TEDWomen 2015
Pardis Sabeti: How we'll fight the next deadly virus
帕迪斯．莎貝悌: 我們將要如何與下一個致命病毒奮戰？
Filmed:
Readability: 4.2
1,341,966 views
當伊波拉病毒在 2014 年 3 月爆發時，帕迪斯．莎貝悌 (Pardis Sabeti) 與她的團隊，前往工作去定序病毒的基因組，學習它是如何突變與散布。莎貝悌立刻在網站上公布她的研究，讓來自世界各地的病毒追蹤者與科學家可以加入這個緊急的戰局。在此次演講中，她告訴我們，公開合作為何是遏止病毒的關鍵，並告訴我們如何打擊下一個即將到來的病毒， "我們必須開放式的工作、我們必須分享、我們必須一起工作，" 莎貝悌說， "讓我們不要讓這個世界，被一個病毒的破壞變形所定義，而是被數十億團結在一起的心靈所照明。"
Pardis Sabeti - Computational geneticist
Pardis Sabeti investigates the genomes of microbes, including the Ebola virus, to help understand how to slow them. Full bio
Pardis Sabeti investigates the genomes of microbes, including the Ebola virus, to help understand how to slow them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
You may never have heard
of Kenema, Sierra Leone
of Kenema, Sierra Leone
0
1015
2762
你可能沒聽過位於獅子山共和國的凱內馬
00:15
or Arua, Nigeria.
1
3801
1532
或是奈及利亞的阿魯阿。
00:17
But I know them as two of the most
extraordinary places on earth.
extraordinary places on earth.
2
5357
3771
但我知道它們是地球上
兩個最奇特的地方。
兩個最奇特的地方。
那裡的醫院，有一個護士、
醫生、科學家組成的社群，
醫生、科學家組成的社群，
00:21
In hospitals there, there's a community
of nurses, physicians and scientists
of nurses, physicians and scientists
3
9956
5053
00:27
that have been quietly battling
4
15033
1557
他們正安靜地對抗
00:28
one of the deadliest threats
to humanity for years:
to humanity for years:
5
16614
2700
一個危害人類多年致命威脅：
00:31
Lassa virus.
6
19338
1174
拉薩病毒。
00:33
Lassa virus is a lot like Ebola.
7
21118
2138
拉薩病毒與伊波拉病毒非常像。
00:35
It can cause a severe fever
and can often be fatal.
and can often be fatal.
8
23280
3233
它會引發嚴重的感冒，
而且常常會致命。
而且常常會致命。
但這些人，他們每天冒著生命危險
00:39
But these individuals,
they risk their lives every day
they risk their lives every day
9
27053
3939
00:43
to protect the individuals
in their communities,
in their communities,
10
31016
2917
來保護他們社群裡的個體，
00:45
and by doing so, protect us all.
11
33957
2580
也因為如此，保護了我們全部人。
00:49
But one of the most extraordinary things
I learned about them
I learned about them
12
37093
2908
但，我從他們身上學到最棒的一件事就是--
00:52
on one of my first visits
out there many years ago
out there many years ago
13
40025
2567
好幾年前，在我第一次
拜訪的時候發現，
拜訪的時候發現，
00:54
was that they start each morning --
14
42616
1709
在前線這充滿挑戰的特殊日子裡，
00:56
these challenging, extraordinary days
on the front lines -- by singing.
on the front lines -- by singing.
15
44349
4943
他們的每個早晨是這樣開始的--唱歌。
01:01
They gather together,
and they show their joy.
and they show their joy.
16
49731
3339
他們聚集並展現他們的愉悅。
01:05
They show their spirit.
17
53094
1522
他們展現他們的活力。
01:06
And over the years,
18
54640
1159
過了幾年，
01:07
from year after year as I've visited them
and they've visited me,
and they've visited me,
19
55823
3113
年復一年，我們互相拜訪，
01:10
I get to gather with them and I sing
20
58960
1993
我與他們聚會，一同歌唱
01:12
and we write and we love it,
21
60977
2174
一起寫歌、我們超愛這樣做，
01:15
because it reminds us that we're not
just there to pursue science together;
just there to pursue science together;
22
63175
3543
因為這樣可以提醒我們，
我們不是只有在那裡一起追求科學而已；
我們不是只有在那裡一起追求科學而已；
01:18
we're bonded through a shared humanity.
