TED2004
Matthieu Ricard: The habits of happiness
Matthieu Ricard o navikama sreće
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Što je to sreća, i kako je svi možemo dobiti? Biokemičar koji je postao budist, Matthieu Ricard, kaže kako naše umove možemo trenirati navikama blagostanja da bi stvorili istinski osjećaj spokoja i ispunjenja.
Matthieu Ricard - Monk, author, photographer
Sometimes called the "happiest man in the world," Matthieu Ricard is a Buddhist monk, author and photographer. Full bio
Sometimes called the "happiest man in the world," Matthieu Ricard is a Buddhist monk, author and photographer. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, I guess it is a result of globalization that you can find
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Pretpostavljam, kako je rezultat globalizacije da možete pronaći
00:17
Coca-Cola tins on top of Everest and a Buddhist monk in Monterey.
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limenke Coca-Cole na vrhu Everesta i budističkog svećenika u Montereyu.
00:22
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:25
And so I just came, two days ago, from the Himalayas to your kind invitation.
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I tako, prije dva dana, po vašem ljubaznom pozivu došao sam sa Himalaje.
00:31
So I would like to invite you, also, for a while, to the Himalayas themselves.
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Stoga, volio bih i ja vas pozvati na Himalaju.
00:37
And to show the place where meditators, like me,
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Da vam pokažem mjesto gdje meditanti, poput mene,
00:43
who began with being a molecular biologist in Pasteur Institute,
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koji sam počeo kao molekularni biolog u Pasterovom institutu,
00:47
and found their way to the mountains.
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i pronašao svoj put u planine.
00:52
So these are a few images I was lucky to take and be there.
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Ovdje ima nekoliko fotografija koje sam srećom sinimio.
00:58
There's the Mount Kailash in Eastern Tibet -- wonderful setting.
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Ovo je planina Kailash u istočnom Tibetu -- prekrasan prizor.
01:04
This is from Marlboro country.
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Ovo je iz države Marlboro.
01:06
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:11
This is a turquoise lake.
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Ovo je Tirkizno jezero.
01:13
A meditator.
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Meditant.
01:16
This is the hottest day of the year somewhere in Eastern Tibet, on August 1.
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Ovo je najtopliji dan u godini negdje u istočnom Tibetu, 01. kolovoza.
01:21
And the night before, we camped, and my Tibetan friends said,
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Noć prije, kampirali smo, moji prijatelj iz Tibeta rekli su
01:26
"We are going to sleep outside." And I said, "Why? We have enough space in the tent."
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"Spavati ćemo na otvorenom." A ja sam upitao, "Zašto? Imamo dovoljno mjesta u šatoru."
01:30
They said, "Yes, but it's summertime."
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Rekli su, "Da, ali ljeto je."
01:32
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:37
So now, we are going to speak of happiness.
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Sada, govoriti ćemo o sreći.
01:40
As a Frenchman, I must say that there are a lot of French intellectuals
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Kao francuz, moram reći da ima mnogo francuskih intelektualaca
01:44
that think happiness is not at all interesting.
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koji misle kako sreća nije nimalo zanimljiva.
01:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:49
I just wrote an essay on happiness, and there was a controversy.
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Upravo sam napisao esej o sreći, i pojavila se kontroverza.
01:52
And someone wrote an article saying, "Don't impose on us the dirty work of happiness."
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Netko je napisao članak govoreći, nemojte nam nametati taj prljavi posao sreće.
01:57
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:59
"We don't care about being happy. We need to live with passion.
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"Nije nas briga biti sretnima. Mi trebamo živjeti stravstveno.
02:03
We like the ups and downs of life.
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Mi volimo i životne uspone i padove.
02:06
We like our suffering because it's so good when it ceases for a while."
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Volimo našu patnju, jer dobro je kada se nakratko posustane."
02:09
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:13
This is what I see from the balcony of my hermitage in the Himalayas.
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Ovo je ono što vidim s balkona mojeg skrovišta na Himalaji.
02:18
It's about two meters by three, and you are all welcome any time.
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Veličine je dva sa tri metara, i svi ste dobrodošli.
02:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:23
Now, let's come to happiness or well-being.
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Ajmo sada na sreću ili blagostanje.
02:29
And first of all, you know, despite what the French intellectuals say,
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I prije svega, znate, usprkos tome što francuski intelektualci govore,
02:33
it seems that no one wakes up in the morning thinking,
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čini se kako se nitko ujutro ne budi misleći,
02:36
"May I suffer the whole day?"
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"Smijem li patiti cijeli dan?"
02:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:39
Which means that somehow -- consciously or not,
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Što znači da na neki način -- svjesno ili ne,
02:44
directly or indirectly, in the short or the long term,
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direktno ili indirektno, u kratkom ili dugom roku,
02:48
whatever we do, whatever we hope, whatever we dream --
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što god da činimo, čemu god se nadamo, štogod sanjali --
02:52
somehow, is related to a deep, profound desire for well-being or happiness.
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nekako, povezano je uz duboku želju za blagostanjem ili srećom.
03:00
As Pascal said, even the one who hangs himself,
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Kako je Pascal rekao, čak i onaj koji se objesi,
03:04
somehow, is looking for cessation of suffering -- he finds no other way.
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na neki način, teži prekidu patnje -- ne pronalazi drugi način.
03:11
But then, if you look in the literature, East and West,
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Ali onda, ako pogledate u literaturu, istočnu i zapadnu,
03:14
you can find incredible diversity of definition of happiness.
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možete pronaći nevjerojatnu različitost definicija sreće.
03:19
Some people say, I only believed in remembering the past,
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Neki ljudi kažu, ja sam vjerovao samo u prisjećanje prošlosti,
03:24
imagining the future, never the present.
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zamišljanje budućnosti, nikada sadašnjosti.
03:26
Some people say happiness is right now;
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Neki ljudi kažu kako je sreća upravo sada;
03:29
it's the quality of the freshness of the present moment.
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kako je to kvaliteta svježine sadašnjeg trenutka.
03:33
And that led to Henri Bergson, the French philosopher, to say,
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I to je navelo Henrija Bergsona, francuskog filozofa, da kaže,
03:37
"All the great thinkers of humanity have left happiness in the vague
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"Svi veliki mislioci ljudskog roda ostavili su sreću nejasnom
03:41
so that they could define -- each of them could define their own terms."
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kako bi ju mogli definirati -- svaki po svojim uvjetima."
03:46
Well, that would be fine if it was just a secondary preoccupation in life.
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Pa, to bi bilo u redu kada bi to bila samo sekundarna zaokupljenost u životu.
03:52
But now, if it is something that is going to determine
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Ali sada, ako je to nešto što će odrediti
03:55
the quality of every instant of our life,
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kvalitetu svakog trenutka našeg života,
03:58
then we better know what it is, have some clearer idea.
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onda nam je bolje znati što je, i imati jasniju ideju o tome.
04:03
And probably, the fact that we don't know that is why, so often,
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I vjerojatno, činjenica da ne znamo jest razlog, vrlo često,
04:08
although we seek happiness, it seems we turn our back to it.
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iako tražimo sreću, da joj okrenemo leđa.
04:11
Although we want to avoid suffering, it seems we are running somewhat towards it.
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Iako želimo izbjeći patnju, čini se da trčimo ka njoj.
04:16
And that can also come from some kind of confusions.
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Do toga može dovesti zbunjenost.
04:20
One of the most common ones is happiness and pleasure.
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Jedna uobičajena je, između sreće i zadovoljstva.
04:24
But, if you look at the characteristics of those two,
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Ali, ako pogledate karakteristike ovih dvoje,
04:27
pleasure is contingent upon time, upon its object, upon the place.
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zadovoljstvo je zavisno o vremenu, objektu, mjestu.
04:35
It is something that -- changes of nature.
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To je nešto što se po prirodi mijenja.
04:40
Beautiful chocolate cake: first serving is delicious,
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Prelijepa čokoladna torta: prva porcija je odlična,
04:44
second one not so much, then we feel disgust.
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druga ne baš toliko, a onda nam se gadi.
04:47
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:49
That's the nature of things. We get tired.
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To je priroda stvari: umorimo se.
04:53
I used to be a fan of Bach. I used to play it on the guitar, you know.
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Bio sam Bachov obožavatelj. Svirao bih ga na gitari, znate.
04:57
I can hear it two, three, five times.
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Mogu ga čuti dva, tri, pet puta.
04:59
If I had to hear it 24 hours, non-stop, it might be very tiring.
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Kada bih ga morao slušati 24 sata, bez prestanka, moglo bi biti jako zamarajuće.
05:04
If you are feeling very cold, you come near a fire, it's so wonderful.
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Ako vam je hladno, priđete vatri, i to je prelijepo.
05:09
Then, after some moments, you just go a little back, and then it starts burning.
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Onda, nakon nekoliko trenutaka, malo se odmaknete, i onda počinje peći.
05:13
It sort of uses itself as you experience it.
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Na neki način iskorištava samu sebe kako ju vi doživljavate.
