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Benedetta Berti: The surprising way groups like ISIS stay in power
Benedetta Berti: Iznanađujuć način na koji grupe kao ISIS zadržavaju moć
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ISIS, Hezbollah, Hamas. Ove tri vrlo različite grupe su poznate po nasilju - no, to je samo dio onoga čime se bave, govori politička analitičarka Benedetta Berti. Također, pokušavaju pridobiti cijele populacije sa društvenim radom: osnivajući škole i bolnice, pružajući sigurnost i zaštitu, i popunjavajući propuste koje su ostavile slabe vlade. Razumijevanje šireg rada ovih grupa predlaže nove strategije za prekid nasilja.
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcher
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Benedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
For the past decade,
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Posljednjeg desetljeća,
00:14
I've been studying non-state armed groups:
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proučavam nevladine oružane grupe:
00:17
armed organizations like terrorists,
insurgents or militias.
insurgents or militias.
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naoružane organizacije kao što su
teroristi, pobunjenici i narodne vojske.
teroristi, pobunjenici i narodne vojske.
00:21
I document what these groups do
when they're not shooting.
when they're not shooting.
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Dokumentiram što te grupe rade
kad ne pucaju.
kad ne pucaju.
00:24
My goal is to better understand
these violent actors
these violent actors
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Moj cilj je bolje razumjeti ove
nasilne sudionike
nasilne sudionike
00:28
and to study ways to encourage transition
from violent engagement
from violent engagement
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i proučiti načine poticanja prijelaza
iz nasilnog sudjelovanja
iz nasilnog sudjelovanja
00:32
to nonviolent confrontation.
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u nenasilno suočavanje.
00:33
I work in the field, in the policy world
and in the library.
and in the library.
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Radim na terenu, u političkom svijetu
i u knjižnici.
i u knjižnici.
00:37
Understanding non-state armed groups
is key to solving most ongoing conflict,
is key to solving most ongoing conflict,
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Razmijevanje nedržavnih oružanih grupa
je ključ za rješavanje većine tekućih sukoba,
je ključ za rješavanje većine tekućih sukoba,
00:42
because war has changed.
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jer se rat promijenio.
00:44
It used to be a contest between states.
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Prije je to bilo natjecanje između država.
00:47
No longer.
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Ne više.
00:48
It is now a conflict between states
and non-state actors.
and non-state actors.
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Sad je to sukob između državnih i
nedržavnih sudionika.
nedržavnih sudionika.
00:53
For example, of the 216 peace agreements
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Na primjer, od 216 mirovnih sporazuma
00:56
signed between 1975 and 2011,
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potpisanih između 1975. i 2011.
01:00
196 of them were between a state
and a non-state actor.
and a non-state actor.
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196 ih je bilo između državnih i nedržavnih
sudionika.
sudionika.
01:05
So we need to understand these groups;
we need to either engage them
we need to either engage them
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Moramo razumijeti ove grupe;
moramo ih ili uključiti
moramo ih ili uključiti
01:08
or defeat them in any conflict resolution
process that has to be successful.
process that has to be successful.
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ili poraziti u svakom procesu rješavanja
sukoba koji mora biti uspješan.
sukoba koji mora biti uspješan.
01:13
So how do we do that?
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Kako da to napravimo?
01:15
We need to know what makes
these organizations tick.
these organizations tick.
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Moramo znati što pokreće ove organizacije.
01:19
We know a lot about
how they fight, why they fight,
how they fight, why they fight,
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Znamo mnogo o tome kako se bore,
zašto se bore,
zašto se bore,
01:21
but no one looks at what they're doing
when they're not fighting.
when they're not fighting.
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no nitko ne gleda što rade kada
se ne bore.
se ne bore.
01:25
Yet, armed struggle
and unarmed politics are related.
and unarmed politics are related.
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Ipak, oružana borba i razoružana politika
su povezane.
su povezane.
01:28
It is all part of the same organization.
