TEDxWomen 2011
Laura Carstensen: Older people are happier
Laura Larstensen (Laura Carstensen): Stariji ljudi su srećniji
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U 20. veku dodali smo značajan broj godina našem životnom veku, ali da li je kvalitet života podjednako dobar? Iznenađujuće, jeste! Na TEDxWomen psihološkinja Laura Karstensen prezentuje istraživanje koje pokazuje da kako stare, ljudi postaju srećniji, zadovoljniji i imaju mnogo pozitivniji pogled na svet.
Laura Carstensen - Psychologist
Laura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes. Full bio
Laura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
People are living longer
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Ljudi žive duže
00:17
and societies are getting grayer.
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i društva postaju sve više seda.
00:19
You hear about it all the time.
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Slušate o tome sve vreme.
00:21
You read about it in your newspapers.
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Čitate o tome u novinama.
00:23
You hear about it on your television sets.
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Slušate o tome na televiziji.
00:25
Sometimes I'm concerned
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Ponekad sam zabrinuta,
00:27
that we hear about it so much
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toliko slušamo o tome
00:29
that we've come to accept longer lives
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da smo počeli prihvatati duže živote
00:32
with a kind of a complacency,
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s dozom samozadovoljstva,
00:34
even ease.
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čak spokojstva.
00:36
But make no mistake,
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Da ne bude zabune,
00:39
longer lives can
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duži životi mogu
00:41
and, I believe, will
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i ja verujem da hoće
00:43
improve quality of life
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poboljšati kvalitet života
00:45
at all ages.
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u svim životnim dobima.
00:47
Now to put this in perspective,
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Da bismo ovo razmotrili,
00:49
let me just zoom out for a minute.
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dozvolite mi da prikažem širi kontekst.
00:52
More years were added
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Za više godina je produženo
00:55
to average life expectancy
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trajanje prosečnog života
00:57
in the 20th century
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u 20. veku,
00:59
than all years added
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nego tokom svih
01:02
across all prior millennia
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prethodnih milenijuma
01:06
of human evolution combined.
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ljudske evolucije.
01:09
In the blink of an eye,
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U treptaju oka
01:11
we nearly doubled the length of time
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gotovo smo udvostručili trajanje
01:14
that we're living.
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životnog veka.
01:16
So if you ever feel like you don't have this aging thing quite pegged,
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Pa ako vam se čini da niste baš shvatili sve ovo u vezi starenja
01:19
don't kick yourself.
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nemojte se zabrinjavati.
01:21
It's brand new.
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To je sasvim nova stvar.
01:23
And because fertility rates fell
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Stope plodnosti su padale
01:25
across that very same period
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istovremeno sa
01:27
that life expectancy was going up,
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produživanjem prosečnog životnog veka
01:31
that pyramid
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Ta piramida
01:33
that has always represented the distribution of age in the population,
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koja je uvek predstavljala starosnu strukturu populacije,
01:36
with many young ones at the bottom
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sa mnogo mladih na dnu
01:39
winnowed to a tiny peak of older people
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i malim brojem starijih ljudi na njenom vrhu
01:42
who make it and survive to old age
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koji su uspeli i preživeli do starosti,
01:44
is being reshaped
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promenila je oblik u
01:46
into a rectangle.
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pravougaonik.
01:49
And now, if you're the kind of person
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Ako spadate u one
01:51
who can get chills from population statistics,
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koji se ježe od statistika populacije,
01:55
these are the ones that should do it.
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ovo su podaci koji bi trebalo da vas naježe.
01:57
Because what that means
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Zato što to znači da
01:59
is that for the first time in the history of the species,
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po prvi put u istoriji čovečanstva,
02:02
the majority of babies born
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većina dece rođene
02:04
in the Developed World
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u razvijenom svetu,
02:06
are having the opportunity
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ima priliku
02:09
to grow old.
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da ostari.
02:11
How did this happen?
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Kako se to dogodilo?
02:14
Well we're no genetically hardier than our ancestors were
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Nismo genetički izdržljiviji od naših predaka
02:16
10,000 years ago.
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pre 10.000 godina.
02:18
This increase in life expectancy
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Ovo produženje životnog veka
02:20
is the remarkable product of culture --
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je neverovatan proizvod kulture --
02:23
the crucible
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recept sadrži
02:25
that holds science and technology
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nauku i tehnologiju,
02:27
and wide-scale changes in behavior
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i rasprostranjene promene u ponašanju
02:30
that improve health and well-being.