05:19
And also, again, it can -- also, it's something that you --
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I također, opet, može -- također, to je nešto što vi --
05:23
it is not something that is radiating outside.
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nije nešto što zrači prema vani.
05:25
Like, you can feel intense pleasure
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Kao, vi možete osjećati intenzivno zadovoljstvo
05:27
and some others around you can be suffering a lot.
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a neki oko vas mogu patiti.
05:32
Now, what, then, will be happiness?
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Sada, što je onda, sreća?
05:35
And happiness, of course, is such a vague word, so let's say well-being.
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I "sreća", naravno, tako je nejasna riječ, pa recimo "blago-stanje".
05:42
And so, I think the best definition, according to the Buddhist view,
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I također, mislim kako je najbolja definicija, s budističkog stajališta,
05:46
is that well-being is not just a mere pleasurable sensation.
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da blagostanje nije samo zadovoljavajući osjećaj.
05:53
It is a deep sense of serenity and fulfillment,
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To je duboki osjećaj spokoja i ispunjenja,
05:58
a state that actually pervades and underlies all emotional states,
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stanje koje prožima i obilježava sva emotivna stanja
06:09
and all the joys and sorrows that can come one's way.
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i sve radosti i jade koje se mogu pojaviti.
06:13
For you, that might be surprising.
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Za vas, to bi moglo biti iznenađujuće.
06:15
Can we have this kind of well-being while being sad? In a way, why not?
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Možemo li imati to blagostanje dok smo tužni? Pa, zašto ne?
06:21
Because we are speaking of a different level.
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Zato što govorimo o različitoj razini.
06:27
Look at the waves coming here to shore.
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Pogledajte ove valove koji stižu na obalu.
06:31
When you are at the bottom of the wave, you hit the bottom.
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Ako ste na dnu vala, udariti ćete o dno.
06:35
You hit the solid rock.
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Udariti o kamen.
06:37
When you are surfing on the top, you are all elated.
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Ako daskate na vrhu, ushićeni ste.
06:39
So you go from elation to depression -- there's no depth.
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Znači idete od ushićenja ka depresiji, nema dubine.
06:44
Now, if you look at the high sea, there might be beautiful, calm ocean, like a mirror.
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Ako pogledate duboko more, mogao bi to biti prelijepi, mirni ocean poput zrcala.
06:50
There might be storms, but the depth of the ocean is still there, unchanged.
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Mogu biti oluje, ali dubina oceana je još uvijek tamo, nepromijenjena.
06:58
So now, how is that?
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Pa sada, kako je to moguće?
07:00
It can only be a state of being, not just a fleeting emotion, sensation.
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Može biti jedino stanje duše, ne samo trepereća emocija, osjećaj.
07:05
Even joy -- that can be the spring of happiness.
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Čak i radost, to može biti proljeće sreće.
07:09
But there's also wicked joy, you can rejoice in someone's suffering.
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Ali postoji i zloćudna radost, možete se radovati tuđoj patnji.
07:13
So how do we proceed in our quest for happiness? Very often, we look outside.
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Kako nastaviti našu potragu za srećom? Često, gledamo vani.
07:21
We think that if we could gather this and that, all the conditions,
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Mislimo da ako sakupimo ovo i ono, sve uvjete,
07:26
something that we say, "Everything to be happy --
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nešto za što kažemo,"Sve kako bi bio sretan --
07:29
to have everything to be happy."
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imati sve za biti sretan."
07:32
That very sentence already reveals the doom of destruction of happiness.
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Ta rečenica otkriva usud uništenja sreće.
07:36
To have everything. If we miss something, it collapses.
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Imati sve. Ako nešto propustimo, sve se uruši.
07:41
And also, when things go wrong, we try to fix the outside so much,
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I također, kada stvari krenu naopako pokušamo ispraviti stvar izvana,
07:45
but our control of the outer world is limited, temporary, and often, illusory.
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ali naša kontrola nad vanjskim svijetom je ograničena, privremena, i često, prividna.
07:54
So now, look at inner conditions. Aren't they stronger?
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Sada, pogledajmo unutarnja stanja. Nisu li ona jača?
07:58
Isn't it the mind that translates the outer condition into happiness and suffering?
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Nije li um taj koji prevodi vanjska stanja u sreću i patnju?
08:04
And isn't that stronger?
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Nije li to jače?
08:06
We know, by experience, that we can be what we call "a little paradise,"
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Znamo kako, po iskustvu, možemo biti u "malom raju"
08:11
and yet, be completely unhappy within.
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a ipak, biti nezadovoljni iznutra.
08:16
The Dalai Lama was once in Portugal,
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Dalaj Lama je bio jednom u Portugalu,
08:19
and there was a lot of construction going on everywhere.
