ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.

Why you should listen

Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas.  She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi. 

Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.

More profile about the speaker
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com
TED2015

Benedetta Berti: The surprising way groups like ISIS stay in power

Benedetta Berti: ISIS 等極端組織是如何保有權力的

Filmed:
2,198,033 views

伊拉克和大敘利亞伊斯蘭國(簡稱ISIS)、黎巴嫩真主黨、哈馬斯(巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭抵抗運動)這三個非常不同的組織都已暴力活動為人熟知——但是暴力活動僅僅是他們的一部份,政策分析師 Benedetti Berti 說道。這些組織通過社會服務來試圖贏取公眾的支持:建立學校、醫院、提供安全和保障、完成弱政府無法提供的服務。更深入理解這些暴力組織的活動可以提供新的戰略,來結束這樣的暴力活動。
- Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
For the past過去 decade,
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在過去的十年裡,
00:14
I've been studying研究 non-state非國有 armed武裝 groups:
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我一直在研究非政府武裝組織。
00:17
armed武裝 organizations組織 like terrorists恐怖分子,
insurgents叛亂分子 or militias民兵.
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例如恐怖組織、叛亂者,或是民兵組織。
00:21
I document文件 what these groups do
when they're not shooting射擊.
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我記錄他們在非戰爭情況中都在做些什麼,
00:24
My goal目標 is to better understand理解
these violent暴力 actors演員
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我的目的是為了更好的理解這些暴力者
00:28
and to study研究 ways方法 to encourage鼓勵 transition過渡
from violent暴力 engagement訂婚
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並且研究如何促使暴力行為
00:32
to nonviolent非暴力 confrontation對抗.
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轉變為非暴力對抗。
00:33
I work in the field領域, in the policy政策 world世界
and in the library圖書館.
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我在現場、政策層面及圖書館內開展研究。
00:37
Understanding理解 non-state非國有 armed武裝 groups
is key to solving most ongoing不斷的 conflict衝突,
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因為戰爭的改變,
解決很多現有衝突的關鍵
00:42
because war戰爭 has changed.
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是理解非國家武裝組織
00:44
It used to be a contest比賽 between之間 states狀態.
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曾經,戰爭是國家之間的比賽。
00:47
No longer.
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然而現在不是了。
00:48
It is now a conflict衝突 between之間 states狀態
and non-state非國有 actors演員.
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如今,戰爭演變成了國家
和非國家組織之間的鬥爭。
00:53
For example, of the 216 peace和平 agreements協議
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比如,在1975年到2011年之間簽署的
00:56
signed between之間 1975 and 2011,
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216項和平條約中,
01:00
196 of them were between之間 a state
and a non-state非國有 actor演員.
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有196項是有關於
國家與非國家組織之間的矛盾。
01:05
So we need to understand理解 these groups;
we need to either engage從事 them
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因此我們需要了解這些組織
通過在衝突解決過程中與他們的溝通
甚至是有效的打敗他們
01:08
or defeat打敗 them in any conflict衝突 resolution解析度
process處理 that has to be successful成功.
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01:13
So how do we do that?
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那麼,我們要如何做到呢?
01:15
We need to know what makes品牌
these organizations組織 tick.
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我們需要知道這些組織為什麼會採取武裝行動
01:19
We know a lot about
how they fight鬥爭, why they fight鬥爭,
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我們可以了解到他們為何戰鬥、如何戰鬥
01:21
but no one looks容貌 at what they're doing
when they're not fighting戰鬥.
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但是沒有人注意到當他們不再戰鬥時,
他們在做些什麼,
01:25
Yet然而, armed武裝 struggle鬥爭
and unarmed徒手 politics政治 are related有關.
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然而,武裝鬥爭和非武裝政治是相互關聯的。
01:28
It is all part部分 of the same相同 organization組織.
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它們存在於同一個組織中
01:30
We cannot不能 understand理解 these groups,
let alone單獨 defeat打敗 them,
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如果我們不了解全局,
我們將不會了解這些組織
01:34
if we don't have the full充分 picture圖片.
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無法擊敗他們。
01:37
And armed武裝 groups today今天
are complex複雜 organizations組織.
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在如今,武裝組織是非常複雜的組織
01:40
Take the Lebanese黎巴嫩 Hezbollah真主黨,
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以黎巴嫩真主黨為例,
01:42
known已知 for its violent暴力
confrontation對抗 against反對 Israel以色列.
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它以對以色列的暴力抗爭而被大家熟知
01:44
But since以來 its creation創建 in the early 1980s,
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但是,從真主黨在十九世紀八十年代成立以來
01:47
Hezbollah真主黨 has also set up
a political政治 party派對,
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它也組建了政治集團、
01:50
a social-service社會服務 network網絡,
and a military軍事 apparatus儀器.
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社工服務機構和軍事組織。
01:53
