TEDGlobal 2011
Paul Zak: Trust, morality -- and oxytocin?
Paul Zak: Tillid, morale -- og oxytocin
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
1,741,186 views
Hvad driver os til at være moralske? Neuroøkonom, Paul Zak, viser os hvorfor han mener oxytocin (som han kalder "det moralske molekyle") er grundlaget for tillid, empati og andre følelser der skaber et stabilt samfund.
Paul Zak - Neuroeconomist
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Is there anything unique about human beings?
0
0
3000
Er der noget unikt ved menneskeheden?
00:18
There is.
1
3000
2000
Det er der.
00:20
We're the only creatures
2
5000
2000
Vi er de eneste væsner
00:22
with fully developed moral sentiments.
3
7000
2000
med fuldt udviklede moralske følelser.
00:24
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.
4
9000
3000
Som sociale væsner er vi besatte af moral.
00:27
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.
5
12000
3000
Vi bliver nødt til at vide hvorfor mennesker gør som de gør.
00:30
And I personally am obsessed with morality.
6
15000
3000
Og personligt er jeg besat af moral.
00:33
It was all due to this woman,
7
18000
2000
Og det er alt sammen på grund af denne kvinde,
00:35
Sister Mary Marastela,
8
20000
2000
Søster Mary Marastela,
00:37
also known as my mom.
9
22000
3000
med andre ord, min mor.
00:41
As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,
10
26000
3000
Som en alterdreng indsnusede jeg en del røgelse
00:44
and I learned to say phrases in Latin,
11
29000
2000
og jeg lærte sætninger på latinsk
00:46
but I also had time to think
12
31000
2000
men jeg havde også tid til at tænke
00:48
about whether my mother's top-down morality
13
33000
2000
omkring om min mors hierarkiske morale
00:50
applied to everybody.
14
35000
2000
galdte alle.
00:52
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious
15
37000
3000
Jeg så, at folk, både religiøse og ikke-religiøse,
00:55
were equally obsessed with morality.
16
40000
2000
var lige besat med morale.
00:57
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis
17
42000
2000
I tænkte at der måske var et jordligt grundlag
00:59
for moral decisions.
18
44000
2000
for moralske beslutninger.
01:01
But I wanted to go further
19
46000
2000
Men jeg ville gå længere
01:03
than to say our brains make us moral.
20
48000
2000
end at sige, at vores hjerner gør os moralske.
01:05
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.
21
50000
3000
Jeg ville vide om der var en kemisk morale.
01:08
I want to know
22
53000
2000
Jeg ville vide
01:10
if there was a moral molecule.
23
55000
2000
om der var en moralsk molekyle.
01:12
After 10 years of experiments,
24
57000
2000
Efter 10 år med eksperimenter,
01:14
I found it.
25
59000
2000
fandt jeg det.
01:16
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.
26
61000
3000
Vil I se det? Jeg har taget nogle med mig.
01:20
This little syringe
27
65000
2000
Denne lille sprøjte
01:22
contains the moral molecule.
28
67000
3000
indeholder den moralske molekyle.
01:31
(Laughter)
29
76000
3000
(Latter)
01:34
It's called oxytocin.
30
79000
2000
Det hedder oxytocin.
01:36
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule
31
81000
3000
Oxytocin er et simpel og ældgammelt molekyle
01:39
found only in mammals.
32
84000
2000
kun fundet i pattedyr.
01:41
In rodents, it was known
33
86000
2000
Man fandt ud af, at det i gnavere
01:43
to make mothers care for their offspring,
34
88000
2000
fik mødrene til at tage sig af deres afkom,
01:45
and in some creatures,
35
90000
2000
og i nogle dyr,
01:47
allowed for toleration of burrowmates.
36
92000
2000
tillod de hulemager.
01:49
But in humans, it was only known
37
94000
2000
Men i mennesker, var det kun kendt for
01:51
to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,
38
96000
2000
at fremme fødning og amning hos kvinder,
01:53
and is released by both sexes during sex.
39
98000
3000
og frigøres af begge køn under samleje.
01:57
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
40
102000
3000
Så jeg fik en idé at oxytocin måske var det moralske molekyle.
02:00
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.
41
105000
3000
Jeg gjorde hvad de fleste af os gør - Jeg prøvede det af på mine kollegaer.
02:03
One of them told me,
42
108000
2000
Én af dem fortalte mig,
02:05
"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.
43
110000
3000
"Paul, det er verdens dummeste idé.
02:08
It is," he said, "only a female molecule.
44
113000
2000
Det er kun et kvindeligt molekyle.
02:10
It can't be that important."
45
115000
2000
Det kan ikke være så vigtigt."
02:12
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.
46
117000
3000
Men i respons fastholdte jeg: "Mænds hjerner skaber det også.
02:15
There must be a reason why."
47
120000
2000
Der må være en grund."
02:17
But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
48
122000
3000
Men han havde ret. Det var en dum idé.
02:20
But it was testably stupid.