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i posvuda se mnogo gradilo.
08:21
So one evening, he said, "Look, you are doing all these things,
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Jedne je večeri rekao, "Gledajte, vi gradite sve te stvari,
08:24
but isn't it nice, also, to build something within?"
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ali nije li lijepo, također, izgraditi i nešto iznutra?"
08:27
And he said, "Unless that -- even you get high-tech flat
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I rekao je, "Osim toga -- čak i ako dobiješ "high-tech" stan
08:32
on the 100th floor of a super-modern and comfortable building,
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na 100-tom katu super moderne i udobne zgrade,
08:37
if you are deeply unhappy within,
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ako si duboko nezadovoljan iznutra,
08:39
all you are going to look for is a window from which to jump."
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sve što ćeš tražiti jest prozor s kojega ćeš se baciti."
08:44
So now, at the opposite,
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Sada, s druge strane,
08:46
we know a lot of people who, in very difficult circumstances,
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poznajemo mnogo ljudi koji u teškim okolnostima
08:50
manage to keep serenity, inner strength, inner freedom, confidence.
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uspijevaju održati vedrinu, unutarnju snagu, unutarnju slobodu, samopouzdanje.
08:57
So now, if the inner conditions are stronger --
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Sada, ako su unutarnja stanja jača --
08:59
of course, the outer conditions do influence,
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naravno, vanjska stanja svakako utječu,
09:02
and it's wonderful to live longer, healthier,
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prelijepo je živjeti dulje, zdravije,
09:06
to have access to information, education, to be able to travel,
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imati pristup informacijama, obrazovanju, moći putovati,
09:09
to have freedom. It's highly desirable.
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biti slobodan, to je jako poželjno.
09:14
However, this is not enough. Those are just auxiliary, help conditions.
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Kako god, to nije dovoljno, to je samo dodatna pomoć, stanja.
09:20
The experience that translates everything is within the mind.
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Doživljaj koji prevodi sve jest u umu.
09:25
So then, when we ask oneself how to nurture the condition for happiness,
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I tako, kada nekoga upitamo kako njegovati stanja za sreću,
09:31
the inner conditions, and which are those which will undermine happiness.
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unutarnja stanja, i koja su ta koja će potkopati sreću.
09:37
So then, this just needs to have some experience.
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Zato za ovo treba imati iskustva.
09:40
We have to know from ourselves, there are certain states of mind
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Radi sebe moramo znati, kako postoje određena stanja uma
09:43
that are conducive to this flourishing, to this well-being,
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koja su pogodna za prosperiranje, za blagostanje,
09:46
what the Greeks called eudaimonia, flourishing.
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ono što su Grci zvali eudaimonia, cvjetanje.
09:51
There are some which are adverse to this well-being.
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Ima nekih stanja koja su suprotna tom blagostanju.
09:56
And so, if we look from our own experience,
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I tako, ako pogledamo iz vlastitog iskustva -
09:59
anger, hatred, jealousy, arrogance, obsessive desire, strong grasping,
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ljutnja, mržnja, ljubomora, arogantnost, opsesivna želja, grabežljivost --
10:08
they don't leave us in such a good state after we have experienced it.
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ne ostavljaju nas u dobrom stanju nakon što smo ih iskusili.
10:13
And also, they are detrimental to others' happiness.
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I također, ona su štetna za tuđu sreću.
10:17
So we may consider that the more those are invading our mind,
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Mogli bi pretpostaviti da što više takva stanja napadaju naš um,
10:21
and, like a chain reaction, the more we feel miserable, we feel tormented.
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poput lančane reakcije, to se više osjećamo jadno, i mučno.
10:27
At the opposite, everyone knows deep within that an act of selfless generosity,
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Suprotno tome, svi duboko u sebi znamo kako jedno nesebično djelo darežljivosti,
10:33
if from the distance, without anyone knowing anything about it,
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ako s udaljenosti, bez da itko o tome zna,
10:38
we could save a child's life, make someone happy.
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može spasiti dječji život, nekoga usrećiti.
10:42
We don't need the recognition. We don't need any gratitude.
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Ne treba nam priznanje. Ne treba nam zahvalnost.
10:45
Just the mere fact of doing that fills such a sense of adequation with our deep nature.
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Samo činjenica kako to činimo, ispunjava nas osjećajem prikladnosti duboko u našoj prirodi.
10:53
And we would like to be like that all the time.
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I mi bismo htjeli biti takvi cijelo vrijeme.
10:56
So is that possible, to change our way of being, to transform one's mind?
