymään,
hän liikehti kärsimättömästi. Nykyään sanottaisiin
15:47
She couldn't concentrate;
she was fidgeting.
she was fidgeting.
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2142
että hänellä oli ADHD. Mutta tämä oli 1930-luvulla,
15:49
I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
Wouldn't you?
Wouldn't you?
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3290
15:52
But this was the 1930s, and ADHD
hadn't been invented at this point.
hadn't been invented at this point.
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4059
ja ADHD:ta ei oltu vielä keksitty.
Sitä ei ollut tarjolla.
15:56
It wasn't an available condition.
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15:59
(Laughter)
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2737
Ihmiset eivät tienneet, että heillä voisi olla se.
16:01
People weren't aware they could have that.
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2060
Gillian meni tapaamaan erikoislääkäriä
16:03
(Laughter)
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2134
16:06
Anyway, she went to see this specialist.
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942003
4278
äitinsä kanssa.
Hänet ohjattiin tuoliin,
16:10
So, this oak-paneled room,
and she was there with her mother,
and she was there with her mother,
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946305
3722
ja hän istui paikoillaan 20 minuuttia
16:14
and she was led and sat
on this chair at the end,
on this chair at the end,
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2477
lääkärin puhuessa hänen äitinsä kanssa
16:16
and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes
while this man talked to her mother
while this man talked to her mother
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952552
3639
ongelmista, joita Gillianilla oli koulussa --
16:20
about the problems
Gillian was having at school.
Gillian was having at school.
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2328
hän häiritsi oppilaita,
16:22
Because she was disturbing people;
her homework was always late; and so on,
her homework was always late; and so on,
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3677
hänen kotitehtävänsä olivat myöhässä --
lopuksi lääkäri istui
16:26
little kid of eight.
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1096
16:27
In the end, the doctor
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
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963388
3055
Gillianin viereen ja sanoi, "Gillian,
olen kuunnellut näitä juttuja
16:30
"I've listened to all these
things your mother's told me,
things your mother's told me,
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2705
ja minun täytyy puhua kahden äitisi kanssa.
16:33
I need to speak to her privately.
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969196
1619
Odota täällä, me tulemme pian takaisin."
16:34
Wait here. We'll be back;
we won't be very long,"
we won't be very long,"
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970839
2376
Ja he jättivät hänet yksin.
16:37
and they went and left her.
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973239
2325
Lähtiessään lääkäri laittoi
16:39
But as they went out of the room,
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975588
1636
radion päälle. Ja kun he
16:41
he turned on the radio
that was sitting on his desk.
that was sitting on his desk.
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2500
olivat poistuneet huoneesta, lääkäri sanoi äidille:
16:44
And when they got out, he said to her
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
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980342
3430
"Odota ja katso häntä." Ja hetkessä
16:48
And the minute they left the room,
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2991
hän oli jaloillaan, liikkuen musiikin mukaan.
16:51
she was on her feet, moving to the music.
364
987015
2484
He katsoivat häntä muutaman minuutin
16:53
And they watched for a few minutes
and he turned to her mother and said,
and he turned to her mother and said,
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989523
3453
ja lääkäri sanoi äidille,
16:57
"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
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993000
3976
"Gillian ei ole sairas, hän on tanssija.
17:01
Take her to a dance school."
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997000
1976
Hänen pitää mennä tanssikouluun."
17:03
I said, "What happened?"
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999000
1976
Kysyin: "Mitä tapahtui?"
17:05
She said, "She did. I can't tell you
how wonderful it was.
how wonderful it was.
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1001000
2976
Hän sanoi: "Hän vei minut, ja se oli ihanaa.
17:08
We walked in this room
and it was full of people like me.
and it was full of people like me.
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1004000
2753
Menimme huoneeseen, joka oli täynnä
kaltaisiani ihmisiä. Ihmisiä, jotka eivät pysyneet aloillaan.
17:10
People who couldn't sit still.
371
1006777
2199
17:13
People who had to move to think."
Who had to move to think.
Who had to move to think.
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1009000
4587
Ihmisiä, joiden täytyi liikkua ajatellakseen."
He oppivat balettia, steppausta, jazz-tanssia,
17:17
They did ballet, they did tap, jazz;
they did modern; they did contemporary.
they did modern; they did contemporary.
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1013746
3630
modernia ja nykytanssia.
Myöhemmin hän pyrki Kunikaalliseen balettikouluun.
17:21
She was eventually auditioned
for the Royal Ballet School;
for the Royal Ballet School;
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1017400
2820
Hänestä tuli soolotanssija, ja hänellä oli loistava ura
17:24
she became a soloist; she had
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
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1020244
3299
Kunikaallisessa baletissa. Hän valmistui
Kuninkaallisesta balettikoulusta ja
17:27
She eventually graduated
from the Royal Ballet School,
from the Royal Ballet School,
376
1023567
2608
perusti oman tanssiryhmänsä -- the Gillian Lynne Dance Company --
17:30
founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
377
1026200
1975
ja tapasi Andrew Lloyd Weberin. Hän on vastannut
17:32
met Andrew Lloyd Webber.
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1243
17:33
She's been responsible for
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1029568
1409
monista historian menestyksekkäimmistä
17:35
some of the most successful
musical theater productions in history,
musical theater productions in history,
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1031001
3146
musiikkiteatterituotannoista ja tuonut iloa miljoonille.
17:38
she's given pleasure to millions,
and she's a multi-millionaire.
and she's a multi-millionaire.