49
125000
2000
Men det var ikke for dumt til at undersøges.
02:22
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment
50
127000
3000
Med andre ord tænkte jeg, at jeg kunne skabe et eksperiment
02:25
to see if oxytocin made people moral.
51
130000
3000
for at se om oxytocin gjorde folk moralske.
02:29
Turns out it wasn't so easy.
52
134000
2000
Det viste sig ikke at være helt så ligetil.
02:31
First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
53
136000
3000
Først og fremmest, er oxytocin et sky molekyle.
02:34
Baseline levels are near zero,
54
139000
2000
Grundlinie-niveauer er nær nul,
02:36
without some stimulus to cause its release.
55
141000
3000
uden en stimulans til at frigøre det.
02:39
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,
56
144000
2000
Og når det produceres, har det 3-minutters halveringstid,
02:41
and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
57
146000
3000
og nedbrydes hurtigt ved rumtemperatur.
02:44
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,
58
149000
2000
Så eksperimentet ville blive nødt til at frigøre en stor udladning af oxytocin,
02:46
have to grab it fast and keep it cold.
59
151000
2000
og ville blive nødt til at fange det hurtigt og holde det nedkølet.
02:48
I think I can do that.
60
153000
2000
Jeg tror jeg kan gøre det.
02:50
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced
61
155000
2000
Heldigvis produceres oxytocin
02:52
both in the brain and in the blood,
62
157000
3000
både i hjernen og i blodet,
02:55
so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.
63
160000
3000
så jeg kunne gennemføre eksperimentet uden at lære neurokirugi.
02:59
Then I had to measure morality.
64
164000
3000
Derefter måtte jeg måle morale.
03:02
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.
65
167000
3000
At gå igang med "morale" er et stort projekt.
03:05
So I started smaller.
66
170000
2000
Så jeg startede i det små.
03:07
I studied one single virtue:
67
172000
3000
Jeg studerede en enkelt dyd:
03:10
trustworthiness.
68
175000
2000
Troværdighed.
03:12
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s
69
177000
3000
Hvorfor? Fordi jeg i de tidlige 2000's havde vist
03:15
that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people
70
180000
3000
at lande med en højere andel af troværdige mennesker
03:18
are more prosperous.
71
183000
2000
er mere velstående.
03:20
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur
72
185000
3000
Så i disse lander sker der flere økonomiske transaktioner
03:23
and more wealth is created,
73
188000
2000
og mere velstand er skabt,
03:25
alleviating poverty.
74
190000
2000
hvilket mindsker fattigdom.
03:27
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.
75
192000
3000
Så fattige lande er i det store og det hele lavt liggende i troværdighed.
03:30
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,
76
195000
3000
Så hvis jeg forstod kemien i troværdighed,
03:33
I might help alleviate poverty.
77
198000
2000
ville jeg måske kunne mindske fattigdom.
03:35
But I'm also a skeptic.
78
200000
2000
Men jeg er også skeptisk.
03:37
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"
79
202000
2000
Jeg ville ikke bare spørge folk: "Er du troværdig?"
03:39
So instead I use
80
204000
2000
Så istedet brugte jeg
03:41
the Jerry Maguire approach to research.
81
206000
2000
Jerry Maguire-metoden til undersøgelsen.
03:43
If you're so virtuous,
82
208000
2000
Hvis du er så dydig,
03:45
show me the money.
83
210000
2000
så vis mig pengene.
03:47
So what we do in my lab
84
212000
2000
Så det vi gør i mit laboratorium er,
03:49
is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.
85
214000
2000
at vi frister folk med dydighed ved at bruge penge.
03:51
Let me show you how we do that.
86
216000
2000
Lad mig vise jer hvordan vi gør det.
03:53
So we recruit some people for an experiment.
87
218000
2000
Vi rekruttere nogle mennesker til et eksperiment.
03:55
They all get $10 if they agree to show up.
88
220000
3000
De får allesammen $10 hvis de dukker op.
03:58
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.
89
223000
3000
Vi giver dem masser af instruktioner, og vi snyder dem ikke.
04:01
Then we match them in pairs by computer.
90
226000
3000
Derefter putter vi dem i par ved en computer.
04:04
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,
91
229000
2000
Og i det par får den ene person en besked hvor der står:
04:06
"Do you want to give up some of your $10
92
231000
2000
"Vil du give afkald på nogle af dine $10
04:08
you earned for being here
93
233000
2000
du har tjent ved at være her
04:10
and ship it to someone else in the lab?"
94
235000
2000
og sende det til nogle andre i laboratorium'et?"
04:12
The trick is you can't see them,
95
237000
2000
Trick'et er at du ikke kan se dem,
04:14
you can't talk to them.
96
239000
2000
du kan ikke snakke med dem.
04:16
You only do it one time.
97
241000
2000
Du gør det kun én gang.
04:18
Now whatever you give up
98
243000
2000
Hvad end du vælger at give afkald på
04:20
gets tripled in the other person's account.
99
245000
3000
bliver tredoblet i en anden persons konto.
