TEDGlobal 2011
Paul Zak: Trust, morality -- and oxytocin?
Paul Zak: 信任，道德 和 催产素
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是什么让我们渴望去做有道德的事情？神经经济学家Paul Zak将告诉我们，为什么他认为催产素（他把它叫做道德分子）是产生信任，同情心以及其他有助于构建和谐社会的情感。
Paul Zak - Neuroeconomist
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
A pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Is there anything unique about human beings?
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人类有没有什么独特之处？
00:18
There is.
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有。
00:20
We're the only creatures
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我们是唯一
00:22
with fully developed moral sentiments.
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具备完善的道德情感的生物。
00:24
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.
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作为一种社会种群，我们浑身上下都充斥着道德的影子。
00:27
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.
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我们需要知道为什么人们做一件事，还有他们正在做什么。
00:30
And I personally am obsessed with morality.
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我个人对道德很感兴趣。
00:33
It was all due to this woman,
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一切都是因为这个女人，
00:35
Sister Mary Marastela,
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修女Mary Marastela，
00:37
also known as my mom.
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同时也是我的母亲。
00:41
As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,
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我是一个在香火缭绕的神台旁长大的男孩，
00:44
and I learned to say phrases in Latin,
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我会用拉丁文说一些短语，
00:46
but I also had time to think
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但我有时会想
00:48
about whether my mother's top-down morality
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我妈妈的那套自上而下的道德标准
00:50
applied to everybody.
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是不是适用于所有人。
00:52
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious
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我发现无论是信神的或者不信的人，
00:55
were equally obsessed with morality.
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都对道德很感兴趣。
00:57
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis
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我觉得有关道德的决定
00:59
for moral decisions.
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可能是建立在某些更本质的基础上。
01:01
But I wanted to go further
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但是我想做更深一步了解
01:03
than to say our brains make us moral.
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而不仅仅满足于“大脑让我们有道德”这种说法。
01:05
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.
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我想知道是不是存在一种道德的化学物质。
01:08
I want to know
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我想知道
01:10
if there was a moral molecule.
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是不是有道德分子。
01:12
After 10 years of experiments,
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经历了10年的实验，
01:14
I found it.
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我找到了道德分子。
01:16
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.
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你们想看么？我带了一些过来。
01:20
This little syringe
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这个小的针筒
01:22
contains the moral molecule.
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里面有道德分子。
01:31
(Laughter)
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笑声
01:34
It's called oxytocin.
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它叫做催产素。
01:36
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule
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催产素是一种简单并且古老的分子，
01:39
found only in mammals.
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只有在哺乳动物中才能发现。
01:41
In rodents, it was known
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在啮齿动物中，
01:43
to make mothers care for their offspring,
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催产素促使妈妈照顾它们的幼崽，
01:45
and in some creatures,
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在一些动物中，
01:47
allowed for toleration of burrowmates.
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催产素让它们彼此之间称兄道弟。
01:49
But in humans, it was only known
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但是在人类体内，
01:51
to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,
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催产素已知的作用仅局限于促进女性生育和哺乳的能力，
01:53
and is released by both sexes during sex.
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以及在性交过程中，双方都释放催产素。
01:57
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
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所以我有这个想法：催产素可能是道德分子。
02:00
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.
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我做了很多人都会做的事情：我用一些我的同事做试验。
02:03
One of them told me,
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其中一个告诉我，
02:05
"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.
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“Paul, 这是世界上最愚蠢的想法，”
02:08
It is," he said, "only a female molecule.
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他说，“催产素只是一种女性分子，
02:10
It can't be that important."
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它不重要。”
02:12
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.
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但是我反驳说，男性的脑子里同样产生这个。
02:15
There must be a reason why."
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这其中肯定有原因。”
02:17
But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
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但是他是正确的，这确实是个愚蠢的想法。
02:20
But it was testably stupid.
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但是只是在经过试验后。
02:22
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment
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换句话说，我觉得我可以设计一个试验，
02:25
to see if oxytocin made people moral.
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关于催产素是否可以让人们变得更道德。
02:29
Turns out it wasn't so easy.
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结果发现这个试验不是很简单。
02:31
First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
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首先，催产素很害羞。
02:34
Baseline levels are near zero,
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分泌量接近0，
02:36
without some stimulus to cause its release.