381
1034172
3072
17:41
Somebody else might have put her
on medication and told her to calm down.
on medication and told her to calm down.
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1037269
4070
Hän on multimiljonääri. Joku toinen olisi määrännyt
hänelle lääkityksen ja kehottanut
17:45
(Applause)
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1041364
6782
rauhoittumaan.
Minusta päädymme tähän:
17:52
What I think it comes to is this:
384
1048575
1601
Al Gore puhui toissailtana
17:54
Al Gore spoke the other night
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1050200
1776
17:56
about ecology and the revolution
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
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1052000
4269
ekologiasta ja Rachel Carsonin vallankumouksesta.
Uskon että ainut toivomme
18:01
I believe our only hope for the future
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1057111
2166
on omaksua uusi käsite ihmisekologiasta,
18:03
is to adopt a new conception
of human ecology,
of human ecology,
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1059301
3833
joka voi palauttaa käsityksemme
18:07
one in which we start
to reconstitute our conception
to reconstitute our conception
389
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2818
18:10
of the richness of human capacity.
390
1066000
1976
ihmisen kykyjen moninaisuudesta.
18:12
Our education system has mined our minds
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1068000
3499
Järjestelmämme louhii mielemme samalla tavalla
18:15
in the way that we strip-mine the earth:
for a particular commodity.
for a particular commodity.
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3276
kuin me louhimme maata: löytääkseen tietyn raaka-aineen.
Ja tulevaisuudessa tämä ei ole hyödyllistä.
18:19
And for the future, it won't serve us.
393
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2484
Meidän täytyy harkita uudelleen keskeisiä periaatteita,
18:21
We have to rethink
the fundamental principles
the fundamental principles
394
1077696
2280
18:24
on which we're educating our children.
395
1080000
1968
joilla koulutamme lapsiamme.
Jonas Salk sanoi: "Jos kaikki hyönteiset
18:26
There was a wonderful quote
by Jonas Salk, who said,
by Jonas Salk, who said,
396
1082087
2674
18:28
"If all the insects
were to disappear from the Earth,
were to disappear from the Earth,
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5039
katoaisivat maan päältä,
50 vuodessa kaikki elämä loppuisi.
18:33
within 50 years all life
on Earth would end.
on Earth would end.
398
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2841
Jos kaikki ihmiset katoaisivat maan päältä,
18:37
If all human beings
disappeared from the Earth,
disappeared from the Earth,
399
1093688
3072
50 vuodessa kaikki elämä kukoistaisi."
18:40
within 50 years all forms
of life would flourish."
of life would flourish."
400
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2634
Ja hän on oikeassa.
18:44
And he's right.
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1100244
1285
TED ylistää ihmisen mielikuvituksen lahjaa.
18:46
What TED celebrates is the gift
of the human imagination.
of the human imagination.
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3634
Meidän täytyy olla varovaisia, jotta käytämme tätä lahjaa
18:50
We have to be careful now
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2071
viisaasti, ja jotta ehkäisemme ongelmat,
18:52
that we use this gift wisely
404
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2255
18:54
and that we avert some of the scenarios
that we've talked about.
that we've talked about.
405
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3229
joista olemme puhuneet. Ainoa tapa tähän
18:58
And the only way we'll do it is by seeing
our creative capacities
our creative capacities
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1114044
3932
on mieltämällä luovat kykymme
19:02
for the richness they are
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1118000
1610
rikkaudeksi ja mieltämällä
19:03
and seeing our children
for the hope that they are.
for the hope that they are.
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3182
lapsemme toivoksi. Meidän tehtävämme
19:06
And our task is to educate
their whole being,
their whole being,
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on kouluttaa heitä kokonaisvaltaisesti tulevaisuutta varten.
19:09
so they can face this future.
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1484
Me emme ehkä näe tätä tulevaisuutta,
19:10
By the way -- we may not see this future,
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2206
19:13
but they will.
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mutta he näkevät. Ja meidän työmme on auttaa
19:14
And our job is to help them
make something of it.
make something of it.
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heitä tekemään sillä jotain. Kiitos.
19:17
Thank you very much.
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19:18
(Applause)
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3000
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ken Robinson - Author/educatorCreativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence.
Why you should listen
Why don't we get the best out of people? Sir Ken Robinson argues that it's because we've been educated to become good workers, rather than creative thinkers. Students with restless minds and bodies -- far from being cultivated for their energy and curiosity -- are ignored or even stigmatized, with terrible consequences. "We are educating people out of their creativity," Robinson says. It's a message with deep resonance. Robinson's TED Talk has been distributed widely around the Web since its release in June 2006. The most popular words framing blog posts on his talk? "Everyone should watch this."
A visionary cultural leader, Sir Ken led the British government's 1998 advisory committee on creative and cultural education, a massive inquiry into the significance of creativity in the educational system and the economy, and was knighted in 2003 for his achievements. His 2009 book, The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything, is a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 21 languages. A 10th anniversary edition of his classic work on creativity and innovation, Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative, was published in 2011. His 2013 book, Finding Your Element: How to Discover Your Talents and Passions and Transform Your Life, is a practical guide that answers questions about finding your personal Element. In his latest book, Creative Schools: The Grassroots Revolution That’s Transforming Education, he argues for an end to our outmoded industrial educational system and proposes a highly personalized, organic approach that draws on today’s unprecedented technological and professional resources to engage all students.
Ken Robinson | Speaker | TED.com