TED2006
Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity?
Ken Robinson认为学校扼杀创造力
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关于建立培养创造力(而不是扼杀创造力)的教育体系,Ken Robinson发表了一番幽默生动的演讲.
Ken Robinson - Author/educator
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Creativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
Good morning. How are you?
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早上好. 还好吗?很好吧,对不对?
00:28
(Laughter)
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00:29
It's been great, hasn't it?
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我已经飘飘然了!
00:32
I've been blown away by the whole thing.
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00:34
In fact, I'm leaving.
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我要飘走了.(笑声)
00:36
(Laughter)
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这次会议有三个主题
00:42
There have been three themes
running through the conference
running through the conference
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这三个主题贯穿会议始终,并且和
00:45
which are relevant
to what I want to talk about.
to what I want to talk about.
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我要谈的内容有关
00:47
One is the extraordinary
evidence of human creativity
evidence of human creativity
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其中之一就是人类创造力的伟大例证
00:52
in all of the presentations that we've had
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这些例证已经体现在之前的演讲当中
00:54
and in all of the people here.
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以及在座各位的身上. 从这些例证中我们看到了创新的多样化
00:56
Just the variety of it
and the range of it.
and the range of it.
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和多领域. 第二点--
01:00
The second is
that it's put us in a place
that it's put us in a place
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这些创新也让我们意识到我们不知道未来会发生什么
01:02
where we have no idea
what's going to happen,
what's going to happen,
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01:04
in terms of the future.
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完全不知道
01:06
No idea how this may play out.
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未来会如何
01:09
I have an interest in education.
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我对教育感兴趣
01:10
Actually, what I find is everybody
has an interest in education.
has an interest in education.
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事实上,我发现每个人都对教育感兴趣
难道不是吗? 我发现这很有趣
01:15
Don't you?
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01:16
I find this very interesting.
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如果你参加一个晚宴,你说
01:17
If you're at a dinner party,
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01:19
and you say you work in education --
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你在教育部门工作
01:21
Actually, you're not often
at dinner parties, frankly.
at dinner parties, frankly.
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坦白的讲，如果你在教育部门工作，事实上你不会经常参加晚宴,
01:24
(Laughter)
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01:28
If you work in education,
you're not asked.
you're not asked.
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(笑声) 所以你不会被问及你是做哪行的。
01:31
(Laughter)
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你永远不会被问到，很奇怪。
01:34
And you're never asked back, curiously.
That's strange to me.
That's strange to me.
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01:38
But if you are, and you say to somebody,
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但是如果你被问及，
他们问:"你从事什么行业?"
01:40
you know, they say, "What do you do?"
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你说你在教育部门工作
01:42
and you say you work in education,
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01:44
you can see the blood run from their face.
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你会发现他们涨红了脸,那意思好像是
01:46
They're like, "Oh my God,"
you know, "Why me?"
you know, "Why me?"
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“我的天啊，”“为什么让我碰上？整整一周我才出来一次” (笑声)
01:48
(Laughter)
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01:50
"My one night out all week."
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01:51
(Laughter)
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但如果你要他们谈谈他们的受教育经历，
01:54
But if you ask about their education,
they pin you to the wall.
they pin you to the wall.
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他们会把你“钉到墙上”. 因为这些事情都涉及
01:57
Because it's one of those things
that goes deep with people, am I right?
that goes deep with people, am I right?
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个人的隐私,对吗?
比如宗教信仰,薪水等
02:01
Like religion, and money and other things.
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我对教育特别感兴趣,我认为我们都是如此
02:04
So I have a big interest in education,
and I think we all do.
and I think we all do.
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我们对此有巨大的既得利益
02:08
We have a huge vested interest in it,
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部分因为教育旨在
02:10
partly because it's education
that's meant to take us into this future
that's meant to take us into this future
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将我们带入我们无法掌握的未来
02:14
that we can't grasp.
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02:15
If you think of it,
children starting school this year
children starting school this year
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大家想想,今年入学的小孩
2065将退休. 没人知道会怎样--
02:19
will be retiring in 2065.
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02:24
Nobody has a clue,
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虽然过去四天会议进程里都是关于这方面的专业讨论--
02:25
despite all the expertise that's been
on parade for the past four days,
on parade for the past four days,
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但我们还是无法预知这个世界
02:29
what the world will look like
in five years' time.
in five years' time.
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五年后的样子。这就是为何我们要让这些孩子
02:32
And yet we're meant
to be educating them for it.
to be educating them for it.
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接受教育。我认为正是未来的不确定性
02:34
So the unpredictability,
I think, is extraordinary.
I think, is extraordinary.
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决定其非同寻常。
02:36
And the third part of this
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第三点就是
02:38
is that we've all agreed, nonetheless,
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我们都认同一个观点--
02:40
on the really extraordinary
capacities that children have --
capacities that children have --
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这些孩子的特别之处正是
02:45
their capacities for innovation.
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他们的创新能力。我觉得昨晚Sirena的表现令人惊奇，
02:48
I mean, Sirena last night
was a marvel, wasn't she?
was a marvel, wasn't she?
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对吗？
02:50
Just seeing what she could do.
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她很出色，但是我认为
02:52
And she's exceptional, but I think
she's not, so to speak,
she's not, so to speak,
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02:57
exceptional in the whole of childhood.
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她在孩提时代时没显得与众不同。
现在的教育提倡的是一个有奉献精神的老师
03:00
What you have there is a person
of extraordinary dedication
of extraordinary dedication
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能发现一个天才学生。但我认为
03:03
who found a talent.
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所有孩子都是伟大的天才。
03:05
And my contention is,
all kids have tremendous talents.
all kids have tremendous talents.