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如果没有任何刺激促进它分泌的话。
02:39
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,
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一旦产生，它只有3分钟的半衰期，
02:41
and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
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在室温下，它衰减很快。
02:44
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,
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所以这个试验必须产生大量催产素。
02:46
have to grab it fast and keep it cold.
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同时迅速探测到它，并且用低温冷藏它。
02:48
I think I can do that.
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我觉得我可以做到。
02:50
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced
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幸运的是，
02:52
both in the brain and in the blood,
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催产素在脑子和血液里都会被产生。
02:55
so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.
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所以我可以不用学习神经外科就可以做这个试验。
02:59
Then I had to measure morality.
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接下来我必须测量道德。
03:02
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.
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把整个道德转变为一个M变量，是个很艰巨的工作。
03:05
So I started smaller.
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所以我从小处开始。
03:07
I studied one single virtue:
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我仅研究一种美德：
03:10
trustworthiness.
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信任感。
03:12
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s
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为什么呢？我在21世纪初时发现，
03:15
that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people
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一个国家，信赖度高的民众的比例越高，
03:18
are more prosperous.
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就更繁荣。
03:20
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur
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在这些国家，进行着更多的贸易，
03:23
and more wealth is created,
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因而产生更多的财富，
03:25
alleviating poverty.
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减轻贫困。
03:27
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.
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所以贫困的国家通常是低信任度的国家。
03:30
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,
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如果我能理解信任度的秘密，
03:33
I might help alleviate poverty.
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我也许能帮助消除贫困。
03:35
But I'm also a skeptic.
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但我同时持怀疑态度。
03:37
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"
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我不想仅仅问人，“你值得信赖么？”
03:39
So instead I use
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所以我改用
03:41
the Jerry Maguire approach to research.
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Jerry Maguire的研究方法。
03:43
If you're so virtuous,
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如果你太高尚了，
03:45
show me the money.
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那就给我钱吧！
03:47
So what we do in my lab
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所以在我的实验室里，
03:49
is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.
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我们用道德和金钱引诱人们。
03:51
Let me show you how we do that.
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让我来解释一下我们是如何做的。
03:53
So we recruit some people for an experiment.
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我们召集一些人来做实验。
03:55
They all get $10 if they agree to show up.
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他们只要来，就能得到10块钱。
03:58
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.
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我们给他们很多很多指示，我们从未误导他们。
04:01
Then we match them in pairs by computer.
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然后我们用电脑对他们进行配对。
04:04
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,
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每一对中，有一个人会收到一条信息说，
04:06
"Do you want to give up some of your $10
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“你是否愿意放弃
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you earned for being here
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你所得的10块钱的一部分，
04:10
and ship it to someone else in the lab?"
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把它送给这个实验室里的另一个人？”
04:12
The trick is you can't see them,
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有趣的是，你不能看到任何人，
04:14
you can't talk to them.
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也不能和任何人说话。
04:16
You only do it one time.
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你只需要做一次选择。
04:18
Now whatever you give up
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你所放弃的这部分，
04:20
gets tripled in the other person's account.
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会翻3倍出现在另一个人的账户里。
04:23
You're going to make them a lot wealthier.
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你将使他们一下子富裕很多。
04:25
And they get a message by computer saying
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他们将会收到另一条消息说，
04:27
person one sent you this amount of money.
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有一个人愿意分给你这么多钱，
04:29
Do you want to keep it all,
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你是否愿意全部留着，
04:31
or do you want to send some amount back?
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或者你愿意归还一部分？
04:34
So think about this experiment for minute.
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所以我们来回想一下整个实验。
04:36
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
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你坐在硬板凳上足足1个半小时。
04:39
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle
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一些疯狂的科学家用针管扎进你的胳膊，
04:41
and take four tubes of blood.
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抽出四管儿血样。
04:43
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
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你竟然希望我放弃一部分钱，并且送给一个陌生人？
04:46
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
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由此诞生了吸血鬼经济学。
04:49
Make a decision and give me some blood.
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做一个决定，给我一点血。
04:52
So in fact, experimental economists
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所以实际上，实验经济学家
04:54
had run this test around the world,
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在世界各地进行这样的实验，
04:56
and for much higher stakes,
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不惜牺牲大量的资金，
04:58
and the consensus view
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并且一致的观点是，
05:00
was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,
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第一个人转给第二个人的资金数额测量了信任，
05:03
and the transfer from the second person back to the first
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而第二个人转给第一个人的资金数额
05:06
measured trustworthiness.