04:23
You're going to make them a lot wealthier.
100
248000
2000
Do kommer til at gøre dem meget rigere.
04:25
And they get a message by computer saying
101
250000
2000
Og de får en besked fra computeren der siger
04:27
person one sent you this amount of money.
102
252000
2000
person nr. 1 sendte dig denne mængde penge.
04:29
Do you want to keep it all,
103
254000
2000
Vil du beholde det hele,
04:31
or do you want to send some amount back?
104
256000
3000
eller vil du sende et beløb tilbage?
04:34
So think about this experiment for minute.
105
259000
2000
Så tænk over dette eksperiment et stykke tid.
04:36
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
106
261000
3000
Du sidder på nogle hårde stole i halvanden time.
04:39
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle
107
264000
2000
En skør videnskabsmand vil prikke din arm med en nål
04:41
and take four tubes of blood.
108
266000
2000
og tage fire prøver af blod.
04:43
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
109
268000
3000
Og nu vil du have mig til at give mine penge væk og sende det til en fremmede?
04:46
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
110
271000
3000
Dette var fødslen af vampyr-økonomi.
04:49
Make a decision and give me some blood.
111
274000
3000
Tag et valg og giv mig noget blod.
04:52
So in fact, experimental economists
112
277000
2000
I virkeligheden havde eksperimentale økonomer
04:54
had run this test around the world,
113
279000
2000
kørt dette eksperiment over hele verden,
04:56
and for much higher stakes,
114
281000
2000
og med meget højere beløb,
04:58
and the consensus view
115
283000
2000
og den samlede vurdering var,
05:00
was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,
116
285000
3000
at målingen fra den første person til den anden, var en måling af tillid,
05:03
and the transfer from the second person back to the first
117
288000
3000
og at overførslen fra den anden tilbage til den første,
05:06
measured trustworthiness.
118
291000
2000
målte troværdighed.
05:08
But in fact, economists were flummoxed
119
293000
2000
Men i virkeligheden var økonomerne undrende
05:10
on why the second person would ever return any money.
120
295000
3000
over hvorfor den anden person overhovedet ville give nogen penge tilbage.
05:13
They assumed money is good,
121
298000
2000
De gik ud fra at penge er godt,
05:15
why not keep it all?
122
300000
2000
så hvorfor ikke beholde det hele?
05:17
That's not what we found.
123
302000
2000
Det var ikke hvad vi fandt ud af.
05:19
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,
124
304000
3000
Vi fandt at 90 procent af de første beslutningstagere sendte penge afsted,
05:22
and of those who received money,
125
307000
2000
og dem der modtog penge,
05:24
95 percent returned some of it.
126
309000
2000
sendte 95 procent af dem noget tilbage igen.
05:26
But why?
127
311000
2000
Men hvorfor?
05:28
Well by measuring oxytocin
128
313000
2000
Ved at måle oxytocin
05:30
we found that the more money the second person received,
129
315000
2000
fandt vi ud af at jo flere penge den anden person modtog,
05:32
the more their brain produced oxytocin,
130
317000
2000
desto mere oxytocin producerede hjernen,
05:34
and the more oxytocin on board,
131
319000
2000
og jo mere oxytocin der blev dannet,
05:36
the more money they returned.
132
321000
3000
desto flere penge gave de tilbage.
05:39
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
133
324000
3000
Så vi har fundet biologien af troværdighed.
05:42
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
134
327000
3000
Men vent. Hvad er der galt med dette eksperiment?
05:45
Two things.
135
330000
2000
To ting.
05:47
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
136
332000
3000
Én ting er, at intet i kroppen sker i isolation.
05:50
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,
137
335000
3000
Så vi målte ni andre molekyler der interegerer med oxytocin,
05:53
but they didn't have any effect.
138
338000
2000
men de havde ingen effekt.
05:55
But the second is
139
340000
2000
Men det andet er,
05:57
that I still only had this indirect relationship
140
342000
2000
at jeg stadig kun havde et indirekte sammenhæng
05:59
between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
141
344000
2000
mellem oxytocin og troværdighed.
06:01
I didn't know for sure
142
346000
2000
Jeg vidste ikke med sikkerhed
06:03
oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
143
348000
2000
at oxytocin skabte troværdighed.
06:05
So to make the experiment,
144
350000
2000
Så for at gennemføre eksperimentet
06:07
I knew I'd have to go into the brain
145
352000
2000
var jeg nødt til at gå ind i hjernen
06:09
and manipulate oxytocin directly.
146
354000
2000
og manipulere oxytocin direkte.
06:11
I used everything short of a drill
147
356000
2000
Jeg brugte alt på nær et bor
06:13
to get oxytocin into my own brain.
148
358000
3000
for at få oxytocin ind i min egen hjerne.
06:16
And I found I could do it
149
361000
2000
Og jeg fandt ud at, jeg kunne gøre det
06:18
with a nasal inhaler.
150
363000
2000
med næsespray.