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而我们却无情地扼杀了他们的才能。
03:07
And we squander them, pretty ruthlessly.
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所以我想谈谈教育和
03:09
So I want to talk about education
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03:12
and I want to talk about creativity.
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创造力。我认为
03:13
My contention is that creativity now
is as important in education as literacy,
is as important in education as literacy,
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创造力和文化知识在教育中占同样比重，
所以这两方面我们应同等对待。
03:19
and we should treat it
with the same status.
with the same status.
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（掌声）谢谢。而且，
03:22
(Applause) Thank you.
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03:24
(Applause)
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03:29
That was it, by the way.
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非常感谢。（笑声）还剩15分钟。
03:30
Thank you very much.
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03:31
(Laughter)
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03:33
So, 15 minutes left.
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我出生于--说错了（笑声）
03:35
(Laughter)
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03:38
Well, I was born... no.
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03:40
(Laughter)
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最近我听到一个很不错的故事--我很愿意讲讲这个故事--
03:43
I heard a great story recently
-- I love telling it --
-- I love telling it --
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说的是一个小女孩正在上绘画课。小女孩只有六岁
03:46
of a little girl
who was in a drawing lesson.
who was in a drawing lesson.
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她坐在教室的后排，正在画画，
03:49
She was six, and she was
at the back, drawing,
at the back, drawing,
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而她的老师评价她几乎从不
03:51
and the teacher said this girl
hardly ever paid attention,
hardly ever paid attention,
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注意听讲，但在绘画课上她却听得很认真。
03:54
and in this drawing lesson, she did.
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03:55
The teacher was fascinated.
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老师饶有兴趣地走过去
03:57
She went over to her,
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
and she said, "What are you drawing?"
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问她：“你在画什么？”
04:00
And the girl said, "I'm
drawing a picture of God."
drawing a picture of God."
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她说：“我画的是上帝。”
04:03
And the teacher said, "But nobody
knows what God looks like."
knows what God looks like."
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老师说：“可是没人知道上帝长什么样。”
04:06
And the girl said,
"They will, in a minute."
"They will, in a minute."
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这时小女孩说：“他们马上就能知道上帝的样子了。”
04:09
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
我儿子四岁时在英国--
04:20
When my son was four in England --
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实际上他那会儿在哪都四岁（笑声）
04:23
Actually, he was four
everywhere, to be honest.
everywhere, to be honest.
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严格地说他四岁那年在哪个国家记不清了，只记得他四岁那年
04:25
(Laughter)
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04:27
If we're being strict about it,
wherever he went, he was four that year.
wherever he went, he was four that year.
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去演舞台剧《基督诞生》
04:30
He was in the Nativity play.
Do you remember the story?
Do you remember the story?
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你们记得那部剧的情节吗？应该记不得，情节太长。
04:33
(Laughter)
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04:34
No, it was big, it was a big story.
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故事太长。梅尔.吉布森演过那部剧的续集。
04:36
Mel Gibson did the sequel,
you may have seen it.
you may have seen it.
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你们也许看过，叫《基督诞生II》。我儿子James在那部舞台剧里演Joseph,
04:38
(Laughter)
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04:40
"Nativity II."
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04:41
But James got the part of Joseph,
which we were thrilled about.
which we were thrilled about.
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我们为此很兴奋。
04:45
We considered this to be
one of the lead parts.
one of the lead parts.
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我们以为那是个主要角色。
我们给观众们发了T恤：
04:48
We had the place crammed
full of agents in T-shirts:
full of agents in T-shirts:
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上面印着“James Robinson 扮演 Joseph"(笑声）
04:50
"James Robinson IS Joseph!" (Laughter)
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04:53
He didn't have to speak,
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他的角色不一定有台词，剧情是
04:54
but you know the bit
where the three kings come in?
where the three kings come in?
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三个国王拿着礼物走进来
04:57
They come in bearing gifts,
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
gold, frankincense and myrrh.
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他们分别拿着黄金，乳香精油，没药精油。
04:59
This really happened.
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演出开始了。我们坐在观众席上
05:00
We were sitting there and I think
they just went out of sequence,
they just went out of sequence,
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我认为他们应该按顺序出场，
演出结束后我们对James说：
05:04
because we talked to the little boy
afterward and we said,
afterward and we said,
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“你们刚才演的对吗？”他说：“对啊，怎么了，哪错了吗？”
05:06
"You OK with that?" And he said,
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
"Yeah, why? Was that wrong?"
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其实他们把剧情改了。
05:09
They just switched.
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他们是这么演的：三个小演员出场，
05:10
The three boys came in,
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四岁的小家伙们头上戴着擦杯子用的毛巾，
05:12
four-year-olds with tea towels
on their heads,
on their heads,
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他们放下手上拿的盒子
05:14
and they put these boxes down,
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05:15
and the first boy said,
"I bring you gold."
"I bring you gold."
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第一个孩子说：“我带来了黄金。”
05:17
And the second boy said,
"I bring you myrrh."
"I bring you myrrh."
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第二个孩子说：“我带来了没药精油。”
05:20
And the third boy said, "Frank sent this."
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第三个孩子说：“Frank带来了这个”（笑声）（注：“frankincense乳香精油”英文发音和“Frank sent this”英文发音相似）
05:22
(Laughter)
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05:34
What these things have in common
is that kids will take a chance.
is that kids will take a chance.
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以上例子的共同点就是孩子们愿意冒险。
对于未知的事物，他们愿意去尝试。
05:37
If they don't know, they'll have a go.
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难道不是吗？即使尝试的结果是错误的，他们也不惧怕。
05:40
Am I right? They're not
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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当然，我并不认为错误的尝试等同于创新。
05:44
I don't mean to say that being wrong
is the same thing as being creative.
is the same thing as being creative.