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则测量了可信赖度。
05:08
But in fact, economists were flummoxed
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事实上，让经济学家十分困惑的是，
05:10
on why the second person would ever return any money.
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第二个人怎么会选择归还一个子儿？
05:13
They assumed money is good,
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他们假设钱是一种好的商品，
05:15
why not keep it all?
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那又为什么不留着呢？
05:17
That's not what we found.
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我们的实验结果表明，
05:19
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,
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90%的人选择分享所得的报酬，
05:22
and of those who received money,
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那些接纳者中，
05:24
95 percent returned some of it.
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95%的人选择归还一部分。
05:26
But why?
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但这又是为什么？
05:28
Well by measuring oxytocin
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通过测量催产素水平，
05:30
we found that the more money the second person received,
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我们发现，第二个人收到的钱越多，
05:32
the more their brain produced oxytocin,
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他们的大脑生产催产素就越卖力，
05:34
and the more oxytocin on board,
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而催产素水平越高，
05:36
the more money they returned.
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他们归还的钱就越多。
05:39
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
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因此我们获得了可信赖度的生理机制。
05:42
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
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但是等等。这个实验有什么不对的地方吗？
05:45
Two things.
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有两点。
05:47
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
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第一，人体中没有一个现象是独立发生的。
05:50
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,
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为此我们测量了另外九种与催产素存在相互作用的分子，
05:53
but they didn't have any effect.
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这些分子被证实，对实验没有任何影响。
05:55
But the second is
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然而第二点，
05:57
that I still only had this indirect relationship
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即，我目前只掌握了
05:59
between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
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催产素与可信赖度的间接关系。
06:01
I didn't know for sure
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我并不能百分百地确定
06:03
oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
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是催产素直接导致可信赖度的产生。
06:05
So to make the experiment,
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因此为了完善这个实验，
06:07
I knew I'd have to go into the brain
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我明白我必须进入大脑，
06:09
and manipulate oxytocin directly.
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并且直接操纵催产素。
06:11
I used everything short of a drill
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我绞尽脑汁，
06:13
to get oxytocin into my own brain.
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尝试把催产素弄进了我自己的脑袋。
06:16
And I found I could do it
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我发现，
06:18
with a nasal inhaler.
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我可以通过鼻腔吸入催产素。
06:20
So along with colleagues in Zurich,
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于是我和苏黎世的同事们一起，
06:22
we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,
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我们对200位实验者使用催产素，或安慰剂，
06:24
had that same trust test with money,
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进行与之前完全相同的金钱及信任度测试，
06:26
and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,
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我们发现，被使用催产素的测试者，不仅表现出更强的信任度，
06:29
we can more than double the number of people
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我们甚至让愿意把钱给陌生人的人数
06:32
who sent all their money to a stranger --
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翻了一倍之多 --
06:34
all without altering mood or cognition.
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所有人的情绪及认知都没有任何变动。
06:38
So oxytocin is the trust molecule,
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由此我们确认，催产素就是信任分子。
06:42
but is it the moral molecule?
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但它是否是道德分子？
06:45
Using the oxytocin inhaler,
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我们使用催产素吸入装置，
06:47
we ran more studies.
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进行了更多的实验。
06:49
We showed that oxytocin infusion
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我们发现吸入催产素
06:51
increases generosity
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会增加人的慷慨程度，
06:53
in unilateral monetary transfers
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在单向的金钱往来中，
06:55
by 80 percent.
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人们的慷慨程度增加了80%。
06:57
We showed it increases donations to charity
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我们发现它同时也使
06:59
by 50 percent.
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慈善捐赠增加了50%。
07:01
We've also investigated
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我们也对
07:03
non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
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非药理方式提高催产素水平进行了探索。
07:05
These include massage,
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包括按摩，
07:07
dancing and praying.
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跳舞以及祈祷。
07:09
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
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没错，我妈妈对最后一项特别满意。
07:12
And whenever we raise oxytocin,
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而且，无论何时我们提高了催产素的水平，
07:14
people willingly open up their wallets
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人们都变得更乐意打开他们的钱包，
07:16
and share money with strangers.
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与陌生人分享他们的钞票。
07:18
But why do they do this?