06:20
So along with colleagues in Zurich,
151
365000
2000
Sammen med kollegaer i Zürich,
06:22
we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,
152
367000
2000
gav vi 200 mænd oxytocin eller placebo,
06:24
had that same trust test with money,
153
369000
2000
havde den samme tillidstest med penge,
06:26
and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,
154
371000
3000
og fandt at dem på oxytocin ikke kun viste mere tillid,
06:29
we can more than double the number of people
155
374000
3000
men vi kunne fordoble antallet af mennesker
06:32
who sent all their money to a stranger --
156
377000
2000
der sendte alle deres penge til en fremmede -
06:34
all without altering mood or cognition.
157
379000
3000
alle uden at ændre humør eller kognition.
06:38
So oxytocin is the trust molecule,
158
383000
4000
Så oxytocin er tillidsmolekylet,
06:42
but is it the moral molecule?
159
387000
3000
men er det et moralsk molekyle?
06:45
Using the oxytocin inhaler,
160
390000
2000
Ved at bruge oxytocin inhalatoren,
06:47
we ran more studies.
161
392000
2000
gennemførte vi flere undersøgelser.
06:49
We showed that oxytocin infusion
162
394000
2000
Vi viste at infusion af oxytocin
06:51
increases generosity
163
396000
2000
forhøjede generøsitet
06:53
in unilateral monetary transfers
164
398000
2000
i ensidige overførsler af penge
06:55
by 80 percent.
165
400000
2000
med 80 procent.
06:57
We showed it increases donations to charity
166
402000
2000
Vi viste at det forhøjede donationer til velgørenhed
06:59
by 50 percent.
167
404000
2000
med 50 procent.
07:01
We've also investigated
168
406000
2000
Vi har også undersøgt
07:03
non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
169
408000
2000
ikke-farmakologiske måder at forhøje oxytocin.
07:05
These include massage,
170
410000
2000
Disse inkluderede massage,
07:07
dancing and praying.
171
412000
2000
dans og at bede.
07:09
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
172
414000
3000
Ja, min mor kunne godt lide den sidste.
07:12
And whenever we raise oxytocin,
173
417000
2000
Og når vi så forhøjer oxytocin,
07:14
people willingly open up their wallets
174
419000
2000
var folk villige til at åbne deres punge
07:16
and share money with strangers.
175
421000
2000
og dele penge med fremmede.
07:18
But why do they do this?
176
423000
2000
Men hvorfor gør de det?
07:20
What does it feel like
177
425000
2000
Hvordan føles det
07:22
when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
178
427000
2000
når din hjerne er fyldt med oxytocin?
07:24
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment
179
429000
3000
For at undersøge dette spørgsmål, kørte vi et eksperiment
07:27
where we had people watch a video
180
432000
2000
hvor vi fik folk til at se en film
07:29
of a father and his four year-old son,
181
434000
2000
af en far og hans 4-årige søn,
07:31
and his son has terminal brain cancer.
182
436000
2000
og hans søn har hjernekræft.
07:33
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings
183
438000
3000
Efter de havde set filmen, fik vi dem til at måle deres humør
07:36
and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
184
441000
3000
og tog blodprøver før og efter for at måle oxytocin.
07:39
The change in oxytocin
185
444000
2000
Ændringen i oxytocin
07:41
predicted their feelings of empathy.
186
446000
3000
forudsagde mængden af empati.
07:45
So it's empathy
187
450000
2000
Så det er empati
07:47
that makes us connect to other people.
188
452000
2000
der får os til at forbinde os med andre mennesker.
07:49
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
189
454000
3000
Det er empati der får os til at hjælpe andre.
07:52
It's empathy that makes us moral.
190
457000
4000
Det er empati der gør os moralske.
07:56
Now this idea is not new.
191
461000
2000
Denne idé er nu ikke enestående.
07:58
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith
192
463000
2000
En dengang ukendt filosof ved navn Adam Smith
08:00
wrote a book in 1759
193
465000
2000
skrev en bog i 1759
08:02
called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
194
467000
2000
ved navn "Teorien om Moralske Følelser."
08:04
In this book, Smith argued
195
469000
3000
I bogen argumenterede Smith for
08:07
that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,
196
472000
3000
at vi er moralske skabninger, ikke på grund af en top-down grund,
08:10
but for a bottom-up reason.
197
475000
2000
men på grund af en bottom-up grund.
08:12
He said we're social creatures,
198
477000
2000
Han sagde vi er sociale skabninger,
08:14
so we share the emotions of others.
199
479000
2000
så derfor deler vi følelser med andre.
08:16
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
200
481000
3000
Så hvis jeg gør noget der gør ondt på dig, føler jeg smerten.
08:19
So I tend to avoid that.
201
484000
2000
Derfor forsøger jeg at undgå det.
08:21
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
202
486000
3000
Hvis jeg gør noget der gør dig glad, deler jeg din glæde.
08:24
So I tend to do those things.
203
489000
2000
Derfor forsøger jeg at gøre de ting.