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但我们都知道
05:48
What we do know is,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
if you're not prepared to be wrong,
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如果你不打算做错误的尝试
05:52
you'll never come up
with anything original --
with anything original --
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你永远不会创造出新东西。
05:54
if you're not prepared to be wrong.
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如果你不想让孩子们做错误的尝试，等他们长大了，
05:56
And by the time they get to be adults,
most kids have lost that capacity.
most kids have lost that capacity.
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多数孩子就会丧失创新的能力。
那就会使他们也变得惧怕错误的尝试。
06:01
They have become
frightened of being wrong.
frightened of being wrong.
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这种情况也存在于公司经营方面。
06:03
And we run our companies like this.
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我们不能容忍任何错误。这就使得现在的
06:05
We stigmatize mistakes.
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06:07
And we're now running
national education systems
national education systems
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教育体系成为
06:09
where mistakes are the worst
thing you can make.
thing you can make.
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最不能容忍错误的领域。
06:12
And the result is that
we are educating people
we are educating people
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这样做的后果就是我们的教育体制正在扼杀
06:15
out of their creative capacities.
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孩子们的创造力。毕加索曾说过:
06:18
Picasso once said this, he said
that all children are born artists.
that all children are born artists.
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“孩子们是天生的艺术家”
06:22
The problem is to remain an artist
as we grow up.
as we grow up.
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问题是我们长大后能否继续保有艺术灵感。我坚信：
06:25
I believe this passionately,
that we don't grow into creativity,
that we don't grow into creativity,
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我们随着年龄的增长而丧失了创造力，
甚至可以说，是我们所受的教育让我们丧失了创造力。
06:29
we grow out of it.
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06:30
Or rather, we get educated out if it.
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为什么会这样？
06:33
So why is this?
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五年前，我住在Stratford-on-Avon（注：英国市镇，莎士比亚出生与埋葬之地）。
06:34
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon
until about five years ago.
until about five years ago.
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现在我已经搬到了洛杉矶。
06:38
In fact, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
from Stratford to Los Angeles.
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可想而知，这是个多么合乎逻辑的移居。
06:41
So you can imagine
what a seamless transition that was.
what a seamless transition that was.
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（笑声）其实，
06:44
(Laughter)
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06:46
Actually, we lived in a place
called Snitterfield,
called Snitterfield,
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那时我们住在Snitterfield
就在Stratford郊外，那里是
06:48
just outside Stratford,
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06:49
which is where
Shakespeare's father was born.
Shakespeare's father was born.
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莎士比亚父亲的出生地。你有过灵感吗？我曾经有过。
06:52
Are you struck by a new thought? I was.
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06:54
You don't think of Shakespeare
having a father, do you?
having a father, do you?
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你没把莎士比亚和他的父亲联想在一起，对吗？
因为你忽略了
06:57
Do you? Because you don't think
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
of Shakespeare being a child, do you?
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莎士比亚也曾经是个孩子，对吗？
07:01
Shakespeare being seven?
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莎士比亚七岁时什么样？我从没想过--他七岁时
07:02
I never thought of it.
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07:03
I mean, he was seven at some point.
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的某个特定场景。比如他在上
07:05
He was in somebody's
English class, wasn't he?
English class, wasn't he?
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英语课，想想他在上英语课--多么不可思议
07:07
(Laughter)
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07:14
How annoying would that be?
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（笑声)“你要努力学习”你能想象他父亲边说边把他抱上床，
07:16
(Laughter)
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07:23
"Must try harder."
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07:24
(Laughter)
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07:28
Being sent to bed by his dad, you know,
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!
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“现在该睡觉了”
他父亲又说：“放下笔，
07:32
And put the pencil down."
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别再写那些东西了，别人都看不懂。”
07:34
(Laughter)
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07:35
"And stop speaking like that."
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07:37
(Laughter)
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07:41
"It's confusing everybody."
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（笑声）
07:42
(Laughter)
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话说远了，刚才说到我们从Stratford搬到洛杉矶，
07:47
Anyway, we moved
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
from Stratford to Los Angeles,
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我想说的是，对于这次搬家，
07:53
and I just want to say a word
about the transition.
about the transition.
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我儿子并不愿意。
07:55
My son didn't want to come.
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07:57
I've got two kids;
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
he's 21 now, my daughter's 16.
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我有两个孩子。儿子现在21岁了，女儿16岁。
08:00
He didn't want to come to Los Angeles.
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我儿子不愿搬到洛杉矶。虽然他喜欢这，
但在英国，他有个女友，是他的最爱，叫Sarah.
08:02
He loved it, but he had
a girlfriend in England.
a girlfriend in England.
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08:05
This was the love of his life, Sarah.
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他们认识只有一个月后就开始交往了。
08:08
He'd known her for a month.
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我们要搬家时他们已交往了4年。
08:10
(Laughter)
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08:11
Mind you, they'd had
their fourth anniversary,
their fourth anniversary,
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这对于16岁的年龄来说已经很长了。
08:13
because it's a long time when you're 16.
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我儿子上了飞机后很郁闷，
08:16
He was really upset on the plane,
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他说：“我再也找不到像Sarah那样的女孩了。”
08:18
he said, "I'll never find
another girl like Sarah."
another girl like Sarah."
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但说实话，做为家长的我们为此很庆幸。
08:20
And we were rather pleased
about that, frankly --
about that, frankly --
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因为那个女孩是我们搬家的主要原因。
08:23
(Laughter)
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08:31
Because she was the main reason
we were leaving the country.
we were leaving the country.