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但是为什么他们会这样呢？
07:20
What does it feel like
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当你的大脑荡漾着满满的催产素的时候，
07:22
when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
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到底是什么感觉呢？
07:24
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment
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为了探索这个问题，我们又进行了一个实验。
07:27
where we had people watch a video
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在这个试验中，我们让参与者看一个短片，
07:29
of a father and his four year-old son,
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有关一位父亲和他四岁的儿子，
07:31
and his son has terminal brain cancer.
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儿子身患致命的脑癌。
07:33
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings
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在看完短片后，我们让参与者评估了他们的感受，
07:36
and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
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并在看短片前后分别采血检测了催产素水平。
07:39
The change in oxytocin
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催产素水平的变化，
07:41
predicted their feelings of empathy.
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完美地预示了参与者同情感的变化。
07:45
So it's empathy
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正是这种同情，
07:47
that makes us connect to other people.
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让我们与其他人紧密相连。
07:49
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
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是同情让我们去帮助他人。
07:52
It's empathy that makes us moral.
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是同情让我们变得有道德感。
07:56
Now this idea is not new.
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这个想法并非最近才提出来的。
07:58
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith
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哲学家亚当·史密斯在1759年，
08:00
wrote a book in 1759
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写了一本书，当时他还未声名大噪。
08:02
called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
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书名为《道德情操论》。
08:04
In this book, Smith argued
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在这本书中，史密斯谈到，
08:07
that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,
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我们之所以成为有道德感的生物，并非因为某些自上而下的原因，
08:10
but for a bottom-up reason.
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而恰恰是因为一个自下而上的原因。
08:12
He said we're social creatures,
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他认为我们都是社会性的生物，
08:14
so we share the emotions of others.
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因此我们分享他人的情感。
08:16
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
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所以如果我做了一些伤害你的事，我会感到痛苦。
08:19
So I tend to avoid that.
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所以我才会希望能避免这类事的发生。
08:21
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
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如果我做了一些让你快乐的事，我也会分享你的快乐。
08:24
So I tend to do those things.
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所以我会更愿意去做这类事。
08:26
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,
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就是这位亚当·史密斯，17年后
08:28
would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --
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写了一本小书，叫《国富论》-
08:31
the founding document of economics.
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堪称经济学的奠基之作。
08:33
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,
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但是实际上，他是一位道德哲学家，
08:36
and he was right on why we're moral.
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他关于我们为何有道德的论点，是正确的。
08:38
I just found the molecule behind it.
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而我发现的正是这个理论背后的分子。
08:41
But knowing that molecule is valuable,
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现在我们了解了这种分子的价值，
08:44
because it tells us how to turn up this behavior
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其价值在于它告诉我们如何激发这类行为，
08:47
and what turns it off.
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以及如何不起作用。
08:49
In particular, it tells us
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尤其是，它告诉我们
08:51
why we see immorality.
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为什么我们会看到不道德的存在。
08:54
So to investigate immorality,
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因此为了探索不道德，
08:56
let me bring you back now to 1980.
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让我带你们回到1980年。
08:58
I'm working at a gas station
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我当时在一间加油站工作，
09:00
on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
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在加州圣巴巴拉市的郊区。
09:03
You sit in a gas station all day,
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你一整天都坐在加油站里，
09:05
you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
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我告诉你们，你将看到大量道德的、以及不道德的存在。
09:07
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth
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一个周日的下午，一个男人走进我的收费亭，
09:10
with this beautiful jewelry box.
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他手上拿着一个精美的珠宝盒。
09:12
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
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打开盒子，里面是一串珍珠项链。
09:14
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
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他说，“嗨，我刚在男洗手间，
09:16
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
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发现了这个。你觉得我们该怎么处理它？”
09:19
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
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“我不知道，交到遗失物品柜台去吧。”
09:21
"Well this is very valuable.
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“这玩意儿一定很值钱。
09:23
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
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我们必须找到失主。”我说，“是吧。”
09:25
So we're trying to decide what to do with this,
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于是我们一起商量该怎么处理它，
09:27
and the phone rings.
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就在这时，电话响了。
09:29
And a man says very excitedly,
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一个男人很激动地说，
09:31
"I was in your gas station a while ago,
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“我刚才在你们的加油站，
09:33
and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
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我刚给我的妻子买了一个首饰，可是我现在找不到了。”
09:35
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
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我说，“是珍珠项链吗？”“没错。”
09:37
"Hey, a guy just found it."