23
66742
2317
我們藉由共同的天性
而緊緊地聯繫在一起。
而緊緊地聯繫在一起。
01:21
And that of course, as you can imagine,
becomes extremely important,
becomes extremely important,
24
69586
4323
當然，你可以想像，這變得很重要，
01:25
even essential, as things begin to change.
25
73933
2773
甚至是必要的，因為事情開始有了變化。
01:28
And that changed a great deal
in March of 2014,
in March of 2014,
26
76730
4789
而變化真的很大，
2014 年的 3 月，
2014 年的 3 月，
01:33
when the Ebola outbreak
was declared in Guinea.
was declared in Guinea.
27
81543
2346
當伊波拉病毒在幾內亞被宣布爆發時。
這是西非的第一次爆發，
01:36
This is the first outbreak in West Africa,
28
84426
2132
01:38
near the border
of Sierra Leone and Liberia.
of Sierra Leone and Liberia.
29
86582
2442
位置接近獅子山共和國和
利比里亞的邊界。
利比里亞的邊界。
01:42
And it was frightening,
frightening for us all.
frightening for us all.
30
90074
2522
而這非常可怕，我們都嚇壞了，
01:44
We had actually suspected for some time
31
92620
1912
實際上，我們已經懷疑了很久，
01:46
that Lassa and Ebola were more
widespread than thought,
widespread than thought,
32
94556
2642
拉薩病毒與伊波拉病毒的散佈情況
比想像中的還要來的嚴重。
比想像中的還要來的嚴重。
01:49
and we thought it could
one day come to Kenema.
one day come to Kenema.
33
97222
2309
我們在想，有一天它會來到凱內馬。
01:51
And so members of my team
immediately went out
immediately went out
34
99896
2410
我團隊裡的一些成員立刻出發
01:54
and joined Dr. Humarr Khan
and his team there,
and his team there,
35
102330
2397
加入Humarr Khan博士在那邊的團隊，
01:56
and we set up diagnostics to be able
to have sensitive molecular tests
to have sensitive molecular tests
36
104751
3677
我們建立起能進行高敏分子測試的診斷機制，
02:00
to pick up Ebola if it came
across the border
across the border
37
108452
2153
來收集跨過邊界進入到獅子山共和國的伊波拉病毒。
02:02
and into Sierra Leone.
38
110629
1263
02:03
We'd already set up this kind
of capacity for Lassa virus,
of capacity for Lassa virus,
39
111916
2996
我們之前已經為拉薩病毒建立過
類似的診斷設施。
類似的診斷設施。
02:06
we knew how to do it,
40
114936
1157
我們知道如何做，
02:08
the team is outstanding.
41
116117
1430
團隊非常的傑出。
02:09
We just had to give them
the tools and place to survey for Ebola.
the tools and place to survey for Ebola.
42
117571
3237
我們只要給他們工具和場所，
他們就可以進行伊波拉病毒的調查。
他們就可以進行伊波拉病毒的調查。
但不幸的是，那天真的到來了。
02:13
And unfortunately, that day came.
43
121340
1628
02:14
On May 23, 2014, a woman checked
into the maternity ward at the hospital,
into the maternity ward at the hospital,
44
122992
4981
2014 年 5 月 23 日，
一名婦女住進醫院的產房，
一名婦女住進醫院的產房，
我們的團隊進行了
一些重要的分子檢測測試，
一些重要的分子檢測測試，
02:19
and the team ran
those important molecular tests
those important molecular tests
45
127997
3726
02:23
and they identified the first
confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone.
confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone.
46
131747
3835
然後確診了第一起獅子山共和國的
伊波拉病毒病例。
伊波拉病毒病例。
這件事已經完成的非常好了，
02:28
This was an exceptional
work that was done.
work that was done.
47
136107
2049
02:30
They were able to diagnose
the case immediately,
the case immediately,
48
138180
2260
他們可以立刻確診病例，
02:32
to safely treat the patient
49
140464
2313
來安全地治療病患，
02:34
and to begin to do contact tracing
to follow what was going on.
to follow what was going on.
50
142801
3018
然後開始追蹤接觸者
並觀測後續發展。
並觀測後續發展。
02:37
It could've stopped something.
51
145843
1972
這本可以阻止一些事情。
02:39
But by the time that day came,
52
147839
2847
但那一天來之前，
02:42
the outbreak had already
been breeding for months.
been breeding for months.