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（笑声）
08:34
(Laughter)
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但搬到美国后，有些事使我印象深刻
如果你周游世界
08:40
But something strikes you
when you move to America
when you move to America
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你会发现每个国家的教育体系都存在相同的学科等级制度。
08:42
and travel around the world:
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08:43
Every education system on Earth
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
has the same hierarchy of subjects.
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没有例外。不论哪个国家。
08:47
Every one. Doesn't matter where you go.
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你认为也许会有例外，但没有。
08:49
You'd think it would be
otherwise, but it isn't.
otherwise, but it isn't.
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排在最前面的学科是数学和语言，
08:51
At the top are mathematics and languages,
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接下去是人文学科，艺术排在最后。
08:53
then the humanities,
and at the bottom are the arts.
and at the bottom are the arts.
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世界上所有国家都是如此。
08:56
Everywhere on Earth.
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而且相同的还有
08:57
And in pretty much every system too,
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
there's a hierarchy within the arts.
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就是在艺术学科范围内也有等级制。
09:01
Art and music are normally
given a higher status in schools
given a higher status in schools
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通常学校把美术课和音乐课看的较重要
然后是戏剧课和舞蹈课。没有哪个国家的教育体系
09:04
than drama and dance.
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09:05
There isn't an education
system on the planet
system on the planet
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天天安排舞蹈课
09:07
that teaches dance everyday to children
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但却每天都安排数学课。为什么？
09:09
the way we teach them mathematics. Why?
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为什么不是每天安排舞蹈课呢？我认为舞蹈课很重要。
09:12
Why not? I think this is rather important.
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我认为舞蹈课和数学课同样重要。
09:15
I think math is very
important, but so is dance.
important, but so is dance.
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如果有允许，孩子们会不停地跳舞，我们也一样。
09:17
Children dance all the time
if they're allowed to, we all do.
if they're allowed to, we all do.
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我们都有体会，对吗？
09:20
We all have bodies, don't we?
Did I miss a meeting?
Did I miss a meeting?
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09:23
(Laughter)
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（笑声）事实上，
09:26
Truthfully, what happens is,
as children grow up,
as children grow up,
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随着孩子年龄增长，我们开始教导他们
09:28
we start to educate them progressively
from the waist up.
from the waist up.
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别的东西，（以前是教他们走和跑），而随着他们长大，我们更关注的是他们的头脑。
09:31
And then we focus on their heads.
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而且略微偏重大脑的一侧。
09:33
And slightly to one side.
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如果你以一个外国人的身份来参观我们的教育体系，
09:35
If you were to visit
education, as an alien,
education, as an alien,
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2657
09:38
and say "What's it for, public education?"
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带着这样的问题：“公办教育的目的是什么？”
09:41
I think you'd have to conclude,
if you look at the output,
if you look at the output,
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那么当你看到我们的教育体系产业化的发展，我相信，你就会明白
是谁在真正从中受益，
09:43
who really succeeds by this,
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1376
是谁被教导着该做什么不该做什么，
09:45
who does everything that they should,
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09:47
who gets all the brownie
points, who are the winners --
points, who are the winners --
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是谁得了满分，谁是第一名--
09:49
I think you'd have to conclude
the whole purpose of public education
the whole purpose of public education
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关于公办教育的目的，我想你会得出这样的结论
世界上所有的公办教育
09:53
throughout the world
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都以培养大学教授为目的。难道不是吗？
09:54
is to produce university professors.
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1953
09:56
Isn't it?
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1311
09:57
They're the people who come out the top.
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1983
因为大学教授是象牙塔尖上的人。
09:59
And I used to be one, so there.
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我也曾是一名大学教授，也是塔尖上的人。（笑声）
10:01
(Laughter)
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我倾慕大学教授的学识，但
10:04
And I like university
professors, but you know,
professors, but you know,
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3101
10:07
we shouldn't hold them up
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1475
我们不应该用这样一个头衔作为衡量一个人成功与否的分水岭。
10:09
as the high-water mark
of all human achievement.
of all human achievement.
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2931
10:12
They're just a form of life,
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588000
1976
其实大学教授只是360行中的一行，
10:14
another form of life.
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只不过他们比较好求知，
10:15
But they're rather curious, and I say this
out of affection for them.
out of affection for them.
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3298
我这样说不是因为对他们的倾慕。
在我看来，大学教授有个特点--
10:18
There's something curious
about professors in my experience --
about professors in my experience --
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2970
虽然不是共性，但很典型--他们只用脑子生活。
10:21
not all of them, but typically,
they live in their heads.
they live in their heads.
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2676
而且偏重于大脑的一侧。
10:24
They live up there,
and slightly to one side.
and slightly to one side.
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用书面语来说就是--他们脑体分离。
10:27
They're disembodied, you know,
in a kind of literal way.
in a kind of literal way.
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3374
他们只是把身体当作
10:30
They look upon their body as a form
of transport for their heads.
of transport for their heads.
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3093
大脑的载体而已，难道不是吗？
10:34
(Laughter)
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6166
10:40
Don't they?
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（笑声)这个载体可以载着大脑去开会。
10:41
It's a way of getting
their head to meetings.
their head to meetings.
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2222
10:43
(Laughter)
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5512
如果你想亲身体验
10:49
If you want real evidence
of out-of-body experiences,
of out-of-body experiences,
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你就去参加一次会议
10:52
get yourself along to a residential
conference of senior academics,
conference of senior academics,
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--学术研讨会，
然后在会议结束后再去迪厅蹦迪。
10:56
and pop into the discotheque
on the final night.
on the final night.
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2243
10:58
(Laughter)
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2801
（笑声）在那你会看到，成年男女
11:01
And there, you will see it.
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1356
11:02
Grown men and women
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
writhing uncontrollably, off the beat.