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“刚才一位先生找到了它。”
09:39
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
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“噢，你真是救了我的命！这是我的电话号码。
09:41
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
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请告诉那位先生，等我半个小时。
09:43
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
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我会赶回去给他200美金的报酬。”
09:45
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
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棒极了，于是我告诉那位先生，“看吧，放松。
09:47
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
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你刚赢得了一份大奖。生活多美好。”
09:50
He said, "I can't do it.
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他说，“我恐怕没办法做到了。
09:52
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,
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我15分钟后在加利纳有一个面试，
09:54
and I need this job, I've got to go."
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我真的需要这份工作，我得走了。”
09:57
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
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他再一次问我，“你觉得我们该怎么做？”
09:59
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
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我当时还在高中。我一头雾水。
10:02
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
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我说，“我帮你拿着吧。”
10:04
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
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他说，“你知道吗，你这么好，我们平分那份奖励吧。”
10:07
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,
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我把项链给你，你给我100美金，
10:09
and when the guy comes ... "
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那个人来的时候……”
10:11
You see it. I was conned.
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你看到了。我受骗了。
10:13
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,
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这就是所谓的经典的“凑份子骗局”（pigeon drop），
10:16
and I was the pigeon.
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我就是那个可怜的受骗者。
10:18
So the way many cons work
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大部分类似的陷阱，
10:20
is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,
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都并非设陷阱的人试图获得受骗者的信任，
10:23
it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
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而是设陷阱的人首先对受骗者表示信任。
10:26
Now we know what happens.
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现在我们了解了事实真相。
10:28
The victim's brain releases oxytocin,
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受骗者的大脑释放催产素，
10:30
and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
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于是你打开你的钱包，乱送你的钞票。
10:33
So who are these people
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那到底是什么人，
10:35
who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
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在控制我们的催产素生产系统？
10:38
We found, testing thousands of individuals,
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在对数千位受试者做检验后，我们发现，
10:41
that five percent of the population
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5%的人
10:43
don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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受到应激后不会释放催产素。
10:47
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
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也就是说，就算你对他们表示信任，他们的大脑也不会生产催产素。
10:50
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
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如果桌子上有一叠钱，他们会全部占为己有。
10:53
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
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在我的实验室里，这类人群有一个专属名字。
10:55
We call them bastards.
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我们称之为混蛋。
10:58
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:00
These are not people you want to have a beer with.
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这些人，绝对不是你愿意与之一起喝一杯的那一类。
11:02
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
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他们身上存在许多由心理异常而带来的问题。
11:06
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
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另外，还有一些方式会抑制催产素的生产系统。
11:08
One is through improper nurturing.
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其中之一就是不健康的成长过程。
11:11
So we've studied sexually abused women,
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我们对曾遭受性虐的女性进行了调查，
11:14
and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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其中约一半的人受到应激时不会分泌催产素。
11:17
You need enough nurturing
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为了让整个分泌系统发育完善，
11:19
for this system to develop properly.
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你的整个成长过程都需要健全的悉心照顾。
11:21
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
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另外，高压会抑制催产素的分泌。
11:24
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,
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我们都知道，当我们真的压力很大时，
11:26
we're not acting our best.
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我们都无法表现出自己最好的一面。
11:29
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --
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还有一种有趣的方式，会抑制催产素分泌 ---
11:32
through the action of testosterone.
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雄性激素的变化。
11:35
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
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我们在试验中对男性施用雄性激素。
11:38
And instead of sharing money,
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与分享金钱截然相反，
11:40
they become selfish.
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他们变得很自私。
11:42
But interestingly,
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但有趣的是，
11:45
high testosterone males are also more likely
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拥有高水平雄性激素的男人们，通常
11:47
to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.
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喜欢用他们自己的钱去惩罚其他自私的人。
11:50
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:52
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,
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现在让我们来想一想。在我们自己的身体内，
11:55
we have the yin and yang of morality.
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我们拥有道德阴阳两面。
11:58
We have oxytocin that connects us to others,
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我们拥有促使我们与他人连结的催产素，
12:00
makes us feel what they feel.
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设身处地的为他人着想。
12:02
And we have testosterone.