53
150710
2358
病毒已經爆發並擴散繁殖了好幾個月。
02:45
With hundreds of cases, it had already
eclipsed all previous outbreaks.
eclipsed all previous outbreaks.
54
153092
3640
這幾百個案例，
遠遠超過了以往所有爆發
遠遠超過了以往所有爆發
02:48
And it came into Sierra Leone
not as that singular case,
not as that singular case,
55
156756
3644
它並不是以單一個案
來侵入獅子山共和國，
來侵入獅子山共和國，
02:52
but as a tidal wave.
56
160424
1292
而是席捲而來。
02:54
We had to work
with the international community,
with the international community,
57
162120
2275
我們必須跟國際組織合作、
02:56
with the Ministry of Health, with Kenema,
to begin to deal with the cases,
to begin to deal with the cases,
58
164419
3706
跟衛生局、跟凱內馬合作
來開始解決這些問題，
來開始解決這些問題，
03:00
as the next week brought 31,
59
168149
2071
一個星期後，在凱內馬
出現了31個、
出現了31個、
03:02
then 92, then 147 cases --
all coming to Kenema,
all coming to Kenema,
60
170244
3674
接著是92個、147個病例，
03:05
one of the only places in Sierra Leone
that could deal with this.
that could deal with this.
61
173942
3301
出現在這個獅子山共和國內
唯一能處理這種病的地方。
唯一能處理這種病的地方。
03:09
And we worked around the clock
trying to do everything we could,
trying to do everything we could,
62
177610
3399
我們日以繼夜地工作，
嘗試盡我們所能得做每件事情、
嘗試盡我們所能得做每件事情、
03:13
trying to help the individuals,
trying to get attention,
trying to get attention,
63
181033
2961
嘗試幫助每個人、嘗試引起注意、
03:16
but we also did one other simple thing.
64
184018
1947
但我們也做了另一件簡單的事。
03:18
From that specimen that we take
from a patient's blood to detect Ebola,
from a patient's blood to detect Ebola,
65
186544
3789
從一個患者的血液拿出
伊波拉病毒樣本開始，
伊波拉病毒樣本開始，
03:22
we can discard it, obviously.
66
190357
2055
你知道，顯然地，
我們可以不管這件事的。
我們可以不管這件事的。
03:24
The other thing we can do is, actually,
put in a chemical and deactivate it,
put in a chemical and deactivate it,
67
192436
3616
但實際上，我們可以做的另一件事
就是加入化學藥劑並讓它失去活性，
就是加入化學藥劑並讓它失去活性，
03:28
so just place it into a box
and ship it across the ocean,
and ship it across the ocean,
68
196076
2730
我們把它放進盒子，跨海運送出去，
03:30
and that's what we did.
69
198830
1151
而這就是我們做的。
03:32
We sent it to Boston, where my team works.
70
200005
2096
我們把它送到波士頓，
我團隊工作的地方。
我團隊工作的地方。
03:34
And we also worked around the clock
doing shift work, day after day,
doing shift work, day after day,
71
202724
3837
我們也是日以繼夜、換班、不斷的工作，
03:38
and we quickly generated 99 genomes
of the Ebola virus.
of the Ebola virus.
72
206585
3869
我們很快地做出 99 個
伊波拉病毒的基因組。
伊波拉病毒的基因組。
03:42
This is the blueprint -- the genome
of a virus is the blueprint.
of a virus is the blueprint.
73
210478
3057
這是藍圖--病毒的基因組。
03:45
We all have one.
74
213559
1159
我們都有一個基因藍圖。
03:46
It says everything that makes up us,
75
214742
1945
它展示了我們所有的組成成分，
03:48
and it tells us so much information.
76
216711
1909
也告訴了我們很多資訊。
03:50
The results of this kind of work
are simple and they're powerful.
are simple and they're powerful.