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4118
在不和乐拍地疯狂摇摆。
11:07
(Laughter)
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期待夜晚的结束好回家写篇关于蹦迪的论文。
11:09
Waiting until it ends so they can
go home and write a paper about it.
go home and write a paper about it.
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3325
注重培养学术能力的观点根植于我们的教育体系之中。
11:13
(Laughter)
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1904
11:15
Our education system is predicated
on the idea of academic ability.
on the idea of academic ability.
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3843
形成这种状况还有个原因--
11:19
And there's a reason.
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655035
1241
所有国家的教育体系在最初建立时
11:20
Around the world, there were
no public systems of education,
no public systems of education,
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3556
也就是在19世纪之前--那时教育还不是公共事业。
11:23
really, before the 19th century.
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2106
那时建立教育体系
11:26
They all came into being
to meet the needs of industrialism.
to meet the needs of industrialism.
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2957
是为了满足工业化发展的需要。
所以有两点基本的等级原则。
11:29
So the hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
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2163
第一点，对工作最实用的科目
11:31
Number one, that the most useful
subjects for work are at the top.
subjects for work are at the top.
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4597
是最重要的科目。这样就能轻易地避开
11:36
So you were
probably steered benignly away
probably steered benignly away
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2031
孩子们喜欢的科目，从小就不让他们碰触。
11:38
from things at school when you
were a kid, things you liked,
were a kid, things you liked,
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2934
理由就是
不这样学就找不到工作。对吗？
11:41
on the grounds that you would
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
never get a job doing that. Is that right?
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3386
别玩音乐了，你成不了音乐家；
11:44
Don't do music, you're not
going to be a musician;
going to be a musician;
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2381
别画画了，你成不了艺术家。
11:46
don't do art, you won't be an artist.
249
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1801
11:48
Benign advice -- now, profoundly mistaken.
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3420
这些温和的忠告--筑成现在的大错。全世界
11:52
The whole world
is engulfed in a revolution.
is engulfed in a revolution.
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2145
都被卷入了工业革命的热潮。
第二点，学术能力已经成为
11:54
And the second is academic ability,
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2097
11:56
which has really come to dominate
our view of intelligence,
our view of intelligence,
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2885
衡量好学生的主要标准
这种标准是那些大学自己制定的。
11:59
because the universities designed
the system in their image.
the system in their image.
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2903
只要你思考一下就会发现整个教育体系
12:02
If you think of it, the whole system
of public education around the world
of public education around the world
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698300
3494
不论哪个国家的公共教育都是一种按部就班的程序
最终目标是为了考入大学。
12:05
is a protracted process
of university entrance.
of university entrance.
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2226
造成的后果就是许多很有天才的
12:08
And the consequence
is that many highly-talented,
is that many highly-talented,
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2333
有创造力的学生被钝化了。
12:10
brilliant, creative
people think they're not,
people think they're not,
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2435
因为这些学生发现他们的专长在学校
12:12
because the thing
they were good at at school
they were good at at school
259
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2138
并不受重视甚至还受到蔑视。
12:15
wasn't valued,
or was actually stigmatized.
or was actually stigmatized.
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2108
12:17
And I think we can't afford
to go on that way.
to go on that way.
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我认为我们不能再这样扼杀孩子们的天才了。
12:19
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO,
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2464
根据联合国教科文组织的统计，今后30年
全世界毕业的学生将超过
12:22
more people worldwide will be graduating
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2810
过去的总和。
12:25
through education
than since the beginning of history.
than since the beginning of history.
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2546
这就是人口增长造成的，人口增长关系到
12:27
More people, and it's the combination
of all the things we've talked about --
of all the things we've talked about --
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我们谈论的许多话题--
包括技术和技术变革对生产力的影响、人口统计学
12:31
technology and its transformation
effect on work, and demography
effect on work, and demography
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3048
及人口爆炸。
12:34
and the huge explosion in population.
267
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1804
很快，文凭就不再有含金量了。是这样吧？
12:36
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything.
268
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2865
我上学那会儿，有文凭就有工作。
12:39
Isn't that true?
269
735089
1380
12:40
When I was a student,
if you had a degree, you had a job.
if you had a degree, you had a job.
270
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2753
那时候如果你没工作，那是因为你不想找。
12:43
If you didn't have a job,
it's because you didn't want one.
it's because you didn't want one.
271
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2776
说实话，我那时候就是这样。（笑声）
12:46
And I didn't want one, frankly. (Laughter)
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2676
12:49
But now kids with degrees
273
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4074
但现在的状况是，孩子们有文凭却经常
12:53
are often heading home
to carry on playing video games,
to carry on playing video games,
274
749098
3045
呆在家里打电脑游戏，
因为以前只要学士学位的工作岗位现在需要硕士学位，
12:56
because you need an MA where
the previous job required a BA,
the previous job required a BA,
275
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3198
现在还没毕业的孩子将来就得有个博士学位才好找工作。
12:59
and now you need a PhD for the other.
276
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1787
这就是学术学位的通货膨胀。
13:01
It's a process of academic inflation.
277
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1776
13:03
And it indicates the whole
structure of education
structure of education
278
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2376
这是整个教育体系
坍塌的前兆。我们必须从根本上反思
13:05
is shifting beneath our feet.
279
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1433
13:06
We need to radically rethink
our view of intelligence.
our view of intelligence.
280
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2620
我们评价好学生的标准。
培养人才有三个原则
13:09
We know three things about intelligence.
281
765501
1995
第一，多样化。我们认知世界的角度不同
13:11
One, it's diverse.
282
767520
1227
13:12
We think about the world in all the ways
that we experience it.
that we experience it.
283
768771
3005
有的从视觉角度，
有的从听觉角度，有的从美学角度
13:15
We think visually, we think in sound,
we think kinesthetically.
we think kinesthetically.