Similarly同樣, the Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 Hamas哈馬斯,
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再例如,巴勒斯坦的伊斯蘭抵抗運動
01:56
known已知 for its suicide自殺 attacks攻擊
against反對 Israel以色列,
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以自殺式行為對抗以色列而出名,
01:59
also runs運行 the Gaza加沙 Strip跳閘 since以來 2007.
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同樣從2007年就開始控制加薩地帶。
02:02
So these groups do way more
than just shoot射擊.
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因此,這些組織不僅僅進行暴力襲擊,
02:05
They multi-task多任務.
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他們完成多個任務。
02:07
They set up complex複雜
communication通訊 machines --
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他們建立複雜的媒體設備,
02:10
radio無線電 stations, TV電視 channels渠道,
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比如電臺廣播、電視台、
02:12
Internet互聯網 websites網站
and social社會 media媒體 strategies策略.
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網站和社交媒體策略。
02:15
And up here, you have the ISIS伊斯蘭國 magazine雜誌,
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在那裏,你可以讀到ISIS雜誌
02:17
printed印刷的 in English英語
and published發表 to recruit.
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甚至是紙質英文版本,有利於招募新成員。
02:21
Armed武裝 groups also invest投資
in complex複雜 fund-raising集資 --
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武裝組織同樣可以投資於
複雜的資金籌集專案,
02:24
not looting搶劫, but setting設置 up
profitable有利可圖 businesses企業;
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不再需要以打劫的方式獲取資源,
而是通過創立盈利性質的公司來籌錢,
02:28
for example, construction施工 companies公司.
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比如,建築公司。
02:30
Now, these activities活動 are keys按鍵.
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目前,這些活動纔是這些武裝組織的關鍵
02:32
They allow允許 these groups
to increase增加 their strength強度,
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他們使得武裝組織增強他們的力量
02:34
increase增加 their funds資金,
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籌集到更多的資金
02:36
to better recruit
and to build建立 their brand.
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以便於更好的招募新成員,
並且建立自己的品牌
02:39
Armed武裝 groups also do something else其他:
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同時,他們還做其他的事情,
02:41
they build建立 stronger bonds債券
with the population人口
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他們通過積极參與社會活動
02:43
by investing投資 in social社會 services服務.
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促進與大眾的感情,
02:46
They build建立 schools學校, they run hospitals醫院,
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他們開辦學校、建立醫院、
02:49
they set up vocational-training職業培訓 programs程式
or micro-loan小額貸款 programs程式.
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開展職業培訓計劃,和小額貸款計劃。
02:53
Hezbollah真主黨 offers報價 all
of these services服務 and more.
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真主黨提供的服務比以上所提到的還要多。
02:56
Armed武裝 groups also seek尋求
to win贏得 the population人口 over
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武裝組織同樣通過
提供通常政府無法提供的服務
02:59
by offering something
that the state is not providing提供:
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來贏取大眾支持,
03:03
safety安全 and security安全.
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比如安全和保障
03:06
The initial初始 rise上升 of the Taliban塔利班
in war-torn兵連禍結 Afghanistan阿富汗,
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阿富汗塔利班的最初萌芽
03:10
or even the beginning開始
of the ascent上升 of ISIS伊斯蘭國,
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和ISIS的起源
03:13
can be understood了解 also by looking
at these groups'組“ efforts努力
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可以基於對這些組織
為了提供安保而做出的努力而理解
03:16
to provide提供 security安全.
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03:18
Now, unfortunately不幸, in these cases,
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然而,在這些例子中
03:20
the provision規定 of security安全
came來了 at an unbearably無法忍受 high price價錢
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對於人民而言,
為了安全而投靠這些組織的代價
03:23
for the population人口.
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是非常昂貴
03:25
But in general一般, providing提供
social社會 services服務 fills填充 a gap間隙,
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但是總體而言,
這些組織提供的社會服務彌補
03:29
a governance治理 gap間隙 left by the government政府,
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政府遺留下的治理缺口,
03:31
and allows允許 these groups
to increase增加 their strength強度
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從而使得這些非武裝組織更加強壯,
03:34
and their power功率.
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並且不斷的增強他們的實力。
03:36
For example, the 2006 electoral victory勝利
of the Palestinian巴勒斯坦的 Hamas哈馬斯
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比如, 對於2006年
伊斯蘭抵抗運動的勝利的理解
03:40
cannot不能 be understood了解 without
acknowledging承認 the group's集團 social社會 work.
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必須基於該組織所做出的社會服務
03:44
Now, this is a really complex複雜 picture圖片,
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現在,情況變得複雜,
03:47
yet然而 in the West西,