77
218644
3177
這類工作的成果
相當簡單且它們很有用處，
相當簡單且它們很有用處，
03:54
We could actually take
these 99 different viruses,
these 99 different viruses,
78
222396
2470
我們實際上可以拿這 99 個不同的病毒，
03:56
look at them and compare them,
79
224890
1447
檢視它們並比對它們，
03:58
and we could see, actually,
compared to three genomes
compared to three genomes
80
226361
2846
而我們可以看到，實際上，
比對出來的 3 種基因組
比對出來的 3 種基因組
04:01
that had been previously
published from Guinea,
published from Guinea,
81
229231
2836
之前已經在幾內亞被公布過了，
04:04
we could show that the outbreak
emerged in Guinea months before,
emerged in Guinea months before,
82
232091
3711
我們可以證明，爆發是在幾內亞
好幾個月前發生的，
好幾個月前發生的，
04:07
once into the human population,
83
235826
1842
一旦入侵人類，
04:09
and from there had been transmitting
from human to human.
from human to human.
84
237692
2672
病毒就開始人傳人了。
04:12
Now, that's incredibly important
85
240388
1544
現在，這真的相當重要，
04:13
when you're trying to figure out
how to intervene,
how to intervene,
86
241956
2368
當你嘗試要找出如何阻止的方法，
04:16
but the important thing
is contact tracing.
is contact tracing.
87
244348
2066
最重要的就是接觸感染的追蹤。
04:18
We also could see that as the virus
was moving between humans,
was moving between humans,
88
246438
3402
我們也可以看到，當病毒
在人類之間移動時，
在人類之間移動時，
04:21
it was mutating.
89
249864
1257
它會突變。
04:23
And each of those mutations
are so important,
are so important,
90
251145
2151
而每個突變都相當重要，
04:25
because the diagnostics, the vaccines,
91
253320
2320
因為我們使用的
診斷、疫苗、治療方法
04:27
the therapies that we're using,
92
255664
1485
04:29
are all based on that genome
sequence, fundamentally --
sequence, fundamentally --
93
257173
3358
所有基礎都是建立在
這些基因組序列上的，基本上--
這些基因組序列上的，基本上--
就是這些在驅動整件事情的。
04:32
that's what drives it.
94
260555
1221
04:33
And so global health experts
would need to respond,
would need to respond,
95
261800
2882
所以全球的醫療保健專家
04:36
would have to develop,
96
264706
1197
必須得回應和繼續開發
04:37
to recalibrate everything
that they were doing.
that they were doing.
97
265927
2553
以此重新調整他們著手的所有工作。
04:41
But the way that science works,
the position I was in at that point
the position I was in at that point
98
269079
3181
但以科學工作的方法而言，
我當時的處境是這樣：因為我有數據，
04:44
is, I had the data,
99
272284
1151
04:45
and I could have worked
in a silo for many, many months,
in a silo for many, many months,
100
273459
2636
所以我本可以實驗倉裡工作好幾個月，
04:48
analyzed the data carefully, slowly,
101
276119
2199
仔細地、慢慢地分析資料，
04:50
submitted the paper for publication,
gone through a few back-and-forths,
gone through a few back-and-forths,
102
278342
3460
透過來回的文件往返，然後發表文章，
04:53
and then finally when the paper came out,
might release that data.
might release that data.
103
281826
3129
而最後當報告出來，
也許要公開那些資料。
也許要公開那些資料。
04:56
That's the way the status quo works.
104
284979
2204
這就是現狀工作的方法。
04:59
Well, that was not going to work
at this point, right?
at this point, right?
105
287207
2571
但，在這個關鍵時刻，如果那樣做
根本行不通，對吧？
根本行不通，對吧？
05:01
We had friends on the front lines
106
289802
1608
我們前線有朋友，
05:03
and to us it was just obvious
that what we needed is help,
that what we needed is help,
107
291434
3254
對我們而言，很明顯的，我們需要的就是幫助，
05:06
lots of help.
108
294712
1156
很多的幫助，
05:07
So the first thing we did is,
109
295892
1397
所以，我們做的第一件事就是，
05:09
as soon as the sequences
came off the machines,
came off the machines,
110
297313
2685
盡可能地趕快把
序列從機器裡跑完，
序列從機器裡跑完，
05:12
we published it to the web.
111
300022
1429
然後把它公布到網站上，
05:13
We just released it to the whole world
and said, "Help us."
and said, "Help us."
112
301475
2836
我們只是把它公布到全世界，
並到訴大家「幫助我們」
並到訴大家「幫助我們」
05:16
And help came.
113
304335
1335
然後，幫助來了，
05:17
Before we knew it,
114
305694
1162
在我們知道這件事以前，
05:18
we were being contacted
from people all over,
from people all over,
115
306880
2336
我們已經聯繫來自各地的人們，
05:21
surprised to see the data
out there and released.
out there and released.