284
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2976
有的从抽象的角度，有的从动态的角度。
13:18
We think in abstract terms,
we think in movement.
we think in movement.
285
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2301
第二，好学生应该是充满活力的。
13:21
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic.
286
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1754
如果观察一下人类大脑的内部组织，就像我们
13:23
If you look at the interactions
of a human brain,
of a human brain,
287
779587
2389
13:26
as we heard yesterday
from a number of presentations,
from a number of presentations,
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2976
昨天所看到的演讲中演示的，
13:29
intelligence is wonderfully interactive.
289
785000
1976
大脑发育具有关联性。
13:31
The brain isn't divided into compartments.
290
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2238
大脑不应被分成几部分。
13:33
In fact, creativity --
which I define as the process
which I define as the process
291
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3103
其实我认为应该创造性地把大脑看作一整套工序--
13:37
of having original ideas
that have value --
that have value --
292
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2325
生产有价值的原创想法的工序--
这种原创想法往往来自互动的思考方式
13:39
more often than not comes about
through the interaction
through the interaction
293
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2652
而不是呆板的常规模式。
13:42
of different disciplinary
ways of seeing things.
ways of seeing things.
294
798025
3000
大脑本来就是
13:46
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves
that joins the two halves of the brain
that joins the two halves of the brain
295
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3666
由神经来连接左脑和右脑
13:50
called the corpus callosum.
296
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1491
这个连接部分叫胼胝体（医学名词）。女性大脑中的这个部分比男性的要厚。
13:51
It's thicker in women.
297
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1266
昨天听了Helen的演讲受到启发，我认为
13:53
Following off from Helen yesterday,
298
809088
1741
脑部特征可能使女性更善于应对头绪纷乱的事情。
13:54
this is probably why women
are better at multi-tasking.
are better at multi-tasking.
299
810853
3123
13:58
Because you are, aren't you?
300
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1817
对吗？
13:59
There's a raft of research,
but I know it from my personal life.
but I know it from my personal life.
301
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3207
虽然关于这方面的研究有很多，但我对于这方面的了解其实来源于我的亲身体验。
我妻子在家做饭时--
14:03
If my wife is cooking a meal at home --
which is not often, thankfully.
which is not often, thankfully.
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5238
感谢上帝，她不常做饭，（笑声）
14:09
(Laughter)
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虽然她不擅厨艺但很擅长其他一些事--
14:11
No, she's good at some things,
but if she's cooking,
but if she's cooking,
304
827878
2498
不过她做饭时总是
打打电话，
14:14
she's dealing with people on the phone,
305
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1876
和孩子们说说话，给天棚刷刷漆，
14:16
she's talking to the kids,
she's painting the ceiling,
she's painting the ceiling,
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14:18
she's doing open-heart surgery over here.
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还在旁边做开胸手术。
14:22
If I'm cooking, the door
is shut, the kids are out,
is shut, the kids are out,
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而我做饭时就会关上厨房门，不让孩子们进来打扰，
14:25
the phone's on the hook,
if she comes in I get annoyed.
if she comes in I get annoyed.
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不打电话，这时如果我妻子进来我会很生气。
14:28
I say, "Terry, please,
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
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我会这样对我妻子说：“Terry，我在煎鸡蛋，请你别打扰。”（笑声）
14:31
(Laughter)
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14:38
"Give me a break."
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14:39
(Laughter)
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大家都知道那句有哲理的话--
14:41
Actually, do you know
that old philosophical thing,
that old philosophical thing,
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如果森林里有棵树倒了可没人听到，
14:43
if a tree falls in a forest
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
and nobody hears it, did it happen?
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那是否意味着没发生过？记得这句话吗？
14:47
Remember that old chestnut?
316
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14:48
I saw a great t-shirt
recently, which said,
recently, which said,
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最近我看到一件很棒的T恤，上面印着：“如果一个男人说出他的心声
14:51
"If a man speaks his mind
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
in a forest, and no woman hears him,
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却是在森林里说的，而且没被女人听到，
14:55
is he still wrong?"
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那应该不算犯错吧？”（笑声）
14:56
(Laughter)
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15:03
And the third thing about intelligence is,
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2000
培养好学生的第三个原则就是--
15:06
it's distinct.
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个性化。我目前在写本书--
15:07
I'm doing a new book at the moment
called "Epiphany,"
called "Epiphany,"
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2573
书名叫《顿悟》，素材来自一些
15:10
which is based on a series
of interviews with people
of interviews with people
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访谈，访谈内容是关于怎样发现
15:12
about how they discovered their talent.
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1920
自身的才能。对于这点我很感兴趣。
15:14
I'm fascinated
by how people got to be there.
by how people got to be there.
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激发我写这本书的原因是一次对话
15:16
It's really prompted by a conversation
I had with a wonderful woman
I had with a wonderful woman
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我采访了一位很优秀的女士，也许很多人
没听说过这个人，她叫Gillian Lynne,
15:20
who maybe most people
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
have never heard of, Gillian Lynne.
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你们知道这个人吗？应该有人知道吧。她是一个舞蹈编剧
15:22
Have you heard of her? Some have.
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所有人都知道她的作品。
15:24
She's a choreographer,
and everybody knows her work.
and everybody knows her work.
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2522
她编舞的作品有《猫》、《歌剧魅影》。
15:27
She did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera."
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903100
2001
她很有才华。我在英国看过由皇家芭蕾舞团演出的她的作品。
15:29
She's wonderful.
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978
15:30
I used to be on the board
of The Royal Ballet,
of The Royal Ballet,
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你们也看过她的作品。
15:32
as you can see.