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koje su poboljšale zdravlje i blagostanje.
02:33
Through cultural changes,
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Kroz kulturne promene,
02:35
our ancestors
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naši preci su
02:37
largely eliminated early death
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u velikoj meri eliminisali ranu smrt,
02:40
so that people can now live out their full lives.
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te ljudi sada mogu uživati u životu do kraja.
02:44
Now there are problems associated with aging --
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Postoje problemi povezani sa starenjem --
02:47
diseases, poverty, loss of social status.
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bolesti, siromaštvo, gubitak društvenog statusa.
02:50
It's hardly time to rest on our laurels.
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Nije baš vreme za ležanje na lovorikama.
02:52
But the more we learn about aging,
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Ipak, što više saznajemo o starenju,
02:54
the clearer it becomes
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postaje sve jasnije
02:56
that a sweeping downward course
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da je kretanje nizbrdo
02:58
is grossly inaccurate.
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vrlo netačan opis.
03:01
Aging brings some rather remarkable improvements --
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Starenje donosi neka izvanredna poboljšanja --
03:05
increased knowledge, expertise --
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više znanja, stručnost --
03:08
and emotional aspects of life improve.
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i emocionalni aspekti života se poboljšavaju.
03:14
That's right,
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Upravo tako,
03:16
older people are happy.
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stariji ljudi su srećni.
03:19
They're happier than middle-aged people,
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Srećniji su od sredovečnih ljudi,
03:21
and younger people certainly.
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a sigurno i od mladih.
03:23
Study after study
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Studija za studijom
03:25
is coming to the same conclusion.
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dolazi do istog zaključka.
03:27
The CDC recently conducted a survey
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Centar za kontrolu bolesti je nedavno sproveo anketu
03:30
where they asked respondents simply to tell them
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u kojoj su pitali ispitanike
03:33
whether they experienced significant psychological distress
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da li su doživeli značajnu psihološku uznemirenost
03:35
in the previous week.
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u protekloj nedelji.
03:37
And fewer older people answered affirmatively to that question
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Potvrdno je odgovorilo manje starijih ljudi
03:40
than middle-aged people,
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nego sredovečnih ispitanika,
03:42
and younger people as well.
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i mladih ljudi.
03:44
And a recent Gallup poll
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Nedavna Galupova anketa je
03:46
asked participants
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pitala učesnike
03:48
how much stress and worry and anger
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koliko su stresa, brige i ljutnje
03:50
they had experienced the previous day.
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doživeli u proteklom danu.
03:52
And stress, worry, anger
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Stres, briga i ljutnja,
03:56
all decrease with age.
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sve to opada sa godinama.
04:00
Now social scientists call this the paradox of aging.
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Društveni naučnici ovo nazivaju paradoksom starenja.
04:03
After all, aging is not a piece of cake.
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Ipak, ostariti nije lako.
04:06
So we've asked all sorts of questions
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Postavljali smo razna pitanja
04:08
to see if we could undo this finding.
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da bismo videli možemo li poništiti ovo saznanje.
04:12
We've asked whether it may be
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Pitali smo da li je moguće
04:14
that the current generations of older people
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da su trenutne generacije starijih
04:17
are and always have been
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sada i ranije bile
04:19
the greatest generations.
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najbolje generacije.
04:21
That is that younger people today
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Odnosno, da mlađi ljudi danas
04:23
may not typically experience these improvements
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možda neće osetiti takva poboljšanja
04:26
as they grow older.
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kad oni budu starili.
04:28
We've asked,
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Pitali smo da li možda
04:30
well maybe older people are just trying to put a positive spin
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stariji ljudi samo pokušavaju pozitivnije predstaviti
04:33
on an otherwise depressing existence.
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egzistenciju koja je inače deprimirajuća.
04:35
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
04:37
But the more we've tried to disavow this finding,
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Što smo više pokušavali poništiti ovo saznanje,
04:40
the more evidence we find
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nalazili smo sve više dokaza
04:42
to support it.
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koji ga potvrđuju.
04:44
Years ago, my colleagues and I embarked on a study
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Pre mnogo godina, moje kolege i ja smo pokrenuli istraživanje
04:46
where we followed the same group of people over a 10-year period.