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Sve je to dio iste organizacije.
01:30
We cannot understand these groups,
let alone defeat them,
let alone defeat them,
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Ne možemo razumijeti ove grupe,
a kamoli ih pobjediti,
a kamoli ih pobjediti,
01:34
if we don't have the full picture.
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ako nemamo potpunu sliku.
01:37
And armed groups today
are complex organizations.
are complex organizations.
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A današnje oružane grupe su
složene organizacije.
složene organizacije.
01:40
Take the Lebanese Hezbollah,
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Uzmite na primjer libanonski Hezbollah,
01:42
known for its violent
confrontation against Israel.
confrontation against Israel.
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poznat po svom nasilnom suočavanju
s Izraelom.
s Izraelom.
01:44
But since its creation in the early 1980s,
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No, od svog utemeljenja početkom 1980-tih,
01:47
Hezbollah has also set up
a political party,
a political party,
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Hezbollah je, također, osnovala
političku stranku,
političku stranku,
01:50
a social-service network,
and a military apparatus.
and a military apparatus.
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mrežu socijalne službe,
i vojni aparat.
i vojni aparat.
01:53
Similarly, the Palestinian Hamas,
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Slično, palestinski Hamas,
01:56
known for its suicide attacks
against Israel,
against Israel,
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poznat po svojim samoubilačkim
napadima protiv Izraela,
napadima protiv Izraela,
01:59
also runs the Gaza Strip since 2007.
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također, pokreće Gaza pojas od 2007.
02:02
So these groups do way more
than just shoot.
than just shoot.
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Tako da ove grupe rade mnogo više
nego što samo pucaju.
nego što samo pucaju.
02:05
They multi-task.
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Rade više zadaća.
02:07
They set up complex
communication machines --
communication machines --
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Ustanovljuju složene komunikacijske
strojeve --
strojeve --
02:10
radio stations, TV channels,
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radio stanice, TV kanale,
02:12
Internet websites
and social media strategies.
and social media strategies.
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Internet stranice i
strategije društvenih medija.
strategije društvenih medija.
02:15
And up here, you have the ISIS magazine,
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A ovdje imate i ISIS časopis,
02:17
printed in English
and published to recruit.
and published to recruit.
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isprintan na engleskom i objavljen u svrhu
regrutacije.
regrutacije.
02:21
Armed groups also invest
in complex fund-raising --
in complex fund-raising --
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Oružane grupe, također, ulažu u
složeno prikupljanje sredstava --
složeno prikupljanje sredstava --
02:24
not looting, but setting up
profitable businesses;
profitable businesses;
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ne pljačkanje, već osnivanje
unosnih poslova;
unosnih poslova;
02:28
for example, construction companies.
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na primjer, građevinske tvrtke.
02:30
Now, these activities are keys.
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Ove aktivnosti su ključ.
02:32
They allow these groups
to increase their strength,
to increase their strength,
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One dopuštaju ovim grupama
da povećaju svoju moć,
da povećaju svoju moć,
02:34
increase their funds,
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povećaju svoja sredstva,
02:36
to better recruit
and to build their brand.
and to build their brand.
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za bolje novačenje i gradnju svog brenda.
02:39
Armed groups also do something else:
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Oružane grupe, također, rade nešto drugo:
02:41
they build stronger bonds
with the population
with the population
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grade snažnije veze s populacijom
02:43
by investing in social services.
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ulaganjem u društvene službe.
02:46
They build schools, they run hospitals,
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Grade škole, upravljaju bolnicama,
02:49
they set up vocational-training programs
or micro-loan programs.
or micro-loan programs.
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drže programe stručne obuke
ili mikro zajmova.
ili mikro zajmova.
02:53
Hezbollah offers all
of these services and more.
of these services and more.
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Hezbollah pruža sve ove usluge i više.