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1201
15:33
Anyway, Gillian and I had
lunch one day and I said,
lunch one day and I said,
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909522
2400
有一次，我和Gillian 吃午饭，我问她：
“Gillian,你是怎样成为舞蹈家的？她回答说：
15:36
"How did you get to be a dancer?"
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15:37
It was interesting.
337
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1000
说起来很有意思，她上学的时候，
15:39
When she was at school,
she was really hopeless.
she was really hopeless.
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觉得自己完全没有希望。她上学那会儿是1930年代，
15:41
And the school, in the '30s,
wrote to her parents and said,
wrote to her parents and said,
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917374
3602
老师给她家长写信说：“我们认为
15:45
"We think Gillian
has a learning disorder."
has a learning disorder."
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Gillian患有学习障碍症。”她无法集中注意力，
她老是坐不安生。用现在的话讲，那意思就是
15:47
She couldn't concentrate;
she was fidgeting.
she was fidgeting.
341
923024
2142
她有多动症。你们也这么想吧？但那时候是1930年代，
15:49
I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
Wouldn't you?
Wouldn't you?
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15:52
But this was the 1930s, and ADHD
hadn't been invented at this point.
hadn't been invented at this point.
343
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4059
“多动症”这个词还没出现。
那个老师用词不当。（笑声）
15:56
It wasn't an available condition.
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15:59
(Laughter)
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那时候人们还不知道用“多动症”这个词。
16:01
People weren't aware they could have that.
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于是，Gillian去看病。
16:03
(Laughter)
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939845
2134
16:06
Anyway, she went to see this specialist.
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942003
4278
她妈妈带她去的，
医生让她坐在椅子上，
16:10
So, this oak-paneled room,
and she was there with her mother,
and she was there with her mother,
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3722
她把手压在腿下，这样过了20分钟
16:14
and she was led and sat
on this chair at the end,
on this chair at the end,
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2477
她妈妈一直在向医生讲述
16:16
and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes
while this man talked to her mother
while this man talked to her mother
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3639
Gillian在学校的表现：
16:20
about the problems
Gillian was having at school.
Gillian was having at school.
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2328
她在学校不安生，
16:22
Because she was disturbing people;
her homework was always late; and so on,
her homework was always late; and so on,
353
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3677
她总是晚交作业，等等，
其实不过是个才8岁的孩子--最后，医生走过去坐到
16:26
little kid of eight.
354
962268
1096
16:27
In the end, the doctor
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
went and sat next to Gillian, and said,
355
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3055
Gillian的旁边对她说：“Gillian,
你妈妈跟我说了很多
16:30
"I've listened to all these
things your mother's told me,
things your mother's told me,
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2705
现在我想和你妈妈单独谈谈。”
16:33
I need to speak to her privately.
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1619
“你在这儿等一下，我们马上谈完。”
16:34
Wait here. We'll be back;
we won't be very long,"
we won't be very long,"
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2376
医生和她妈妈出去了。
16:37
and they went and left her.
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2325
但医生在出去时把收音机打开了
16:39
But as they went out of the room,
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1636
收音机在医生办公桌上。在他们
16:41
he turned on the radio
that was sitting on his desk.
that was sitting on his desk.
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977248
2500
走出房间后，医生对她妈妈说:
16:44
And when they got out, he said to her
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
mother, "Just stand and watch her."
362
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3430
“我们就站在这儿观察一下她。”他们离开房间后，
16:48
And the minute they left the room,
363
984000
2991
Gillian站起来，随着音乐跳起舞来。
16:51
she was on her feet, moving to the music.
364
987015
2484
她妈妈和医生在门外看了几分钟
16:53
And they watched for a few minutes
and he turned to her mother and said,
and he turned to her mother and said,
365
989523
3453
医生对她妈妈说：
16:57
"Mrs. Lynne, Gillian
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
isn't sick; she's a dancer.
366
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3976
Lynne太太，Gillian没病，她是个舞蹈天才。
17:01
Take her to a dance school."
367
997000
1976
让她去上舞蹈学校吧。”
17:03
I said, "What happened?"
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999000
1976
话说到这，我问Gillian：“后来怎么样了？”
17:05
She said, "She did. I can't tell you
how wonderful it was.
how wonderful it was.
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2976
她回答道：“我妈妈送我去了舞蹈学校。我无法形容那里有多棒。
17:08
We walked in this room
and it was full of people like me.
and it was full of people like me.
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2753
那里有很多
像我这样的人--坐不住的人。
17:10
People who couldn't sit still.
371
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2199
17:13
People who had to move to think."
Who had to move to think.
Who had to move to think.
372
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4587
我们必须在动态中才能思考。”
他们跳芭蕾，跳踢踏舞，跳爵士舞，
17:17
They did ballet, they did tap, jazz;
they did modern; they did contemporary.
they did modern; they did contemporary.
373
1013746
3630
跳现代舞。
后来她考入皇家芭蕾舞学校，
17:21
She was eventually auditioned
for the Royal Ballet School;
for the Royal Ballet School;
374
1017400
2820
成为芭蕾舞女主演，事业发展很成功
17:24
she became a soloist; she had
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
a wonderful career at the Royal Ballet.
375
1020244
3299
从那毕业后
从皇家芭蕾舞学校毕业后
17:27
She eventually graduated
from the Royal Ballet School,
from the Royal Ballet School,
376
1023567
2608
她成立了自己的公司--Gillian Lynne 舞蹈公司
17:30
founded the Gillian Lynne Dance Company,
377
1026200
1975
遇到了Andrew Lloyd Weber（注：歌舞剧《猫》的编曲者）。她负责
17:32
met Andrew Lloyd Webber.