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Je li to moguće, promijeniti naš način postojanja, transformirati um?
11:02
Aren't those negative emotions, or destructive emotions,
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Nisu li te negativne emocije, razarajuće emocije,
11:06
inherent to the nature of mind?
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inherentne prirodi uma?
11:09
Is change possible in our emotions, in our traits, in our moods?
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Je li promjena moguća u našim emocijama, u crtama ličnosti, u našem raspoloženju?
11:15
For that we have to ask, what is nature of mind?
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Za to saznati, moramo se upitati što je to priroda uma?
11:18
And if we look from the experiential point of view,
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Ako promatramo s iskustvenog gledišta,
11:22
there is a primary quality of consciousness
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postoji primarna kvaliteta svijesti,
11:25
that's just the mere fact to be cognitive, to be aware.
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a to je sama činjenica da smo kognitivni, svjesni.
11:30
Consciousness is like a mirror that allows all images to rise on it.
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Svijest je poput ogledala koje dozvoljava da se sve slike prikažu na njemu.
11:35
You can have ugly faces, beautiful faces in the mirror.
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Mogu se prikazati i ružna i lijepa lica u ogledalu.
11:38
The mirror allows that, but the mirror is not tainted,
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Ogledalo to omogućuje, ali nije oštećeno,
11:42
is not modified, is not altered by those images.
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nije modificirano, nije promijenjeno prikazom tih slika.
11:46
Likewise, behind every single thought there is the bare consciousness, pure awareness.
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Slično tomu, iza svake misli stoji gola svijest, čista svjesnost.
11:54
This is the nature. It cannot be tainted intrinsically with hatred or jealousy because,
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To je priroda. Ne može se intrizično oštetiti ljutnjom ili ljubomorom jer,
12:00
then, if it was always there -- like a dye that would permeate the whole cloth --
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onda, ako bi stalno bilo tako -- poput boje koja pržima čitavu tkaninu --
12:05
then it would be found all the time, somewhere.
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pronalazili bi je cijelo vrijeme negdje.
12:08
We know we're not always angry, always jealous, always generous.
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Znamo kako nismo uvijek ljutiti, ljubomorni, ljubazni.
12:13
So, because the basic fabric of consciousness
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Obzirom da je temeljni materijal svijesti
12:16
is this pure cognitive quality that differentiates it from a stone,
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čista kognitivna kvaliteta koja ju razlikuje od kamena,
12:20
there is a possibility for change because all emotions are fleeting.
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postoji mogućnost za promjenu jer sve su emocije prolazne.
12:24
That is the ground for mind training.
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To je temelj za treniranje uma.
12:27
Mind training is based on the idea that two opposite mental factors
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Treniranje uma bazirano je na ideji da se dva suprotna mentalna čimbenika
12:32
cannot happen at the same time.
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ne mogu dogoditi istovremeno.
12:34
You could go from love to hate.
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Možete iz ljubavi prijeći na mržnju.
12:36
But you cannot, at the same time, toward the same object,
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Ali ne možete, istovremeno, prema istom objektu,
12:39
the same person, want to harm and want to do good.
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istoj osobi, željeti zlo i dobro.
12:43
You cannot, in the same gesture, shake hand and give a blow.
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Ne možete, u jednoj gesti, dati ruku i udarac.
12:47
So, there are natural antidotes to emotions
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Postoje prirodni protuotrovi za emocije
12:51
that are destructive to our inner well-being.
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koje su razarajuće za naše unutarnje blagostanje.
12:54
So that's the way to proceed. Rejoicing compared to jealousy.
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To je način kako dalje. Radovanje nasuprot ljubomori.
13:00
A kind of sense of inner freedom as opposite to intense grasping and obsession.
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Neka vrsta osjećaja unutarnje slobode u suprotnosti s pohlepom i opsesijom.
13:08
Benevolence, loving kindness against hatred.
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Dobročinstvo, miroljubivost nasuprot mržnji.
13:13
But, of course, each emotion then would need a particular antidote.
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Ali naravno, tada bi svaka emocije trebala poseban protuotrov.
13:18
Another way is to try to find a general antidote to all emotions,
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Drugi je način pokušati naći opći protuotrov za sve emocije,
13:23
and that's by looking at the very nature.
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i to gledanjem u samu srž prirode.
13:26
Usually, when we feel annoyed, hatred or upset with someone,
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Obično, kada se osjećamo iritirano,mrzimo ili smo uznemireni,
13:32
or obsessed with something, the mind goes again and again to that object.
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ili opsjednuti nečime, um se stalno vraća tom objektu.
13:36
Each time it goes to the object, it reinforces that obsession or that annoyance.