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我们也有雄性激素。
12:04
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,
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男人们体内的雄性激素，是女人们的十倍之多。
12:06
so men do this more than women --
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所以男人们比女人们
12:08
we have testosterone that makes us want to punish
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更频繁地想要去
12:11
people who behave immorally.
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惩罚那些行为不高尚的人。
12:13
We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
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我们不需要上帝或政府来告诉我们怎么做。
12:15
It's all inside of us.
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一切都早已根植在我们体内。
12:18
So you may be wondering:
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你可能会好奇：
12:20
these are beautiful laboratory experiments,
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这些只是看上去很美的实验，
12:22
do they really apply to real life?
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它们真的能被应用在日常生活中吗？
12:24
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.
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是的，我也曾为此而忧虑过。
12:26
So I've gone out of the lab
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于是我走出实验室，
12:28
to see if this really holds in our daily lives.
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想看看到底是什么构成了我们的每一天。
12:30
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.
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去年夏天，我在英国南部参加了一场婚礼。
12:33
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
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200人聚集在这座美丽的维多利亚式小房子。
12:36
I didn't know a single person.
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我完全不认识这些人。
12:38
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.
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我租了一辆沃克斯豪尔，开车前往。
12:40
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice
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我拿出离心机和干冰，
12:42
and needles and tubes.
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还有针筒和试管。
12:44
And I took blood from the bride and the groom
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我采集了新娘和新郎的血样，
12:46
and the wedding party and the family and the friends
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以及伴娘伴郎、家人朋友的血样，
12:48
before and immediately after the vows.
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分别在宣誓之前和之后。
12:50
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
12:52
And guess what?
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你们猜猜怎样？
12:54
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,
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婚礼提高了催产素的释放水平，
12:56
but they do so in a very particular way.
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其效果符合特定的分布。
12:59
Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
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谁是这个婚礼太阳系的中心？
13:01
The bride.
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新娘。
13:03
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.
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她的催产素增长水平是最高的。
13:05
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?
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谁和新娘一样，爱死了这个婚礼呢？
13:08
Her mother, that's right.
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她的妈妈，没错。
13:10
Her mother was number two.
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她的妈妈名列第二位。
13:12
Then the groom's father, then the groom,
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其次是新郎的父亲，再次是新郎，
13:14
then the family, then the friends --
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然后是家人，然后是朋友们--
13:16
arrayed around the bride
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围绕新娘呈放射状分布，
13:18
like planets around the Sun.
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正如行星环绕太阳。
13:20
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual
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由此我在想，它告诉我们，
13:23
to connect us to this new couple,
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我们设计了这样一种仪式将大家与新婚夫妇连结在一起，
13:25
connect us emotionally.
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尤其是在情感上。
13:27
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing
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为什么？因为我们需要他们
13:30
to perpetuate the species.
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成功地孕育后代，并且壮大我们的种群。
13:33
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money
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我同样担心，我那些使用少量金钱的实验
13:36
didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.
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无法完全检验我们有多容易把自己的命交给陌生人。
13:40
So even though I have a fear of heights,
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尽管我有恐高症，
13:42
I recently strapped myself to another human being
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我最近还是把我自己交给了另一个人类，
13:44
and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.
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在12000英尺的高空，跨出了飞机。
13:47
I took my blood before and after,
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我在跳伞前后采集了自己的血样，
13:49
and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.
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我的催产素水平骤升。
13:52
And there are so many ways we can connect to people.
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有太多方式可以将我们与他人连结在一起了。
13:55
For example, through social media.
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比如说，通过社交媒体。
13:57
Many people are Tweeting right now.
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现在这么多人都在发微薄。
13:59
So we investigated the role of social media
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我们研究了社交媒体的角色，
14:01
and found the using social media
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发现使用社交媒体
14:03
produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.
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会使得催产素水平获得两位数的增长。
14:06
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.
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我最近为韩国传媒系统做了这样一个实验。
14:09
And they had the reporters and their producers participate.
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他们让记者和编辑参与这个实验。
14:13
And one of these guys, he must have been 22,
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其中一个男孩，应该是22岁，
14:15
he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.
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他的催产素水平飙升了150%。
14:18
I mean, astounding; no one has this.
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我想说，太令人惊讶了；无人能敌。
14:20
So he was using social media in private.