02:56
Armed groups also seek
to win the population over
to win the population over
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Oružane grupe pokušavaju
pridobiti populaciju
pridobiti populaciju
02:59
by offering something
that the state is not providing:
that the state is not providing:
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nudeći nešto što država ne pruža:
03:03
safety and security.
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sigurnost i zaštitu.
03:06
The initial rise of the Taliban
in war-torn Afghanistan,
in war-torn Afghanistan,
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Početni uspon Talibana u
ratom opustošenom Afganistanu,
ratom opustošenom Afganistanu,
03:10
or even the beginning
of the ascent of ISIS,
of the ascent of ISIS,
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ili čak početak uspona ISIS-a,
03:13
can be understood also by looking
at these groups' efforts
at these groups' efforts
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se može razumijeti primjećujući
napore ovih grupa
napore ovih grupa
03:16
to provide security.
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da pruže sigurnost.
03:18
Now, unfortunately, in these cases,
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Nažalost, u ovim slučajevima,
03:20
the provision of security
came at an unbearably high price
came at an unbearably high price
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pružanje sigurnosti dolazi uz
nepodnošljivo visoku cijenu
nepodnošljivo visoku cijenu
03:23
for the population.
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za stanovništvo.
03:25
But in general, providing
social services fills a gap,
social services fills a gap,
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No općenito, pružanje društvenih usluga
popunjava propuste,
popunjava propuste,
03:29
a governance gap left by the government,
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propuste vlade u vođenju,
03:31
and allows these groups
to increase their strength
to increase their strength
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i dopušta ovim grupama da povećaju
svoju snagu
svoju snagu
03:34
and their power.
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i svoju moć.
03:36
For example, the 2006 electoral victory
of the Palestinian Hamas
of the Palestinian Hamas
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Na primjer, pobjeda na izborima 2006.
godine za palestinski Hamas
godine za palestinski Hamas
03:40
cannot be understood without
acknowledging the group's social work.
acknowledging the group's social work.
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se ne može shvatiti bez priznanja
društvenog djelovanja te grupe.
društvenog djelovanja te grupe.
03:44
Now, this is a really complex picture,
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To je prilično složena slika,
03:47
yet in the West,
when we look at armed groups,
when we look at armed groups,
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no, na zapadu, kad pogledamo
oružane grupe,
oružane grupe,
03:49
we only think of the violent side.
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mislimo samo na njihovu nasilnu stranu.
03:51
But that's not enough to understand
these groups' strength,
these groups' strength,
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No, to nije dovoljno za razumijevanje
snage ovih grupa,
snage ovih grupa,
03:54
strategy or long-term vision.
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te strategije ili dugoročne vizije.
03:57
These groups are hybrid.
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Ove grupe su hibridi.
03:58
They rise because they fill a gap
left by the government,
left by the government,
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Oni se uspinju da bi popunile
rupe koje ostavlja vlada,
rupe koje ostavlja vlada,
04:02
and they emerge
to be both armed and political,
to be both armed and political,
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i isplivaju kao oružane i političke,
04:05
engage in violent struggle
and provide governance.
and provide governance.
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uključuju se u nasilne borbe i
pružaju vodstvo.
pružaju vodstvo.
04:09
And the more these organizations
are complex and sophisticated,
are complex and sophisticated,
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I što su te organizacije složenije i
sofisticiranije,
sofisticiranije,
04:13
the less we can think of them
as the opposite of a state.
as the opposite of a state.
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manje ih vidimo kao suprotnost od
države.
države.
04:16
Now, what do you call
a group like Hezbollah?
a group like Hezbollah?
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Kako zovete grupu kao što je
Hezbollah?
Hezbollah?
04:19
They run part of a territory,
they administer all their functions,
they administer all their functions,
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Oni vode dio teritorija,
upravljaju svim funkcijama,
upravljaju svim funkcijama,
04:22
they pick up the garbage,
they run the sewage system.
they run the sewage system.
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skupljaju smeće, vode sustav kanalizacije.