116
309240
2444
他們很驚訝看到資料
就在那裏被公布出來。
就在那裏被公布出來。
05:23
Some of the greatest
viral trackers in the world
viral trackers in the world
117
311708
2252
一些世界上最偉大的病毒追蹤專家，
05:25
were suddenly part of our community.
118
313984
2079
突然間變成我們社群的一部分。
05:28
We were working together
in this virtual way,
in this virtual way,
119
316087
2330
我們用這種虛擬的方式一起工作、
05:30
sharing, regular calls, communications,
120
318441
2981
分享、定時回報、溝通、
05:33
trying to follow the virus
minute by minute,
minute by minute,
121
321446
2751
分分秒秒跟蹤著病毒，
05:36
to see ways that we could stop it.
122
324221
2221
看看有甚麼方法可以阻止它。
05:39
And there are so many ways
that we can form communities like that.
that we can form communities like that.
123
327027
3758
我們有很多可以建立
類似這種社群的方式。
類似這種社群的方式。
05:43
Everybody, particularly when the outbreak
started to expand globally,
started to expand globally,
124
331182
4325
特別是當爆發開始擴散到全球時，
05:47
was reaching out to learn,
to participate, to engage.
to participate, to engage.
125
335531
3590
每個人都想伸出援手學習、參與、加入。
每個人都想扮演一個角色。
05:51
Everybody wants to play a part.
126
339788
1594
05:53
The amount of human capacity
out there is just amazing,
out there is just amazing,
127
341406
2780
人類的能力綜合，加起來相當驚人，
05:56
and the Internet connects us all.
128
344210
1723
網路連結了我們。
05:57
And could you imagine that instead
of being frightened of each other,
of being frightened of each other,
129
345957
3251
你可以想像，
我們不在彼此傳播恐懼，
我們不在彼此傳播恐懼，
06:01
that we all just said, "Let's do this.
130
349232
1857
而是一起說，「讓我們做這件事，
06:03
Let's work together,
and let's make this happen."
and let's make this happen."
131
351113
2523
讓我們一起工作、讓這件事成真」
06:05
But the problem is that the data
that all of us are using,
that all of us are using,
132
353660
2742
但問題是，
我們大家都在使用那些google上搜尋來的資料，
我們大家都在使用那些google上搜尋來的資料，
06:08
Googling on the web, is just too limited
to do what we need to do.
to do what we need to do.
133
356426
4037
對我們的工作實在太具有局限性了，
06:12
And so many opportunities
get missed when that happens.
get missed when that happens.
134
360487
2651
所以當機會來臨時我們會錯過很多，
06:15
So in the early part
of the epidemic from Kenema,
of the epidemic from Kenema,
135
363162
2481
因此，在凱內馬疫情的初期，
06:17
we'd had 106 clinical records
from patients,
from patients,
136
365667
2742
我們有 106 位病人的臨床紀錄，
06:20
and we once again made that
publicly available to the world.
publicly available to the world.
137
368433
2834
然後我們再次地向世界公布，
06:23
And in our own lab, we could show
that you could take those 106 records,
that you could take those 106 records,
138
371291
3670
在我們自己的實驗室，我們可以讓
你可以拿走這 106 個紀錄，
你可以拿走這 106 個紀錄，
06:26
we could train computers to predict
the prognosis for Ebola patients
the prognosis for Ebola patients
139
374985
3618
我們可以訓練電腦，
去預判病人的伊波拉病毒，
去預判病人的伊波拉病毒，
06:30
to near 100 percent accuracy.
140
378627
1777
準確率接近 100%。
06:32
And we made an app
that could release that,
that could release that,
141
380428
2097
我們做了一個app程式
來發放這些資料，
來發放這些資料，
06:34
to make that available
to health-care workers in the field.
to health-care workers in the field.
142
382549
2770
供出外勤的醫療人員使用。
06:37
But 106 is just not enough
to make it powerful,
to make it powerful,
143
385343
3259
但 106 個樣本還是
不夠多也不夠強來發揮效果
06:40
to validate it.
144
388626
1151
06:41
So we were waiting for more data
to release that.
to release that.
145
389801
2654
所以，我們還要等更多的資料來公布它，
06:44
and the data has still not come.