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他当时正私下使用某种社交媒体。
14:22
When I wrote my report to the Koreans,
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当我给韩国人写报告的时候，
14:24
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"
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我说，“看看，我不知道这家伙到底在干嘛，
14:26
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.
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不过我猜他应该在和他妈妈或者女朋友聊天。”
14:29
They checked.
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他们去核实了。
14:31
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
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果不其然，他当时正在他女朋友facebook页面上聊得热火朝天。
14:33
There you go. That's connection.
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看，这就是一种连接。
14:36
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,
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有太多太多方式，可以让我们与他人连结了，
14:39
and it seems to be universal.
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而且这些方式全世界都通用。
14:41
Two weeks ago,
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两周前，
14:43
I just got back from Papua New Guinea
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我刚从巴布亚新几内亚回来，
14:45
where I went up to the highlands --
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我去了那儿的高地 --
14:47
very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers
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与世隔绝的村庄，勉强谋生的农户，
14:50
living as they have lived for millenia.
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他们一千多年来的生活方式从未改变。
14:53
There are 800 different languages in the highlands.
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这片高地上有800种不同的语言。
14:56
These are the most primitive people in the world.
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这里生活着世界上最原始的人类。
14:59
And they indeed also release oxytocin.
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他们也不断地分泌着催产素。
15:02
So oxytocin connects us to other people.
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催产素将我们与他人连结。
15:06
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
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催产素让我们对他人感同身受。
15:08
And it's so easy to cause people's brains
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让人类的大脑产生催产素，
15:11
to release oxytocin.
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真是再简单不过了。
15:13
I know how to do it,
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我知道怎么做，
15:15
and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.
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这种做法也是我的最爱，其实很简单。
15:17
Let me show it to you.
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让我来为你们展示一下。
15:24
Come here. Give me a hug.
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过来。给我一个拥抱。
15:26
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
15:28
There you go.
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就是这样。
15:30
(Applause)
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（掌声）
15:39
So my penchant for hugging other people
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我因为过分热衷于与人拥抱，
15:41
has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.
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获得了一个昵称，叫“博爱博士”。
15:43
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,
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我非常高兴，能在这个地球上，分享这一点小小的爱。
15:45
it's great,
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这感觉真棒，
15:47
but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:
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“博爱博士”给你的处方是：
15:49
eight hugs a day.
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每天8个拥抱。
15:52
We have found that people who release more oxytocin
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我们发现，分泌催产素多的人，
15:54
are happier.
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会更快乐。
15:56
And they're happier
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他们之所以更快乐，
15:58
because they have better relationships of all types.
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是因为他们全方位的人际关系都更健康。
16:01
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.
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现在博爱博士告诉大家，一天8个拥抱。
16:04
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier
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一日8拥抱 - 快乐何其多！
16:06
and the world will be a better place.
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这个世界也将变得更美好。
16:08
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.
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当然了，如果你不喜欢和他人肢体接触，我也可以把这玩意儿搞到你的鼻里。
16:11
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
16:13
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
16:15
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Zak - NeuroeconomistA pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics, Paul Zak is uncovering how the hormone oxytocin promotes trust, and proving that love is good for business.
Why you should listen
What’s behind the human instinct to trust and to put each other’s well-being first? When you think about how much of the world works on a handshake or on holding a door open for somebody, why people cooperate is a huge question. Paul Zak researches oxytocin, a neuropeptide that affects our everyday social interactions and our ability to behave altruistically and cooperatively, applying his findings to the way we make decisions. A pioneer in a new field of study called neuroeconomics, Zak has demonstrated that oxytocin is responsible for a variety of virtuous behaviors in humans such as empathy, generosity and trust. Amazingly, he has also discovered that social networking triggers the same release of oxytocin in the brain -- meaning that e-connections are interpreted by the brain like in-person connections.
A professor at Claremont Graduate University in Southern California, Zak believes most humans are biologically wired to cooperate, but that business and economics ignore the biological foundations of human reciprocity, risking loss: when oxytocin levels are high in subjects, people’s generosity to strangers increases up to 80 percent; and countries with higher levels of trust – lower crime, better education – fare better economically.
He says: "Civilization is dependent on oxytocin. You can't live around people you don't know intimately unless you have something that says: Him I can trust, and this one I can't trust."
Paul Zak | Speaker | TED.com