08:26
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,
204
491000
2000
Dette er den samme Adam Smith der 17 år senere
08:28
would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --
205
493000
3000
skrev en lille bog kaldt "The Wealth of Nations",
08:31
the founding document of economics.
206
496000
2000
det grundlæggende dokument om økonomi.
08:33
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,
207
498000
3000
Men han var i virkeligheden en moralsk filosof,
08:36
and he was right on why we're moral.
208
501000
2000
og han havde ret om hvorfor vi er moralske.
08:38
I just found the molecule behind it.
209
503000
3000
Jeg fandt bare molekylet bag det.
08:41
But knowing that molecule is valuable,
210
506000
3000
Men at kende det molekyle er vigtigt,
08:44
because it tells us how to turn up this behavior
211
509000
3000
fordi det fortæller os hvordan vi skal øge denne adfær
08:47
and what turns it off.
212
512000
2000
og hvad der stopper den.
08:49
In particular, it tells us
213
514000
2000
I særdeleshed, fortæller den os
08:51
why we see immorality.
214
516000
3000
hvorfor vi ser noget til at være umoralsk.
08:54
So to investigate immorality,
215
519000
2000
Så for at undersøge umorale,
08:56
let me bring you back now to 1980.
216
521000
2000
lad mig tage jer tilbage til 1980.
08:58
I'm working at a gas station
217
523000
2000
Jeg arbejder på en tankstation
09:00
on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
218
525000
3000
i udkanten af Santa Barbara i Californien.
09:03
You sit in a gas station all day,
219
528000
2000
Man sidder på tankstationen hele dagen,
09:05
you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
220
530000
2000
og ser en masse eksempler på moral og umoral.
09:07
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth
221
532000
3000
En søndag eftermiddag kommer en mand hen til disken
09:10
with this beautiful jewelry box.
222
535000
2000
med et smukt smykkeskrin.
09:12
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
223
537000
2000
Han åbner det og inde i ligger der en perlehalskæde.
09:14
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
224
539000
2000
Han siger: " Hej, jeg var inde på herrenes toilet.
09:16
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
225
541000
3000
Jeg fandt denne. Hvad synes du vi skal gøre med den?"
09:19
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
226
544000
2000
"Det ved jeg ikke. Læg den i glemmekassen."
09:21
"Well this is very valuable.
227
546000
2000
"Det er jo ret værdifuldt.
09:23
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
228
548000
2000
Vi bliver nødt til at finde ejeren." "Tja.", sagde jeg.
09:25
So we're trying to decide what to do with this,
229
550000
2000
Så vi prøver at bestemme hvad vi skal gøre med det,
09:27
and the phone rings.
230
552000
2000
og så ringer telefonen.
09:29
And a man says very excitedly,
231
554000
2000
Og en mand siger ret ophidset,
09:31
"I was in your gas station a while ago,
232
556000
2000
"Jeg var inde i tankstationen for lidt tid siden,
09:33
and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
233
558000
2000
og jeg købte et smykke til min kone, og jeg kan ikke finde det."
09:35
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
234
560000
2000
"En perlehalskæde?", spurge jeg. "Ja."
09:37
"Hey, a guy just found it."
235
562000
2000
"En fyr har lige fundet det."
09:39
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
236
564000
2000
"Åh, du har lige reddet mit liv. Her er mit telefonnummer.
09:41
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
237
566000
2000
Sig til fyren at jeg er der om en halv time.
09:43
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
238
568000
2000
Så er jeg der og vil give ham $200 i belønning."
09:45
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
239
570000
2000
Så jeg fortæller manden: "Tag det roligt.
09:47
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
240
572000
3000
Få en fed belønning. Livet er godt."
09:50
He said, "I can't do it.
241
575000
2000
"Det kan jeg ikke.", siger han.
09:52
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,
242
577000
2000
"Jeg har ansættelsessamtale i Galena om et kvarter,
09:54
and I need this job, I've got to go."
243
579000
3000
og jeg har brug for jobbet. Jeg bliver nødt til at gå."
09:57
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
244
582000
2000
Han spørger mig igen: "Hvad synes du vi skal gøre?"
09:59
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
245
584000
3000
Jeg går i gymnasiet. Jeg har ingen idé.
10:02
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
246
587000
2000
Så jeg siger: "Jeg skal nok holde det for dig."
10:04
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
247
589000
3000
"Ved du hvad, du har været så rar, så lad os dele belønningen", siger han.
10:07
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,
248
592000
2000
Jeg giver dig smykket, og du giver mig $100,
10:09
and when the guy comes ... "
249
594000
2000
og når fyren kommer..."
10:11
You see it. I was conned.
250
596000
2000
I forstår. Jeg blev snydt.
10:13
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,
251
598000
3000
Dette er et klassisk trick kaldt "the pigeon drop",
10:16
and I was the pigeon.
252
601000
2000
og jeg var duen.