146
392479
2044
但，資料仍然還沒來。
06:46
We are still waiting, tweaking away,
147
394547
2532
我們仍在實驗倉裡等待、苦惱，
06:49
in silos rather than working together.
148
397103
2838
而不是一起工作。
06:51
And this just -- we can't accept that.
149
399965
2232
要是這樣--我們根本無法接受，對吧？
06:54
Right? You, all of you,
cannot accept that.
cannot accept that.
150
402221
3804
你們全部都無法接受。
06:58
It's our lives on the line.
151
406049
1682
我們的生命，箭在弦上。
06:59
And in fact, actually,
152
407755
1711
而事實上，
07:01
many lives were lost,
many health-care workers,
many health-care workers,
153
409490
2543
已有很多生命離開、很多醫療照顧者、
07:04
including beloved colleagues of mine,
154
412057
1894
包括我最愛的五個同事：
07:05
five colleagues:
Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,
Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,
155
413975
3747
Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,
07:09
Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma
and Mohamed Fullah.
and Mohamed Fullah.
156
417746
4011
Humarr Khan博士、Alice Kovoma
及Mohamed Fullah.
及Mohamed Fullah.
07:13
These are just five
of many health-care workers
of many health-care workers
157
421781
2526
這些僅是在凱內馬多位在幕後
默默奉獻的其中五位醫療照顧者，
默默奉獻的其中五位醫療照顧者，
07:16
at Kenema and beyond
158
424331
1764
07:18
that died while the world waited
and while we all worked,
and while we all worked,
159
426119
3036
當全世界在等待、當我們全部在工作時，
他們已安靜地離我們而去。
他們已安靜地離我們而去。
07:21
quietly and separately.
160
429179
1860
你看！伊波拉病毒就像全體人類的威脅，
07:23
See, Ebola, like all threats to humanity,
161
431063
2033
07:25
it's fueled by mistrust
and distraction and division.
and distraction and division.
162
433120
3884
它是由不信任、分心、分裂所組成
07:29
When we build barriers amongst ourselves
and we fight amongst ourselves,
and we fight amongst ourselves,
163
437028
3773
在我們彼此阻隔並相互鬥爭時，
07:32
the virus thrives.
164
440825
1820
病毒就從中茂盛了起來。
07:34
But unlike all threats to humanity,
165
442669
1792
但不像人類的其他威脅，
07:36
Ebola is one where
we're actually all the same.
we're actually all the same.
166
444485
2646
實際上，面對伊波拉病毒的威脅時，
我們都是一樣的。
我們都是一樣的。
07:39
We're all in this fight together.
167
447155
1880
我們全部都在這一場戰役裡面。
07:41
Ebola on one person's doorstep
could soon be on ours.
could soon be on ours.
168
449059
2634
伊波拉在某人家的門口，
很快的，就會來到我們家。
很快的，就會來到我們家。
所以在這個地方，我們都一樣脆弱，
07:44
And so in this place
with the same vulnerabilities,
with the same vulnerabilities,
169
452177
2802
07:47
the same strengths,
the same fears, the same hopes,
the same fears, the same hopes,
170
455003
2413
一樣的抵抗力、一樣的恐懼、
一樣的希望，
一樣的希望，
07:49
I hope that we work together with joy.
171
457440
3209
我希望我們可以一起開心工作。
07:54
A graduate student of mine
was reading a book about Sierra Leone,
was reading a book about Sierra Leone,
172
462427
3070
我的一位研究生，當時在讀一本
有關於獅子山共和國的書，
有關於獅子山共和國的書，
07:57
and she discovered that the word "Kenema,"
173
465521
2334
她發現，我們在獅子山共和國工作的醫院
所坐落的城市「凱內馬」，
所坐落的城市「凱內馬」，
07:59
the hospital that we work at and the city
where we work in Sierra Leone,
where we work in Sierra Leone,
174
467879
3443
08:03
is named after the Mende word
for "clear like a river, translucent
for "clear like a river, translucent
175
471346
4181
是以曼德語中的「清澈如溪，
公開透明給大眾檢視」而命名的。
08:07
and open to the public gaze."