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Svaki puta kada se vrati, pojačava tu opsesiju ili iritiranost.
13:42
So then, it's a self-perpetuating process.
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To je onda proces koji sam sebe pokreće.
13:46
So what we need to look now is, instead of looking outward, we look inward.
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Ono gdje bismo trebali gledati, umjesto da gledamo prema vani, jest unutra.
13:51
Look at anger itself.
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Pogledajmo samu ljutnju,
13:53
It looks very menacing, like a billowing monsoon cloud or thunderstorm.
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izgleda prijeteće, poput monsunskog oblaka ili grmljavine.
13:59
But we think we could sit on the cloud -- but if you go there, it's just mist.
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Mislimo da bismo mogli sjesti na taj oblak, ali kada odemo tamo, to je samo magla.
14:03
Likewise, if you look at the thought of anger,
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Slično, ako pogledate misao ljutnje
14:06
it will vanish like frost under the morning sun.
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nestati će kao mraz pred jutarnjim suncem.
14:10
If you do this again and again, the propensity,
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Ako to stalno činite, sklonost,
14:13
the tendencies for anger to arise again
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tendencija ljutnje da se ponovno pojavi
14:16
will be less and less each time you dissolve it.
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smanjiti će se svaki put kada ju rasplinete.
14:19
And, at the end, although it may rise, it will just cross the mind,
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I, na kraju, iako bi se mogla pojaviti, samo će preletjeti umom,
14:23
like a bird crossing the sky without leaving any track.
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poput ptice koja prelijeće nebom bez da ostavlja trag.
14:26
So this is the principal of mind training.
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To je princip treniranja uma.
14:30
Now, it takes time because we -- it took time for all those faults in our mind,
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Potrebno je vremena jer trebalo je vremena da se sve te greške u našem umu,
14:39
the tendencies, to build up, so it will take time to unfold them as well.
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tendencije, da se nagomilaju, pa će isto tako trebati vremena da ih se rješimo.
14:43
But that's the only way to go.
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Ali to je jedini način.
14:45
Mind transformation -- that is the very meaning of meditation.
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Transformacija uma, to je pravi smisao meditacije.
14:50
It means familiarization with a new way of being,
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To znači upoznavanje s novim načinom postojanja,
14:53
new way of perceiving things, which is more in adequation with reality,
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novim načinom percipiranja stvari koji je više priklanjanje stvarnosti,
14:57
with interdependence, with the stream and continuous transformation,
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s međuovisnosti, s tijekom i kontinuiranom transformacijom
15:01
which our being and our consciousness is.
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što naše biće i naša svijest zapravo jesu.
15:04
So, the interface with cognitive science,
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Veza sa kognitivnim znanostima,
15:06
since we need to come to that, and it was, I suppose, the subject of --
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obzirom kako se moramo toga dotaknuti, i bilo je, pretpostavljam, subjektom --
15:09
we have to deal in such a short time
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moramo u kratkom vremenu obraditi
15:11
with brain plasticity. The brain was thought to be more or less fixed.
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plastičnost mozga. Za mozak se mislilo da je više-manje nepromjenjiv.
15:15
All the nominal connections, in numbers and quantities, were thought --
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Za sve veze, u svom zbroju i količini, smatralo se --
15:19
until the last 20 years -- thought to be more or less fixed when we reached adult age.
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do prije 20 godina, kako su više-manje nepromjenjive kada postanemo odrasle osobe.
15:25
Now, recently, it has been found that it can change a lot.
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U posljednje vrijeme, otkriveno je da se može znatno mijenjati.
15:28
A violinist, as we heard, who has done 10,000 hours of violin practice,
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Violinistu, kako smo čuli, koji je odradio 10,000 sati prakse,
15:32
some area that controls the movements of fingers in the brain change a lot,
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neki dijelovi koji kontroliraju pokrete prstiju u mozgu, znatno su se promijenili,
15:37
increasing reinforcement of the synaptic connections.
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osnažujući sinaptičke veze.
15:41
So can we do that with human qualities?
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Možemo li isto učiniti s ljudskim kvalitetama?
15:45
With loving kindness, with patience, with openness?
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Miroljubivošću, strpljenjem, otvorenošću?
15:49
So that's what those great meditators have been doing.
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To je ono što oni veliki meditanti čine.
15:53
Some of them who came to the labs, like in Madison, Wisconsin, or in Berkeley,
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Neki od njih koji su došli u laboratorije, poput Madisona, Wisconsina ili Berkleya,
16:00
did 20 to 40,000 hours of meditation.
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napravili su od 20 do 40,000 sati meditacije.
