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Benedetta Berti: The surprising way groups like ISIS stay in power
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ISIS, Hezbollah, Hamas. These three very different groups are known for violence — but that’s only a portion of what they do, says policy analyst Benedetta Berti. They also attempt to win over populations with social work: setting up schools and hospitals, offering safety and security, and filling the gaps left by weak governments. Understanding the broader work of these groups suggests new strategies for ending the violence.
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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For the past decade,
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I've been studying non-state armed groups:
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armed organizations like terrorists,
insurgents or militias.
insurgents or militias.
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I document what these groups do
when they're not shooting.
when they're not shooting.
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My goal is to better understand
these violent actors
these violent actors
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and to study ways to encourage transition
from violent engagement
from violent engagement
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to nonviolent confrontation.
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I work in the field, in the policy world
and in the library.
and in the library.
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Understanding non-state armed groups
is key to solving most ongoing conflict,
is key to solving most ongoing conflict,
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because war has changed.
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It used to be a contest between states.
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No longer.
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It is now a conflict between states
and non-state actors.
and non-state actors.
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For example, of the 216 peace agreements
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signed between 1975 and 2011,
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196 of them were between a state
and a non-state actor.
and a non-state actor.
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So we need to understand these groups;
we need to either engage them
we need to either engage them
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or defeat them in any conflict resolution
process that has to be successful.
process that has to be successful.
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So how do we do that?
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We need to know what makes
these organizations tick.
these organizations tick.
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We know a lot about
how they fight, why they fight,
how they fight, why they fight,
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but no one looks at what they're doing
when they're not fighting.
when they're not fighting.
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Yet, armed struggle
and unarmed politics are related.
and unarmed politics are related.
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It is all part of the same organization.
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We cannot understand these groups,
let alone defeat them,
let alone defeat them,
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if we don't have the full picture.
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And armed groups today
are complex organizations.
are complex organizations.
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Take the Lebanese Hezbollah,
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known for its violent
confrontation against Israel.
confrontation against Israel.
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But since its creation in the early 1980s,
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Hezbollah has also set up
a political party,
a political party,
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a social-service network,
and a military apparatus.
and a military apparatus.
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Similarly, the Palestinian Hamas,
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known for its suicide attacks
against Israel,
against Israel,
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also runs the Gaza Strip since 2007.
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So these groups do way more
than just shoot.
than just shoot.
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They multi-task.
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They set up complex
communication machines --
communication machines --
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radio stations, TV channels,
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Internet websites
and social media strategies.
and social media strategies.
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And up here, you have the ISIS magazine,
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printed in English
and published to recruit.
and published to recruit.
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Armed groups also invest
in complex fund-raising --
in complex fund-raising --
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not looting, but setting up
profitable businesses;
profitable businesses;
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for example, construction companies.
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Now, these activities are keys.
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They allow these groups
to increase their strength,
to increase their strength,
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increase their funds,
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to better recruit
and to build their brand.
and to build their brand.
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Armed groups also do something else:
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they build stronger bonds
with the population
with the population
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by investing in social services.
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They build schools, they run hospitals,
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they set up vocational-training programs
or micro-loan programs.
or micro-loan programs.
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Hezbollah offers all
of these services and more.
of these services and more.
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Armed groups also seek
to win the population over
to win the population over
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by offering something
that the state is not providing:
that the state is not providing:
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safety and security.
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The initial rise of the Taliban
in war-torn Afghanistan,
in war-torn Afghanistan,
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or even the beginning
of the ascent of ISIS,
of the ascent of ISIS,
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can be understood also by looking
at these groups' efforts
at these groups' efforts
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to provide security.
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Now, unfortunately, in these cases,
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the provision of security
came at an unbearably high price
came at an unbearably high price
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for the population.
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But in general, providing
social services fills a gap,
social services fills a gap,
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a governance gap left by the government,
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and allows these groups
to increase their strength
to increase their strength
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and their power.
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For example, the 2006 electoral victory
of the Palestinian Hamas
of the Palestinian Hamas
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cannot be understood without
acknowledging the group's social work.
acknowledging the group's social work.
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Now, this is a really complex picture,
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yet in the West,
when we look at armed groups,
when we look at armed groups,
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we only think of the violent side.
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But that's not enough to understand
these groups' strength,
these groups' strength,
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strategy or long-term vision.
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These groups are hybrid.
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They rise because they fill a gap
left by the government,
left by the government,
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and they emerge
to be both armed and political,
to be both armed and political,
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engage in violent struggle
and provide governance.
and provide governance.
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And the more these organizations
are complex and sophisticated,
are complex and sophisticated,
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the less we can think of them
as the opposite of a state.
as the opposite of a state.
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Now, what do you call
a group like Hezbollah?
a group like Hezbollah?
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They run part of a territory,
they administer all their functions,
they administer all their functions,
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they pick up the garbage,
they run the sewage system.
they run the sewage system.
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Is this a state? Is it a rebel group?
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Or maybe something else,
something different and new?
something different and new?
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And what about ISIS?
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The lines are blurred.
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We live in a world of states,
non-states, and in-between,
non-states, and in-between,
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and the more states are weak,
like in the Middle East today,
like in the Middle East today,
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the more non-state actors
step in and fill that gap.
step in and fill that gap.
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This matters for governments,
because to counter these groups,
because to counter these groups,
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they will have to invest more
in non-military tools.
in non-military tools.
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Filling that governance gap
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has to be at the center
of any sustainable approach.
of any sustainable approach.
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This also matters very much
for peacemaking and peacebuilding.
for peacemaking and peacebuilding.
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If we better understand armed groups,
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we will better know
what incentives to offer
what incentives to offer
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to encourage the transition
from violence to nonviolence.
from violence to nonviolence.
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So in this new contest
between states and non-states,
between states and non-states,
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military power can win some battles,
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but it will not give us
peace nor stability.
peace nor stability.
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To achieve these objectives,
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what we need is a long-term investment
in filling that security gap,
in filling that security gap,
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in filling that governance gap
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that allowed these groups
to thrive in the first place.
to thrive in the first place.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcherBenedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.
Why you should listen
Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas. She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi.
Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com