378
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1243
17:33
She's been responsible for
379
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1409
担任过一些极其成功的音乐剧的编舞
17:35
some of the most successful
musical theater productions in history,
musical theater productions in history,
380
1031001
3146
她给数以万计的观众带来了艺术享受，
17:38
she's given pleasure to millions,
and she's a multi-millionaire.
and she's a multi-millionaire.
381
1034172
3072
17:41
Somebody else might have put her
on medication and told her to calm down.
on medication and told her to calm down.
382
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4070
她也是个亿万富翁。可是，有人
也许曾认为她有多动症命令她
17:45
(Applause)
383
1041364
6782
“冷静。”
现在，我想说的是--（掌声）
17:52
What I think it comes to is this:
384
1048575
1601
AL Gore（注：美国前副总统） 曾在这里做过一次演讲
17:54
Al Gore spoke the other night
385
1050200
1776
17:56
about ecology and the revolution
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
that was triggered by Rachel Carson.
386
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4269
内容是关于生态学以及Rachel Carson（注：美国海洋生物学家）引发的那次环境保护运动。
我相信对于未来，我们的唯一出路
18:01
I believe our only hope for the future
387
1057111
2166
是贯彻一种新的人性化生态的思想，
18:03
is to adopt a new conception
of human ecology,
of human ecology,
388
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3833
也就是说我们应重新定义
18:07
one in which we start
to reconstitute our conception
to reconstitute our conception
389
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2818
18:10
of the richness of human capacity.
390
1066000
1976
人类能力的多样化。
18:12
Our education system has mined our minds
391
1068000
3499
我们的教育体系培养我们的方式
18:15
in the way that we strip-mine the earth:
for a particular commodity.
for a particular commodity.
392
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3276
正如我们开采地球的方式--以功利为目的。
但这种方式对于未来将不再适用。
18:19
And for the future, it won't serve us.
393
1075188
2484
我们必须重新思考那些最基本的准则
18:21
We have to rethink
the fundamental principles
the fundamental principles
394
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2280
18:24
on which we're educating our children.
395
1080000
1968
也就是我们教育孩子的准则。
Jonas Salk（注：美国生物学家、医学家）曾说过：“如果所有的昆虫
18:26
There was a wonderful quote
by Jonas Salk, who said,
by Jonas Salk, who said,
396
1082087
2674
18:28
"If all the insects
were to disappear from the Earth,
were to disappear from the Earth,
397
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5039
都从地球上消失的话，
那么50年之内，所有生命也将从地球上消失。
18:33
within 50 years all life
on Earth would end.
on Earth would end.
398
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2841
而如果人类从地球上消失的话，
18:37
If all human beings
disappeared from the Earth,
disappeared from the Earth,
399
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3072
那么50年之内，其他物种会活得更好。”
18:40
within 50 years all forms
of life would flourish."
of life would flourish."
400
1096784
2634
他说的很对。
18:44
And he's right.
401
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1285
TED倡导的是人类的创造性思维。
18:46
What TED celebrates is the gift
of the human imagination.
of the human imagination.
402
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3634
现在，我们必须运用这种思维方式小心地
18:50
We have to be careful now
403
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2071
避开那些按部就班的规则
18:52
that we use this gift wisely
404
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2255
18:54
and that we avert some of the scenarios
that we've talked about.
that we've talked about.
405
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3229
达到这个目的唯一的方法
18:58
And the only way we'll do it is by seeing
our creative capacities
our creative capacities
406
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3932
就是运用创造力
19:02
for the richness they are
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1610
最大限度地发挥创造力，而且
19:03
and seeing our children
for the hope that they are.
for the hope that they are.
408
1119634
3182
用孩子们喜欢的方式培养他们。我们的任务
19:06
And our task is to educate
their whole being,
their whole being,
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2398
是全方位地培养孩子，这样他们才能面对未来的社会。
19:09
so they can face this future.
410
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1484
顺便说句--我们可能活不到未来那天
19:10
By the way -- we may not see this future,
411
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2206
19:13
but they will.
412
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但孩子们会。而我们要做的就是帮助
19:14
And our job is to help them
make something of it.
make something of it.
413
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3079
他们能在未来有所作为。谢谢大家。
19:17
Thank you very much.
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1000
19:18
(Applause)
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3000
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ken Robinson - Author/educatorCreativity expert Sir Ken Robinson challenges the way we're educating our children. He champions a radical rethink of our school systems, to cultivate creativity and acknowledge multiple types of intelligence.
Why you should listen
Why don't we get the best out of people? Sir Ken Robinson argues that it's because we've been educated to become good workers, rather than creative thinkers. Students with restless minds and bodies -- far from being cultivated for their energy and curiosity -- are ignored or even stigmatized, with terrible consequences. "We are educating people out of their creativity," Robinson says. It's a message with deep resonance. Robinson's TED Talk has been distributed widely around the Web since its release in June 2006. The most popular words framing blog posts on his talk? "Everyone should watch this."
A visionary cultural leader, Sir Ken led the British government's 1998 advisory committee on creative and cultural education, a massive inquiry into the significance of creativity in the educational system and the economy, and was knighted in 2003 for his achievements. His 2009 book, The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything, is a New York Times bestseller and has been translated into 21 languages. A 10th anniversary edition of his classic work on creativity and innovation, Out of Our Minds: Learning to be Creative, was published in 2011. His 2013 book, Finding Your Element: How to Discover Your Talents and Passions and Transform Your Life, is a practical guide that answers questions about finding your personal Element. In his latest book, Creative Schools: The Grassroots Revolution That’s Transforming Education, he argues for an end to our outmoded industrial educational system and proposes a highly personalized, organic approach that draws on today’s unprecedented technological and professional resources to engage all students.
Ken Robinson | Speaker | TED.com