TED2015
Dan Ariely: How equal do we want the world to be? You'd be surprised
Dan Airely: Dan Ariely: Koliko jednakosti u svijetu želimo? Iznenadili biste se
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Vijesti o rastućoj nejednakosti u svijetu pobuđuju nelagodu u svima nama. Ali zašto? Dan Airely otkriva neka nova, iznenađujuća istraživanja o tome što smatramo fer kada je u pitanju distribucija bogatstva u društvu ... zatim to uspoređuje sa stvarnim statističkim podacima.
Dan Ariely - Behavioral economist
The dismal science of economics is not as firmly grounded in actual behavior as was once supposed. In "Predictably Irrational," Dan Ariely told us why. Full bio
The dismal science of economics is not as firmly grounded in actual behavior as was once supposed. In "Predictably Irrational," Dan Ariely told us why. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
It would be nice to be
objective in life,
objective in life,
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Bilo bi lijepo u životu biti objektivan,
00:15
in many ways.
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na mnogo načina.
00:17
The problem is that we have
these color-tinted glasses
these color-tinted glasses
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Problem je u tome
što imamo te obojane naočale
što imamo te obojane naočale
00:20
as we look at all kinds of situations.
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dok promatrano razne situacije.
00:25
For example, think about
something as simple as beer.
something as simple as beer.
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Na primjer, razmislite o nečem
jednostavnom kao pivo.
jednostavnom kao pivo.
00:29
If I gave you a few beers to taste
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Ako vam dadem da probate nekoliko piva
00:31
and I asked you to rate them
on intensity and bitterness,
on intensity and bitterness,
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i upitam vas da ocijenite
njihovu jačinu i gorčinu,
njihovu jačinu i gorčinu,
00:35
different beers would occupy
different space.
different space.
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različita piva zauzeti
će različita mjesta.
će različita mjesta.
00:39
But what if we tried
to be objective about it?
to be objective about it?
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No što ako pokušamo biti objektivni?
00:41
In the case of beer,
it would be very simple.
it would be very simple.
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U slučaju piva
to bi bilo jako jednostavno.
to bi bilo jako jednostavno.
00:43
What if we did a blind taste?
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Što ako napravimo kušanje na slijepo?
00:46
Well, if we did the same thing,
you tasted the same beer,
you tasted the same beer,
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Pa, da smo učinili istu stvar,
da ste kušali isto pivo,
da ste kušali isto pivo,
00:48
now in the blind taste,
things would look slightly different.
things would look slightly different.
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sada kušajući na slijepo,
stvari bi izgledale malo drugačije.
stvari bi izgledale malo drugačije.
00:52
Most of the beers will go into one place.
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Većina piva upala bi na jedno mjesto.
00:55
You will basically not
be able to distinguish them,
be able to distinguish them,
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Vi ih u biti ne bi mogli razlikovati,
00:57
and the exception, of course,
will be Guinness.
will be Guinness.
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a iznimka bi, naravno, bio Guinness.
01:00
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:02
Similarly, we can think about physiology.
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Na sličan način možemo
razmišljati o fiziologiji.
razmišljati o fiziologiji.
01:05
What happens when people expect
something from their physiology?
something from their physiology?
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Što se događa kada ljudi
nešto očekuju od svoje fiziologije?
nešto očekuju od svoje fiziologije?
01:08
For example, we sold people
pain medications.
pain medications.
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Na primjer, ljudima smo prodali
lijekove protiv boli.
lijekove protiv boli.
01:11
Some people, we told them
the medications were expensive.
the medications were expensive.
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Nekim ljudima smo rekli
da su ti lijekovi bili skupi.
da su ti lijekovi bili skupi.
Nekim ljudima
rekli smo da su bili jeftini.
rekli smo da su bili jeftini.
01:13
Some people, we told them it was cheap.
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01:15
And the expensive
pain medication worked better.
pain medication worked better.
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I skuplji lijekovi protiv boli
djelovali su bolje.
djelovali su bolje.
01:18
It relieved more pain from people,
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Više su ljudima olakšali bol,
01:21
because expectations
do change our physiology.
do change our physiology.
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zbog toga jer očekivanja
stvarno mijenjaju našu fiziologiju.
stvarno mijenjaju našu fiziologiju.
01:24
And of course, we all know that in sports,
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I naravno, svi to znamo u sportu,
01:26
if you are a fan of a particular team,
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ako ste navijač određenog tima,
01:28
you can't help but see the game
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ne možete si pomoći da
odvijanje utakmice ne gledate
odvijanje utakmice ne gledate
01:31
develop from the perspective of your team.
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iz perspektive svog tima.
01:34
So all of those are cases in which
our preconceived notions
our preconceived notions
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Dakle, sve su to slučajevi u kojima naši
unaprijed stvoreni stavovi
unaprijed stvoreni stavovi
01:38
and our expectations color our world.
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i naša očekivanja bojaju naš svijet.
01:42
But what happened
in more important questions?
in more important questions?