04:25
Is this a state? Is it a rebel group?
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Jel to država? Ili pobunjenička grupa?
04:28
Or maybe something else,
something different and new?
something different and new?
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Ili možda nešto drugo, nešto
posve drukčije i novo?
posve drukčije i novo?
04:32
And what about ISIS?
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A što je s ISIS-om?
04:33
The lines are blurred.
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Linije su nejasne.
04:35
We live in a world of states,
non-states, and in-between,
non-states, and in-between,
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Živimo u svijetu države, nedržave,
i između,
i između,
04:38
and the more states are weak,
like in the Middle East today,
like in the Middle East today,
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i što su države slabije,
kao na Bliskom Istoku danas,
kao na Bliskom Istoku danas,
04:42
the more non-state actors
step in and fill that gap.
step in and fill that gap.
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više se nedržavnih sudionika pojavljuje
da popuni te praznine.
da popuni te praznine.
04:45
This matters for governments,
because to counter these groups,
because to counter these groups,
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Ovo se tiče vlada jer da bi se suočili s
ovim grupama,
ovim grupama,
04:48
they will have to invest more
in non-military tools.
in non-military tools.
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trebaju ulagati više u nevojna sredstva.
04:53
Filling that governance gap
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Popunjavanje propusta u vodstvu
04:54
has to be at the center
of any sustainable approach.
of any sustainable approach.
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treba biti središte svakog
održivog pristupa.
održivog pristupa.
04:58
This also matters very much
for peacemaking and peacebuilding.
for peacemaking and peacebuilding.
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Ovo, također, znači puno za uspostavljanje
mira i njegovo održavanje.
mira i njegovo održavanje.
05:01
If we better understand armed groups,
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Ako budemo bolje razumijeli oružane grupe,
05:03
we will better know
what incentives to offer
what incentives to offer
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znat ćemo koje poticaje trebamo nuditi
05:06
to encourage the transition
from violence to nonviolence.
from violence to nonviolence.
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da bi ohrabrili prijelaz sa nasilja u
nenasilje.
nenasilje.
05:10
So in this new contest
between states and non-states,
between states and non-states,
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U ovom novom natjecanju između
države i nedržave,
države i nedržave,
05:14
military power can win some battles,
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vojna moć može pobijediti neke bitke,
05:16
but it will not give us
peace nor stability.
peace nor stability.
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no neće nam pružiti mir niti stabilnost.
05:20
To achieve these objectives,
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Da bi postigli ove ciljeve,
05:21
what we need is a long-term investment
in filling that security gap,
in filling that security gap,
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ono što nam treba je dugoročno ulaganje
u sigurnosne propuste,
u sigurnosne propuste,
05:26
in filling that governance gap
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propuste u vodstvu
05:28
that allowed these groups
to thrive in the first place.
to thrive in the first place.
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koji su prvensteveno dopustili ovim
grupama da napreduju.
grupama da napreduju.
05:32
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:33
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Benedetta Berti - Conflict and security researcherBenedetta Berti studies how conflicts impact civilians.
Why you should listen
Benedetta Berti is an expert on the role of armed groups and the future of armed conflict, especially in the Middle East. She has spent over a decade researching non-state armed groups, from terrorists to insurgents to militias, and has worked with governments, international organizations and NGOs to offer new approaches to better understand and tackle modern conflict. As a security and humanitarian consultant, Berti has designed disarmament campaigns; conducted trainings of counter-insurgency and protection of civilians; worked on violence prevention; and assisted humanitarian organizations on issues related to gaining access to war-torn areas. She has conducted research and worked across the globe -- from Central and Latin America to the Middle East, and from the United States to Eastern Africa -- and has focused her work on some of the world's most complex conflicts, from Syria, to Iraq, to Gaza, to Burundi.
Berti has written four books, and her writing has appeared in Foreign Policy and Foreign Affairs.
Benedetta Berti | Speaker | TED.com