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u kome smo pratili istu grupu ljudi tokom 10 godina.
04:49
Originally the sample was aged 18 to 94.
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Originalni uzorak je bio između 18 i 94 godine.
04:53
And we studied whether and how their emotional experiences changed
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Proučavali smo, da li se i kako se njihova emotivna iskustva menjanju
04:56
as they grew older.
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u periodu starenja.
04:58
Our participants would carry electronic pagers
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Naši učesnici su nosili elektronske pejdžere
05:01
for a week at a time,
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nedelju dana.
05:03
and we'd page them throughout the day and evenings at random times.
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Mi bismo im se nasumice javljali tokom dana i večeri.
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And every time we paged them
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Svaki put kad bismo im se javili
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we'd ask them to answer several questions --
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pitali bismo ih nekoliko pitanja --
05:10
On a one to seven scale, how happy are you right now?
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Na skali od jedan do sedam, koliko ste trenutno srećni?
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How sad are you right now?
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Koliko ste trenutno tužni?
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How frustrated are you right now? --
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Koliko ste trenutno frustrirani? --
05:17
so that we could get a sense
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kako bismo mogli dobiti osećaj
05:19
of the kinds of emotions and feelings they were having
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o vrsti emocija i osećanja koje su imali
05:21
in their day-to-day lives.
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u njihovoj svakodnevici.
05:23
And using this intense study
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Koristeći ovo intenzivno istraživanje
05:25
of individuals,
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na pojedincima,
05:27
we find that it's not one particular generation
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otkrili smo da nije samo jedna generacija
05:31
that's doing better than the others,
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ta kojoj ide bolje od ostalih,
05:33
but the same individuals over time
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već su isti pojedinci tokom vremena postepeno
05:36
come to report relatively greater
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prijavljivali relativno veće
05:38
positive experience.
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pozitivno iskustvo.
05:40
Now you see this slight downturn
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Vidite ovaj blagi pad
05:43
at very advanced ages.
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u poodmaklim godinama.
05:45
And there is a slight downturn.
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Postoji blagi pad.
05:47
But at no point does it return
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Ali ni u jednom momentu se ne vraća
05:49
to the levels we see
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na nivo koji vidimo
05:51
in early adulthood.
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u ranoj zrelosti.
05:53
Now it's really too simplistic
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Bilo bi suviše pojednostavljeno
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to say that older people are "happy."
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reći da su stariji ljudi "srećni."
06:01
In our study, they are more positive,
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Oni su u našem istraživanju pozitivniji,
06:04
but they're also more likely than younger people
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ali su i skloniji nego mlađe osobe
06:06
to experience mixed emotions --
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da dožive pomešane emocije --
06:09
sadness at the same time you experience happiness;
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tugu istovremeno kad doživljavate sreću;
06:11
you know, that tear in the eye
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znate, suza u oku
06:13
when you're smiling at a friend.
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kad se smešite prijatelju.
06:16
And other research has shown
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Drugo istraživanje je pokazalo
06:18
that older people seem to engage with sadness
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da se stariji ljudi nose sa tugom
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more comfortably.
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komotnije.
06:22
They're more accepting of sadness than younger people are.
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Lakše prihvataju tugu nego mlađi ljudi.
06:25
And we suspect that this may help to explain
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Pretpostavljamo da bi ovo moglo pomoći objašnjenju
06:28
why older people are better than younger people
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zašto stariji ljudi bolje od mlađih ljudi
06:31
at solving hotly-charged emotional conflicts and debates.
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rešavaju žustre emotivne konflikte i rasprave.
06:36
Older people can view injustice
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Stariji ljudi mogu sagledati nepravdu
06:39
with compassion,
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sa saosećanjem,
06:41
but not despair.
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ali ne i očajanjem.
06:44
And all things being equal,
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Ako je sve ostalo jednako,
06:46
older people direct their cognitive resources,
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stariji ljudi usmeravaju svoje kognitivne resurse,
06:48
like attention and memory,
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poput pažnje i pamćenja,
06:50
to positive information more than negative.
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rađe prema pozitivnoj informaciji nego negativnoj.