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No što se događa
s mnogo važnijim pitanjima?
s mnogo važnijim pitanjima?
01:45
What happened with questions
that had to do with social justice?
that had to do with social justice?
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Što se događa s pitanjima
koja su povezana sa socijalnom pravdom?
koja su povezana sa socijalnom pravdom?
01:49
So we wanted to think about
what is the blind tasting version
what is the blind tasting version
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Stoga smo željeli razmotriti
verziju kušanja na slijepo
verziju kušanja na slijepo
01:52
for thinking about inequality?
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za razmišljanje o nejednakosti.
01:55
So we started looking at inequality,
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Pa smo počeli razmatrati nejednakost
01:57
and we did some large-scale surveys
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i napravili smo par opsežnih anketa
01:59
around the U.S. and other countries.
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širom SAD-a i drugih zemalja.
02:02
So we asked two questions:
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Pa smo postavili dva pitanja:
02:04
Do people know what kind of
level of inequality we have?
level of inequality we have?
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Znaju li ljudi koju
razinu nejednakosti imamo?
razinu nejednakosti imamo?
02:07
And then, what level of inequality
do we want to have?
do we want to have?
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A zatim, koju razinu
nejednakosti želimo imati?
nejednakosti želimo imati?
02:11
So let's think about the first question.
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Pa hajdemo razmisliti o prvom pitanju.
02:14
Imagine I took all the people in the U.S.
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Zamislite da sam uzeo sve ljude u SAD-u
02:16
and I sorted them from
the poorest on the right
the poorest on the right
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i poredao ih od najsiromašnijeg
s desne strane
s desne strane
02:19
to the richest on the left,
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do najbogatijeg s lijeve strane,
02:21
and then I divided them into five buckets:
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te ih onda podijelio u pet grupa:
02:24
the poorest 20 percent,
the next 20 percent,
the next 20 percent,
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najsiromašnijih 20 posto,
sljedećih 20 posto,
sljedećih 20 posto,
02:26
the next, the next,
and the richest 20 percent.
and the richest 20 percent.
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sljedećih, sljedećih,
i najbogatijih 20 posto.
i najbogatijih 20 posto.
02:29
And then I asked you to tell me
how much wealth do you think
how much wealth do you think
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I onda vas pitam da mi kažete
koliko mislite da je bogatstva
koliko mislite da je bogatstva
02:32
is concentrated in each of those buckets.
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koncentrirano u
svakoj od tih grupa.
svakoj od tih grupa.
02:35
So to make it simpler,
imagine I ask you to tell me,
imagine I ask you to tell me,
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Da pojednostavimo, zamislite
da sam vas upitao,
da sam vas upitao,
02:37
how much wealth do you think
is concentrated
is concentrated
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koliko mislite da je
bogatstva koncentrirano
bogatstva koncentrirano
02:40
in the bottom two buckets,
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u najdonje dvije grupe,
02:42
the bottom 40 percent?
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najdonjih 40 posto?
02:44
Take a second. Think about it
and have a number.
and have a number.
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Uzmite si časak. Razmislite
i odaberite broj.
i odaberite broj.
02:47
Usually we don't think.
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Obično ne razmišljamo.
02:49
Think for a second,
have a real number in your mind.
have a real number in your mind.
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Razmislite sekundu,
odaberite u glavi stvarni broj.
odaberite u glavi stvarni broj.
02:51
You have it?
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Imate ga?
02:53
Okay, here's what lots
of Americans tell us.
of Americans tell us.
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U redu, evo što nam kaže
mnogo Amerikanaca.
mnogo Amerikanaca.
02:56
They think that the bottom 20 percent
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Oni misle da donjih 20 posto
02:58
has about 2.9 percent of the wealth,
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ima oko 2,9 posto bogatstva,
03:00
the next group has 6.4,
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sljedeća grupa ima 6,4
03:02
so together it's slightly more than nine.
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tako da je to zajedno malo više od devet.
03:05
The next group, they say, has 12 percent,
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Sljedeća grupa, kažu, ima 12 posto,
03:08
20 percent,
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20 posto,
03:10
and the richest 20 percent, people think
has 58 percent of the wealth.
has 58 percent of the wealth.
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i najbogatijih 20 posto, ljudi misle,
ima 58 posto bogatstva.
ima 58 posto bogatstva.
03:15
You can see how this relates
to what you thought.
to what you thought.
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Možete vidjeti u kojem je to odnosu
s onim što ste vi mislili.
s onim što ste vi mislili.
03:18
Now, what's reality?
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Sada, što je stvarnost?
03:19
Reality is slightly different.
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Stvarnost je malo drugačija.
03:21
The bottom 20 percent
has 0.1 percent of the wealth.
has 0.1 percent of the wealth.
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Donjih 20 posto
ima 0,1 posto bogatstva.
ima 0,1 posto bogatstva.
03:25
The next 20 percent
has 0.2 percent of the wealth.
has 0.2 percent of the wealth.