10:18
So the way many cons work
253
603000
2000
Måden mange tricks virker på
10:20
is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,
254
605000
3000
er ikke at snyderen får offeret til at stole på ham,
10:23
it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
255
608000
3000
men at han viser at han stoler på offeret.
10:26
Now we know what happens.
256
611000
2000
Vi ved hvad der sker.
10:28
The victim's brain releases oxytocin,
257
613000
2000
Offerets hjerne udløser oxytocin,
10:30
and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
258
615000
3000
og du åbner pludselig din pung og giver penge væk.
10:33
So who are these people
259
618000
2000
Så hvad er det for slags mennesker
10:35
who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
260
620000
3000
der manipulerer oxytocinen i os?
10:38
We found, testing thousands of individuals,
261
623000
3000
Vi fandt ud af, efter at have testet tusindvis af mennesker,
10:41
that five percent of the population
262
626000
2000
at fem procent af befolkningen
10:43
don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
263
628000
3000
ikke udløser oxytocin ved stimulans.
10:47
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
264
632000
3000
So hvis du stoler på dem udløser deres hjerne ikke oxytocin.
10:50
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
265
635000
3000
Hvis der er penge på spil, beholder de det hele.
10:53
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
266
638000
2000
Der er et teknisk begreb for disse slags mennesker i mit laboratorie.
10:55
We call them bastards.
267
640000
3000
Vi kalder dem for idioter.
10:58
(Laughter)
268
643000
2000
(Latter)
11:00
These are not people you want to have a beer with.
269
645000
2000
Det er ikke mennesker som disse man har lyst til at dele en øl med.
11:02
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
270
647000
3000
De deler mange af de samme egenskaber som psykopater.
11:06
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
271
651000
2000
Men der er andre måder systemet kan stoppes.
11:08
One is through improper nurturing.
272
653000
3000
Én er igennem forkert pleje.
11:11
So we've studied sexually abused women,
273
656000
3000
Så vi har studeret sexuelt misbrugte kvinder,
11:14
and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
274
659000
3000
og omkring halvdelen af dem udløser ikke oxytocin ved stimulans.
11:17
You need enough nurturing
275
662000
2000
Man har brug for nok pleje
11:19
for this system to develop properly.
276
664000
2000
for at systemet kan udvikle sig ordenligt.
11:21
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
277
666000
3000
Udover det, hæmmer høj koncentration af stress også oxytocin.
11:24
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,
278
669000
2000
Vi ved alle, at når vi er rigtig stresset,
11:26
we're not acting our best.
279
671000
3000
opfører vi os ikke ordenligt.
11:29
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --
280
674000
3000
Der findes en anden måde hvori oxytocin hæmmes, som er interesant --
11:32
through the action of testosterone.
281
677000
3000
igennem resultatet af testosteron.
11:35
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
282
680000
3000
Så vi har, igennem eksperimenter, givet testosteron til mænd.
11:38
And instead of sharing money,
283
683000
2000
Og istedet for at dele penge,
11:40
they become selfish.
284
685000
2000
blev de selviske.
11:42
But interestingly,
285
687000
3000
Men interesant nok
11:45
high testosterone males are also more likely
286
690000
2000
er mænd med højt testosterontal også mere tilbøjelige
11:47
to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.
287
692000
3000
til at bruge deres egne penge til at straffe andre for at være selviske.
11:50
(Laughter)
288
695000
2000
(Latter)
11:52
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,
289
697000
3000
Tænk nu på det her: Det betyder, i vores egen biologi,
11:55
we have the yin and yang of morality.
290
700000
3000
har vi en dualitet af morale.
11:58
We have oxytocin that connects us to others,
291
703000
2000
Vi har oxytocin der forbinder os til andre,
12:00
makes us feel what they feel.
292
705000
2000
og får os til at føle hvad de føler.
12:02
And we have testosterone.
293
707000
2000
Og vi har testosteron.
12:04
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,
294
709000
2000
Og mænd har 10 gange mere testosteron end kvinder,
12:06
so men do this more than women --
295
711000
2000
så mænd gør det her mere end kvinder --
12:08
we have testosterone that makes us want to punish
296
713000
3000
vi har testosteron der gør vi får lyst til at straffe
12:11
people who behave immorally.
297
716000
2000
mennesker der opfører sig umoralsk.
12:13
We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
298
718000
2000
Vi har ikke brug for Gud eller regeringen til at fortælle os hvad vi burde gøre.
12:15
It's all inside of us.
299
720000
3000
Det er alt sammen inden i os.
12:18
So you may be wondering:
300
723000
2000
Så i undrer jer nok:
12:20
these are beautiful laboratory experiments,
301
725000
2000
det er flotte laboratorie eksperimenter,
12:22
do they really apply to real life?
302
727000
2000
men gælder det også i det virkelige liv?
12:24
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.
303
729000
2000
Jo, det har jeg også tænkt.
12:26
So I've gone out of the lab
304
731000
2000
Så jeg har forladt laboratoriet
12:28
to see if this really holds in our daily lives.
305
733000
2000
for at se om det nu også holder i det daglige liv.