06:53
If we show older, middle-aged, younger people images,
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Ako pokažemo starijim, mlađim i sredovečnim ljudima slike,
06:56
like the ones you see on the screen,
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kao ove koje vidite na ekranu
06:59
and we later ask them
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i kasnije ih pitamo
07:01
to recall all the images that they can,
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da se prisete svih slika koje mogu,
07:04
older people, but not younger people,
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stariji ljudi, za razliku od mlađih,
07:07
remember more positive images
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pamte više pozitivnih slika
07:09
than negative images.
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nego negativnih.
07:11
We've asked older and younger people
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Upitali smo starije i mlađe ljude
07:13
to view faces in laboratory studies,
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da pogledaju lica u laboratorijskim istraživanjima,
07:15
some frowning, some smiling.
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neka koja se mršte, a neka koja se smeju.
07:17
Older people look toward the smiling faces
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Stariji ljudi gledaju prema nasmešenim licima
07:20
and away from the frowning, angry faces.
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i sklanjaju pogled sa namrštenih, ljutih lica.
07:23
In day-to-day life,
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U svakodnevnom životu,
07:25
this translates into greater enjoyment
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ovo se odražava kroz više radosti
07:27
and satisfaction.
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i zadovoljstva.
07:31
But as social scientists, we continue to ask
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Kao društveni naučnici, nastavljamo ispitivati
07:33
about possible alternatives.
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moguće alternative.
07:35
We've said, well maybe older people
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Rekli smo, stariji ljudi možda
07:37
report more positive emotions
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govore o više pozitivnih emocija
07:39
because they're cognitively impaired.
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zato što su kognitivno oštećeni.
07:42
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
07:45
We've said, could it be
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Rekli smo, da nisu moža
07:47
that positive emotions are simply easier to process than negative emotions,
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te pozitivne emocije samo jednostavnije za obradu nego negativne emocije,
07:50
and so you switch to the positive emotions?
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pa se prebacujete na pozitivne emocije?
07:53
Maybe our neural centers in our brain
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Možda su nervni centri u našem mozgu
07:55
are degraded such
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oštećeni tako
07:57
that we're unable to process negative emotions anymore.
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da više ne možemo da obrađujemo negativne emocije.
08:00
But that's not the case.
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To ipak nije u pitanju.
08:02
The most mentally sharp older adults
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Većina mentalno jakih starijih osoba
08:05
are the ones who show this positivity effect the most.
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su oni koji najčešće pokazuju ovaj efekt pozitivnosti.
08:09
And under conditions where it really matters,
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U uslovima gde je to zaista važno,
08:12
older people do process the negative information
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stariji ljudi obrađuju negativnu informaciju
08:14
just as well as the positive information.
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podjednako dobro kao i pozitivnu informaciju.
08:17
So how can this be?
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Kako je to moguće?
08:20
Well in our research,
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U našem istraživanju,
08:22
we've found that these changes
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otkrili smo da su te promene
08:24
are grounded fundamentally
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bitno utemeljene
08:26
in the uniquely human ability to monitor time --
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u jedinstvenoj ljudskoj sposobnosti da posmatra vreme --
08:29
not just clock time and calendar time,
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ne samo kao vreme na satu i kalendaru,
08:31
but lifetime.
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već kao vreme života.
08:34
And if there's a paradox of aging,
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I ako postoji paradoks starenja,
08:36
it's that recognizing that we won't live forever
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to je da saznanje da nećemo živeti zauvek
08:39
changes our perspective on life
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menja naš pogled na svet
08:41
in positive ways.
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u pozitivnom smislu.
08:44
When time horizons are long and nebulous,
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Kad su vremenski okviri dugi i nejasni,
08:47
as they typically are in youth,
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kao što obično i jesu u mladosti,
08:49
people are constantly preparing,
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ljudi se stalno pripremaju,
08:52
trying to soak up all the information they possibly can,
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pokušavajući da upiju sve informacije koje mogu
08:55
taking risks, exploring.
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rizikujući, istražujući.
08:57
We might spend time with people we don't even like
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Možemo provoditi vreme sa ljudima koji nam se ni ne sviđaju,
09:00
because it's somehow interesting.
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jer je to na neki način zanimljivo.
09:03
We might learn something unexpected.
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Možemo naučiti nešto neočekivano.
09:05
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
09:07
We go on blind dates.
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Idemo na sastanke na slepo.