16:05
They do, like, three years' retreat, where they do meditate 12 hours a day.
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Oni se, tri godine povuku, i tada meditiraju 12 sati dnevno.
16:08
And then, the rest of their life, they will do that three or four hours a day.
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I onda, do kraja svojeg života, meditiraju 3 do 4 sata dnevno.
16:12
They are real Olympic champions of mind training.
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Oni su pravi olimpijski pobjednici u treniranju uma.
16:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:18
This is the place where the meditators -- you can see it's kind of inspiring.
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Ovo je mjesto gdje meditanti -- vidite kako je pomalo inspirirajuće.
16:22
Now, here with 256 electrodes.
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Sada, ovdje s 256 elektroda.
16:25
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
16:31
So what did they find? Of course, same thing.
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Što su pronašli? Naravno, istu stvar.
16:35
The scientific embargo -- if ever has been to submitted to "Nature,"
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Znanstvena zapreka -- ako je ikad poslan za časopis "Nature"
16:39
hopefully, it will be accepted.
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nadam se, možda će biti prihvaćen.
16:42
It deals with the state of compassion, unconditional compassion.
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Bavi se stanjem suosjećanja, bezuvjetnog suosjećanja.
16:45
We asked meditators, who have been doing that for years and years and years,
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Pitali smo meditante, koji su godinama,
16:49
to put their mind in a state where there's nothing but loving kindness,
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svoj um usmjeravali u stanje gdje nema ničega osim miroljubivosti --
16:54
total availability to sentient being.
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poptune dostupnosti svjesnom biću.
16:56
Of course, during the training, we do that with objects.
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Naravno, za vrijeme treninga, to činimo s objektima.
16:58
We think of people suffering, we think of people we love,
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Mislimo o ljudima koji pate, mislimo o ljudima koje volimo,
17:01
but at some point, it can be a state which is all pervading.
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ali u jednom trenutku, to postaje stanje koje sve prožima.
17:05
Here is the preliminary result, which I can show because it's already been shown.
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Ovo su preliminarni rezultati, koje mogu pokazati, jer su već bili prikazani.
17:10
The bell curve shows 150 controls, and what is being looked at
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Bellova krivulja pokazuje 150 ljudi kontrolne skupine, i što se promatra
17:17
is the difference between the right and the left frontal lobe.
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jest razlika u desnom i lijevom frontalnom režnju.
17:21
In very short, people who have more activity in the right side of the prefrontal cortex
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Ukratko, ljudi koji imaju više aktivnosti na desnoj strani prefrontalnog korteksa
17:26
are more depressed, withdrawn. They don't describe a lot of positive affect.
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više su deprimirani, povućeni -- ne opisuju mnogo pozitivnog afekta.
17:33
It's the opposite on the left side: more tendency to altruism,
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Suprotno je na lijevoj strani: tendencija ka altruizmu,
17:38
to happiness, to express, and curiosity and so forth.
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sreći, izražavanju, znatiželji i slično.
17:43
So there's a basic line for people. And also, it can be changed.
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Znači postoji temeljna linija za ljude. I može se promijeniti.
17:47
If you see a comic movie, you go off to the left side.
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Ako gledate komediju, radi vam lijeva strana.
17:49
If you are happy about something, you'll go more to the left side.
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Ako ste sretni zbog nečega, idete još više u lijevo.
17:52
If you have a bout of depression, you'll go to the right side.
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Ako imate napadaj depresije, pomaknuti ćete se prema desnoj strani.
17:56
Here, the -0.5 is the full standard deviation
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Ovdje, -0.5 je puna standardna devijacija
18:02
of a meditator who meditated on compassion.
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meditanta koji je meditirao o suosjećanju.
18:05
It's something that is totally out of the bell curve.
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To je skroz izvan Bellovog grafa.
18:09
So, I've no time to go into all the different scientific results.
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Nemam vremena ići u sve znanstvene detalje.
18:13
Hopefully, they will come.
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Nadajmo se da će doći.
18:15
But they found that -- this is after three and a half hours in an fMRI,
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Ali otkrili su da -- ovo je nakon tri i pol sata u uređaju za fMRI,
18:19
it's like coming out of a space ship.
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to je kao da izlazite iz svemirskog broda.
18:24
Also, it has been shown in other labs --
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Također, dokazano je i u drugim laboratorijima --
18:26
for instance, Paul Ekman's labs in Berkeley --
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na primjer, laboratorij Paula Ekmana na Berkleyu --
18:30
that some meditators are able, also,
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kako su neki meditanti sposobni, također,
18:32
to control their emotional response more than it could be thought.