176
475551
1587
08:09
That was really profound for us,
177
477439
1545
這對我們影響相當深刻，
08:11
because without knowing it,
we'd always felt
we'd always felt
178
479008
2094
因為認識到這一點，
我們才會覺得為了尊重凱內馬的人民，
我們才會覺得為了尊重凱內馬的人民，
08:13
that in order to honor the individuals
in Kenema where we worked,
in Kenema where we worked,
179
481126
3184
08:16
we had to work openly, we had to share
and we had to work together.
and we had to work together.
180
484334
4287
所以我們必須公開、分享、共同工作。
08:21
And we have to do that.
181
489074
1177
而我們必須這麼做。
08:22
We all have to demand that
of ourselves and others --
of ourselves and others --
182
490275
3761
我們每個人都必須專心一致--
08:26
to be open to each other
when an outbreak happens,
when an outbreak happens,
183
494060
2874
彼此公開，當下次病毒爆發時，
08:28
to fight in this fight together.
184
496958
1650
我們一起並肩作戰，
08:30
Because this is not the first
outbreak of Ebola,
outbreak of Ebola,
185
498632
2909
因為這不是伊波拉病毒的第一次爆發，
08:33
it will not be the last,
186
501565
1448
它也不會是最後一次，
08:35
and there are many other microbes
out there that are lying in wait,
out there that are lying in wait,
187
503037
3155
還有很多的細菌潛伏著，
08:38
like Lassa virus and others.
188
506216
1425
像是拉薩病毒等。
08:39
And the next time this happens,
189
507665
1509
當下次再次發生時，
08:41
it could happen in a city of millions,
it could start there.
it could start there.
190
509198
3196
它可能會在一個百萬人的城市開始爆發。
08:44
It could be something
that's transmitted through the air.
that's transmitted through the air.
191
512418
2699
它可能會是透過空氣傳染的某種東西。
08:47
It could even be
disseminated intentionally.
disseminated intentionally.
192
515141
2147
它甚至有可能全球性地散播。
08:49
And I know that that is frightening,
I understand that,
I understand that,
193
517312
2981
我知道這很恐怖，我懂這個，
08:52
but I know also,
and this experience shows us,
and this experience shows us,
194
520317
2654
但我也知道，這個經驗告訴我們，
08:54
that we have the technology
and we have the capacity
and we have the capacity
195
522995
3320
我們擁有科技，我們也有能力
能贏得這場勝利，
08:58
to win this thing,
196
526339
1595
08:59
to win this and have
the upper hand over viruses.
the upper hand over viruses.
197
527958
2846
戰勝並克服病毒。
09:02
But we can only do it if we do it together
198
530828
2272
但我們要實現勝利，只能通過一起努力
09:05
and we do it with joy.
199
533124
1197
並開心地做。
09:06
So for Dr. Khan
200
534871
1521
為了Khan博士、為了那些在前線
09:08
and for all of those who sacrificed
their lives on the front lines
their lives on the front lines
201
536416
4166
犧牲掉生命
永遠與我們同在的那些人，
09:12
in this fight with us always,
202
540606
2400
09:15
let us be in this fight with them always.
203
543030
2807
讓我們經常伴隨他們一起奮戰。
09:17
And let us not let the world be defined
204
545861
1875
讓我們不要讓這個世界，
09:19
by the destruction wrought by one virus,
205
547760
2119
被一個病毒的毀滅所定義，
09:21
but illuminated by billions
of hearts and minds
of hearts and minds
206
549903
2781
而是被數十億個
團結在一起的心靈所照耀。
團結在一起的心靈所照耀。
09:24
working in unity.
207
552708
1208
09:25
Thank you.
208
553940
1174
謝謝！
09:27
(Applause)
209
555138
6869
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pardis Sabeti - Computational geneticistPardis Sabeti investigates the genomes of microbes, including the Ebola virus, to help understand how to slow them.
Why you should listen
Pardis Sabeti develops algorithms to detect the genetic signatures of adaption in humans and the microbial organisms that infect humans. Among her lab’s key research areas: examining the genetic factors that drive disease susceptibility to Ebola and Lassa hemorrhagic fever, and investigating the genomes of microbes, including Lassa virus, Ebola virus, Plasmodium falciparum malaria, Vibrio cholera and Mycobacterioum tuberculosis, to help find cures.
She's based at the Center for Systems Biology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease at the Harvard School of Public Health. Sabeti is a National Geographic Emerging Explorer and was named a Time magazine Person of the Year in 2014 as one of the Ebola fighters.Pardis Sabeti | Speaker | TED.com