09:09
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
09:11
You know, after all,
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Znate, na kraju krajeva,
09:13
if it doesn't work out, there's always tomorrow.
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ako ne uspe, uvek postoji sutra.
09:16
People over 50
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Ljudi iznad 50.
09:18
don't go on blind dates.
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ne idu na sastanke ne slepo.
09:21
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
09:26
As we age,
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Kako starimo,
09:28
our time horizons grow shorter
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naši vremenski okviri se smanjuju
09:30
and our goals change.
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i naši ciljevi se menjaju.
09:33
When we recognize that we don't have all the time in the world,
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Kad uvidimo da nemamo sve vreme sveta,
09:36
we see our priorities most clearly.
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jasnije vidimo svoje prioritete.
09:38
We take less notice of trivial matters.
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Manje marimo za trivijalne stvari.
09:41
We savor life.
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Uživamo u životu.
09:43
We're more appreciative,
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Zahvalniji smo,
09:45
more open to reconciliation.
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pomirljiviji.
09:48
We invest in more emotionally important parts of life,
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Ulažemo u emotivno važnije delove života,
09:51
and life gets better,
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i život postaje bolji,
09:54
so we're happier day-to-day.
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pa smo iz dana u dan srećniji.
09:57
But that same shift in perspective
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Ali ta ista promena perspektive
09:59
leads us to have less tolerance than ever
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čini nas manje tolerantnim nego ikad
10:02
for injustice.
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prema nepravdi.
10:04
By 2015,
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Do 2015.
10:06
there will be more people in the United States
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u SAD-u će biti više ljudi
10:09
over the age of 60
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koji su stariji od 60 godina,
10:11
than under 15.
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nego onih ispod 15 godina.
10:14
What will happen to societies
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Šta će se dogoditi sa društvima
10:16
that are top-heavy with older people?
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koja su prepuna starijih ljudi?
10:19
The numbers won't determine
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Brojevi neće odrediti
10:22
the outcome.
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ishod.
10:24
Culture will.
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Kultura hoće.
10:27
If we invest in science and technology
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Ako uložimo u nauku i tehnologiju,
10:30
and find solutions for the real problems
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te pronađemo rešenja za stvarne probleme
10:32
that older people face
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sa kojima se stariji ljudi suočavaju
10:35
and we capitalize
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i usredsredimo se
10:37
on the very real strengths
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na stvarne snage
10:39
of older people,
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starijih ljudi,
10:41
then added years of life
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onda dodate godine života
10:43
can dramatically improve quality of life
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mogu dramatično poboljšati kvalitet života
10:46
at all ages.
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za sva životna doba.
10:48
Societies with millions
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Društva sa milionima
10:51
of talented, emotionally stable citizens
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talentovanih, emotivno stabilnih građana
10:53
who are healthier and better educated
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koji su zdraviji i školovaniji
10:56
than any generations before them,
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od bilo koje generacije pre njih,
10:58
armed with knowledge
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koji su potkovani znanjem
11:00
about the practical matters of life
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o praktičnim stvarima života
11:02
and motivated
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i motivisani
11:04
to solve the big issues
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da reše velike stvari,
11:06
can be better societies
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mogu biti bolja društva
11:09
than we have ever known.
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nego ikada.
11:13
My father, who is 92,
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Moj otac, koji ima 92 godine
11:16
likes to say,
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voli da kaže:
11:18
"Let's stop talking only about
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"Prestanimo pričati samo o
11:20
how to save the old folks
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tome kako spasiti starce
11:22
and start talking about
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i počnimo da pričamo o tome
11:24
how to get them to save us all."
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kako da oni spasu sve nas."
11:28
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:30
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Carstensen - PsychologistLaura Carstensen is the director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, and has extensively studied the effects on wellbeing of extended lifetimes.
Why you should listen
Dr. Carstensen is Professor of Psychology and Public Policy at Stanford University, where she is the founding director of the Stanford Center on Longevity, which explores innovative ways to solve the problems of people over 50 and improve the well-being of people of all ages. She is best known in academia for socioemotional selectivity theory, a life-span theory of motivation. She is also the author of A Long Bright Future: An Action Plan for a Lifetime of Happiness, Health, and Financial Security — an updated edition will be released in 2011.
Laura Carstensen | Speaker | TED.com