12:30
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.
306
735000
3000
Så sidste sommer deltog jeg i et bryllup i sydengland.
12:33
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
307
738000
3000
Der var 200 mennesker i et flot viktoriansk palæ.
12:36
I didn't know a single person.
308
741000
2000
Jeg kendte ikke en eneste person.
12:38
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.
309
743000
2000
Og jeg kørte derop i min lejede Opel.
12:40
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice
310
745000
2000
Og så tog jeg en centrifuge og noget tøris ud
12:42
and needles and tubes.
311
747000
2000
og nåle og glasrør.
12:44
And I took blood from the bride and the groom
312
749000
2000
Så tog jeg blod fra bruden og gommen
12:46
and the wedding party and the family and the friends
313
751000
2000
og resten af bryllupsgæsterne, og familien og vennerne
12:48
before and immediately after the vows.
314
753000
2000
lige før og direkte efter løfterne.
12:50
(Laughter)
315
755000
2000
(Latter)
12:52
And guess what?
316
757000
2000
Og gæt hvad der skete.
12:54
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,
317
759000
2000
Bryllupper forårsager en udløsning af oxytocin,
12:56
but they do so in a very particular way.
318
761000
3000
men de gør det i en meget speciel måde.
12:59
Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
319
764000
2000
Hvem er i centrum af bryllupets solsystem?
13:01
The bride.
320
766000
2000
Bruden.
13:03
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.
321
768000
2000
Hun havde den største forøgelse af oxytocin.
13:05
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?
322
770000
3000
Hvem elsker brylluppet næsten lige så meget som bruden?
13:08
Her mother, that's right.
323
773000
2000
Nemlig, hendes mor.
13:10
Her mother was number two.
324
775000
2000
Hendes mor var nummer to.
13:12
Then the groom's father, then the groom,
325
777000
2000
Så gommens far, og så gommen,
13:14
then the family, then the friends --
326
779000
2000
så familien, så vennerne --
13:16
arrayed around the bride
327
781000
2000
omsluttet rundt om bruden
13:18
like planets around the Sun.
328
783000
2000
som planeterne rundt om solen.
13:20
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual
329
785000
3000
Jeg jeg synes det fortæller os at vi har designet denne ritual
13:23
to connect us to this new couple,
330
788000
2000
for at forbinde os med det nye par,
13:25
connect us emotionally.
331
790000
2000
forbinde os følelsesmæssigt.
13:27
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing
332
792000
3000
Hvorfor? Fordi vi har brug for at de kan reproducere succesfuldt
13:30
to perpetuate the species.
333
795000
3000
for at forevige menneskearten.
13:33
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money
334
798000
3000
Jeg var også bange for at mit tillids-eksperiment med små mængder af penge
13:36
didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.
335
801000
4000
ikke rigtig fangede hvor ofte vi rent faktisk lægger vores liv i fremmede folks hænder.
13:40
So even though I have a fear of heights,
336
805000
2000
Så selvom jeg er bange for højder,
13:42
I recently strapped myself to another human being
337
807000
2000
bandt jeg mig fornylig fast til et andet mennesker
13:44
and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.
338
809000
3000
og hoppede ud af et fly i 12.000 fods højde.
13:47
I took my blood before and after,
339
812000
2000
Jeg målte mit blod før og efter,
13:49
and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.
340
814000
3000
og havde en stor forøgelse af oxytocin.
13:52
And there are so many ways we can connect to people.
341
817000
3000
Og der er så mange måder vi mennesker kan forbinde os med hinanden.
13:55
For example, through social media.
342
820000
2000
For eksempel gennem sociale medier.
13:57
Many people are Tweeting right now.
343
822000
2000
Mange Tweet'er lige nu.
13:59
So we investigated the role of social media
344
824000
2000
Så vi undersøgte de sociale mediers rolle
14:01
and found the using social media
345
826000
2000
og fandt at ved brug af sociale medier
14:03
produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.
346
828000
3000
steg mængden af oxytocin med to cifre.
14:06
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.
347
831000
3000
Så jeg udførte et eksperiment for Det Koreanske Udsendelses System.
14:09
And they had the reporters and their producers participate.
348
834000
4000
Og de fik reporterne og deres producere til at deltage.
14:13
And one of these guys, he must have been 22,
349
838000
2000
Og én af fyrene, han må have været 22,
14:15
he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.
350
840000
3000
han havde 150% forøgelse af oxytocin.
14:18
I mean, astounding; no one has this.
351
843000
2000
Det er helt utroligt; Ingen havde det.
14:20
So he was using social media in private.
352
845000
2000
Han brugte sociale medier i det private.
14:22
When I wrote my report to the Koreans,
353
847000
2000
Da jeg skrev min rapport til koreanerne
14:24
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"
354
849000
2000
sagde jeg: "Jeg vidste ikke hvad fyren gjorde,"
14:26
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.
355
851000
3000
men mit gæt var, at han interagerede med sin mor eller kæreste.