when we look at armed武裝 groups,
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然而在西方,當我們提到武裝組織
03:49
we only think of the violent暴力 side.
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我們只考慮到了暴力的一面。
03:51
But that's not enough足夠 to understand理解
these groups'組“ strength強度,
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但是若要更好理解這些組織的優勢,
03:54
strategy戰略 or long-term長期 vision視力.
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只考慮暴力方面遠遠不夠。
03:57
These groups are hybrid混合動力.
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這些組織是綜合體,
03:58
They rise上升 because they fill a gap間隙
left by the government政府,
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他們之所以立足
是因為他們彌補了政府職能缺失,
04:02
and they emerge出現
to be both armed武裝 and political政治,
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他們兼併成為武裝政治力量,
04:05
engage從事 in violent暴力 struggle鬥爭
and provide提供 governance治理.
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在暴力鬥爭和治理中起很大作用。
04:09
And the more these organizations組織
are complex複雜 and sophisticated複雜的,
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這些組織變得越複雜精密
04:13
the less we can think of them
as the opposite對面 of a state.
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我們越無法關注到他們與國家的不同,
04:16
Now, what do you call
a group like Hezbollah真主黨?
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那麼,你將會如何稱呼真主黨這類組織呢?
04:19
They run part部分 of a territory領土,
they administer管理 all their functions功能,
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他們運營自己的基地,
並且管理所有的職能部門,
04:22
they pick up the garbage垃圾,
they run the sewage污水 system系統.
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他們清理垃圾,也經營排水管道。
04:25
Is this a state? Is it a rebel反叛 group?
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這是一個國家?還是一個反叛組織?
04:28
Or maybe something else其他,
something different不同 and new?
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或者是另外的東西,是一個完全新的東西?
04:32
And what about ISIS伊斯蘭國?
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現在我們來聊聊ISIS,
04:33
The lines are blurred模糊.
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界限變得模糊,
04:35
We live生活 in a world世界 of states狀態,
non-states非國, and in-between在兩者之間,
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我們生活在由國家,非國家
和介於二者間的世界中,
04:38
and the more states狀態 are weak,
like in the Middle中間 East today今天,
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隨著越來越多的國家變得軟弱,
例如當今的中東,
04:42
the more non-state非國有 actors演員
step in and fill that gap間隙.
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越來越多的非國家組織就介入
並填充職能缺失。
04:45
This matters事項 for governments政府,
because to counter計數器 these groups,
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對於政府而言,在面對這些組織中
04:48
they will have to invest投資 more
in non-military非軍事 tools工具.
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政府需要在非軍事職能方面投入更多
04:53
Filling填充 that governance治理 gap間隙
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填充治理的空白
04:54
has to be at the center中央
of any sustainable可持續發展 approach途徑.
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是任何永續發展方式的重心。
04:58
This also matters事項 very much
for peacemaking締造和平 and peacebuilding建設和平.
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如果我們更好的理解武裝組織
05:01
If we better understand理解 armed武裝 groups,
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對於和平調節和構建也有深遠意義,
05:03
we will better know
what incentives獎勵 to offer提供
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我們會更了解如何給出更優的動機
05:06
to encourage鼓勵 the transition過渡
from violence暴力 to nonviolence非暴力.
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促進暴力到非暴力的轉變。
05:10
So in this new contest比賽
between之間 states狀態 and non-states非國,
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所以在國家與非國家之間的競爭中,
05:14
military軍事 power功率 can win贏得 some battles戰鬥,
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軍事力量可以贏得一些戰爭
05:16
but it will not give us
peace和平 nor也不 stability穩定性.
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但是不會使社會和平穩定
05:20
To achieve實現 these objectives目標,
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為了實現這個目標
05:21
what we need is a long-term長期 investment投資
in filling填充 that security安全 gap間隙,
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我們需要長期對安保缺失進行彌補
彌補治理缺失
05:26
in filling填充 that governance治理 gap間隙
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使得這些組織得到成長。
05:28
that allowed允許 these groups
to thrive興旺 in the first place地點.
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謝謝。
05:32
Thank you.
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05:33
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by An Xu
Reviewed by Zhiting Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.

Why you should listen

Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas.  She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi. 

Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.

More profile about the speaker
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com