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kontrolirati svoju emocionalnu reakciju više nego što se mislilo.
18:36
Like the startle experiments, for example.
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Poput eksperimenta zastrašivanja, na primjer.
18:38
If you sit a guy on a chair with all this kind of apparatus measuring your physiology,
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Ako posjednete čovjeka na stolicu s aparatima koji mjere različite fiziološke pokazatelje
18:42
and there's kind of a bomb that goes off, it's so instinctive response that,
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i odjednom bomba eksplodira, to je tako instinktivna reakcija da,
18:47
in 20 years, they never saw anyone who will not jump.
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u 20 godina, nisu vidjeli nikoga tko ne bi poskočio.
18:51
Some meditators, without trying to stop it,
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Neki meditanti, bez da pokušaju to zaustaviti,
18:54
but simply by being completely open,
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već bivajući potpuno otvoreni,
18:57
thinking that that bang is just going to be just a small event like a shooting star,
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misle kako će taj događaj biti tako slab poput padanja zvijezde na nebu,
19:02
they are able not to move at all.
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pa uspijevaju uopće se ne pomaknuti.
19:04
So the whole point of that is not, sort of, to make, like,
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Smisao svega toga nije napraviti,
19:08
a circus thing of showing exceptional beings who can jump, or whatever.
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cirkus s ljudima koji poskakuju ili slično.
19:15
It's more to say that mind training matters. That this is not just a luxury.
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Smisao jest pokazati kako je treniranje uma važno. Da to nije luksuz.
19:21
This is not a supplementary vitamin for the soul.
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To nije dodatni vitamin za dušu,
19:26
This is something that's going to determine the quality of every instant of our lives.
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to je nešto što će odrediti kvalitetu svakog trenutka u našem životu.
19:32
We are ready to spend 15 years achieving education.
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Spremni smo potrošiti 15 godina obrazujući se.
19:36
We love to do jogging, fitness.
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Volimo jogging, tjelovježbu.
19:39
We do all kinds of things to remain beautiful.
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Činimo svakakve stvari kako bi ostali lijepi.
19:43
Yet, we spend surprisingly little time taking care of what matters most --
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Ali jako malo vremena potrošimo na ono što je najvažnije:
19:50
the way our mind functions --
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na način kako naš um funkcionira.
19:53
which, again, is the ultimate thing that determines the quality of our experience.
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Koji je, opet, krajnja stvar koja određuje kvalitetu naših doživljaja.
19:58
Now, our compassion is supposed to be put in action.
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Sada, naše suosjećanje moramo staviti u akciju.
20:02
That's what we try to do in different places.
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To je ono što pokušavamo činiti na raznim mjestima.
20:05
Just this one example is worth a lot of work.
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Samo ovaj jedan primjer je vrijedan puno rada.
20:09
This lady with bone TB, left alone in a tent, is going to die with her only daughter.
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Ova gospođa s koštanom tuberkulozom, ostavljena sama u šatoru, umrijeti će sa svojom jedinom kćeri.
20:15
One year later, how she is.
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Godinu dana kasnije, evo kako joj je.
20:20
Different schools and clinics we've been doing in Tibet.
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Različite škole i klinike podučavali smo u Tibetu.
20:26
And just, I leave you with the beauty of those looks
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Ostavljam vas s ljepotom ovih pogleda
20:30
that tells more about happiness than I could ever say.
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koji govore o sreći više nego što bih ja ikada mogao reći.
20:35
And jumping monks of Tibet.
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I skačuči redovnici iz Tibeta.
20:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
20:39
Flying monks.
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Leteći redovnici.
20:47
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam, najljepša.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Matthieu Ricard - Monk, author, photographerSometimes called the "happiest man in the world," Matthieu Ricard is a Buddhist monk, author and photographer.
Why you should listen
After training in biochemistry at the Institute Pasteur, Matthieu Ricard left science behind to move to the Himalayas and become a Buddhist monk -- and to pursue happiness, both at a basic human level and as a subject of inquiry. Achieving happiness, he has come to believe, requires the same kind of effort and mind training that any other serious pursuit involves.
His deep and scientifically tinged reflections on happiness and Buddhism have turned into several books, including The Quantum and the Lotus: A Journey to the Frontiers Where Science and Buddhism Meet. At the same time, he also makes sensitive and jaw-droppingly gorgeous photographs of his beloved Tibet and the spiritual hermitage where he lives and works on humanitarian projects.
His latest book on happiness is Happiness: A Guide to Developing Life's Most Important Skill; his latest book of photographs is Tibet: An Inner Journey.
Matthieu Ricard | Speaker | TED.com