14:29
They checked.
356
854000
2000
De tjekkede.
14:31
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
357
856000
2000
Han var på sin kærestes Facebook-side.
14:33
There you go. That's connection.
358
858000
3000
Der har i det. Det er samvær.
14:36
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,
359
861000
3000
Så der er altså tonsvis af måder vi kan forbinde os med andre mennesker,
14:39
and it seems to be universal.
360
864000
2000
og det synes at være universelt.
14:41
Two weeks ago,
361
866000
2000
For to uger siden
14:43
I just got back from Papua New Guinea
362
868000
2000
var jeg lige kommet tilbage fra Papua Ny Guinea
14:45
where I went up to the highlands --
363
870000
2000
hvor jeg var oppe i højlandet --
14:47
very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers
364
872000
3000
meget isolerede stammer af landmænd på underhold
14:50
living as they have lived for millenia.
365
875000
3000
der levede som de havde gjort i årtusinder.
14:53
There are 800 different languages in the highlands.
366
878000
3000
Der er 800 forskellige slags sprog i højlandet.
14:56
These are the most primitive people in the world.
367
881000
3000
Det er de mest primitive mennesker i kloden.
14:59
And they indeed also release oxytocin.
368
884000
3000
Og de udløser minsandten også oxytocin.
15:02
So oxytocin connects us to other people.
369
887000
4000
Så oxytocin forbinder os med andre mennesker.
15:06
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
370
891000
2000
Oxytocin får os til at føle hvad andre føler.
15:08
And it's so easy to cause people's brains
371
893000
3000
Og det er så let at få menneskers hjerne
15:11
to release oxytocin.
372
896000
2000
til at udløse oxytocin.
15:13
I know how to do it,
373
898000
2000
Jeg ved hvordan man gør,
15:15
and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.
374
900000
2000
og min yndlingsmåde at gøre det, er også den nemmeste.
15:17
Let me show it to you.
375
902000
2000
Lad mig vise jer.
15:24
Come here. Give me a hug.
376
909000
2000
Kom her. Giv mig et knus.
15:26
(Laughter)
377
911000
2000
(Latter)
15:28
There you go.
378
913000
2000
Sådan.
15:30
(Applause)
379
915000
9000
(Applaus)
15:39
So my penchant for hugging other people
380
924000
2000
Så min forkærlighed for at give folk knus
15:41
has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.
381
926000
2000
har givet mig tilnavnet Dr. Kærlighed.
15:43
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,
382
928000
2000
Jeg deler gerne lidt mere kærlighed til verden,
15:45
it's great,
383
930000
2000
det er fantastisk,
15:47
but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:
384
932000
2000
men her er jeres recept fra Dr. Kærlighed:
15:49
eight hugs a day.
385
934000
3000
otte knus om dagen.
15:52
We have found that people who release more oxytocin
386
937000
2000
Vi har fundet ud af at folk der udløser meget oxytocin
15:54
are happier.
387
939000
2000
er lykkeligere.
15:56
And they're happier
388
941000
2000
Og de er lykkeligere
15:58
because they have better relationships of all types.
389
943000
3000
fordi de har bedre forhold over hele linjen.
16:01
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.
390
946000
3000
Dr. Kærlighed siger otte knus om dagen.
16:04
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier
391
949000
2000
Otte knus om dage -- I vil blive lykkeligere
16:06
and the world will be a better place.
392
951000
2000
og verden vil blive et bedre sted.
16:08
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.
393
953000
3000
Hvis I ikke kan lide at røre folk, kan jeg selvfølgelig bare skubbe denne her op jeres næse.
16:11
(Laughter)
394
956000
2000
(Latter)
16:13
Thank you.
395
958000
2000
Tak skal i have.
16:15
(Applause)
396
960000
13000
(Klapsalver)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Zak - NeuroeconomistA pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business.
Why you should listen
What’s behind the human instinct to trust and to put each other’s well-being first? When you think about how much of the world works on a handshake or on holding a door open for somebody, why people cooperate is a huge question. Paul Zak researches oxytocin, a neuropeptide that affects our everyday social interactions and our ability to behave altruistically and cooperatively, applying his findings to the way we make decisions. A pioneer in a new field of study called neuroeconomics, Zak has demonstrated that oxytocin is responsible for a variety of virtuous behaviors in humans such as empathy, generosity and trust. Amazingly, he has also discovered that social networking triggers the same release of oxytocin in the brain -- meaning that e-connections are interpreted by the brain like in-person connections.
A professor at Claremont Graduate University in Southern California, Zak believes most humans are biologically wired to cooperate, but that business and economics ignore the biological foundations of human reciprocity, risking loss: when oxytocin levels are high in subjects, people’s generosity to strangers increases up to 80 percent; and countries with higher levels of trust – lower crime, better education – fare better economically.
He says: "Civilization is dependent on oxytocin. You can't live around people you don't know intimately unless you have something that says: Him I can trust, and this one I can't trust."
Paul Zak | Speaker | TED.com