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Sljedećih 20 posto
ima 0,2 posto bogatstva.
ima 0,2 posto bogatstva.
03:28
Together, it's 0.3.
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Zajedno to je 0,3.
03:30
The next group has 3.9,
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Sljedeća grupa ima 3,9,
03:34
11.3,
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11,3,
03:36
and the richest group
has 84-85 percent of the wealth.
has 84-85 percent of the wealth.
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i najbogatija grupa
ima 84-85 posto bogatstva.
ima 84-85 posto bogatstva.
03:42
So what we actually have
and what we think we have
and what we think we have
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Dakle, ono što stvarno imamo
i ono što mislimo da imamo
i ono što mislimo da imamo
03:45
are very different.
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jako se razlikuje.
03:47
What about what we want?
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A kako je s onim što želimo?
03:49
How do we even figure this out?
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Kako ćemo to uopće ustanoviti?
03:51
So to look at this,
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Dakle da bi to ustanovili,
03:52
to look at what we really want,
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da bi ustanovili što stvarno želimo,
03:54
we thought about
the philosopher John Rawls.
the philosopher John Rawls.
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sjetili smo se filozofa Johna Rowlsa.
03:57
If you remember John Rawls,
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Ako se sjećate Johna Rowlsa,
03:59
he had this notion
of what's a just society.
of what's a just society.
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on je imao tu predstavu o tome
što je to pravedno društvo.
što je to pravedno društvo.
On je rekao da je pravedno društvo
04:02
He said a just society
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04:04
is a society that if
you knew everything about it,
you knew everything about it,
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ono društvo u koje bi,
znajući sve o njemu,
znajući sve o njemu,
04:06
you would be willing
to enter it in a random place.
to enter it in a random place.
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bili voljni ući na bilo kojem mjestu.
04:09
And it's a beautiful definition,
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I to je prekrasna definicija
04:10
because if you're wealthy,
you might want the wealthy
you might want the wealthy
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jer ako ste bogati,
vjerojatno biste željeli
vjerojatno biste željeli
da bogati imaju više novca,
a siromašni manje.
a siromašni manje.
04:13
to have more money, the poor to have less.
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Ako ste siromašni, vjerojatno
biste željeli više jednakosti.
biste željeli više jednakosti.
04:15
If you're poor, you might
want more equality.
want more equality.
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04:17
But if you're going
to go into that society
to go into that society
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No ako namjeravate ući u to društvo
04:19
in every possible situation,
and you don't know,
and you don't know,
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u svakoj mogućoj situaciji,
a ne znate,
a ne znate,
04:22
you have to consider all the aspects.
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tada morate razmotriti sve aspekte.
04:24
It's a little bit like blind tasting
in which you don't know
in which you don't know
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To je pomalo kao kušanje na slijepo
u kojem ne znate
u kojem ne znate
04:27
what the outcome will be
when you make a decision,
when you make a decision,
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što će biti ishod vaše odluke
04:30
and Rawls called this
the "veil of ignorance."
the "veil of ignorance."
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i Rowls je to nazvao "veo neznanja".
04:34
So, we took another group,
a large group of Americans,
a large group of Americans,
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Stoga smo uzeli drugu grupu,
veliku grupu Amerikanaca,
veliku grupu Amerikanaca,
04:37
and we asked them the question
in the veil of ignorance.
in the veil of ignorance.
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i postavili smo im pitanje
pod velom neznanja.
pod velom neznanja.
04:40
What are the characteristics of a country
that would make you want to join it,
that would make you want to join it,
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Koje karakteristike neke zemlje
bi vas navele da joj se pridružite,
bi vas navele da joj se pridružite,
04:44
knowing that you could end
randomly at any place?
randomly at any place?
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znajući da biste se mogli naći
na bilo kojem mjestu?
na bilo kojem mjestu?
04:47
And here is what we got.
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I evo što smo dobili.
04:49
What did people want to give
to the first group,
to the first group,
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Što su ljudi željeli dati prvoj grupi,
04:51
the bottom 20 percent?
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donjih 20 posto?
04:53
They wanted to give them
about 10 percent of the wealth.
about 10 percent of the wealth.
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Željeli su ima dati oko
10 posto bogatstva.
10 posto bogatstva.
04:56
The next group, 14 percent of the wealth,
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Sljedećoj grupi 14 posto bogatstva,
04:59
21, 22 and 32.
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21, 22 i 32.
05:04
Now, nobody in our sample
wanted full equality.
wanted full equality.
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Dakle, nitko u našem uzorku
nije želio potpunu jednakost.
nije želio potpunu jednakost.
05:07
Nobody thought that socialism
is a fantastic idea in our sample.
is a fantastic idea in our sample.
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Nitko iz našeg uzorka nije mislio
da je socijalizam fantastična ideja.
da je socijalizam fantastična ideja.
05:12
But what does it mean?
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No, što to znači?
05:13
It means that we have this knowledge gap
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To znači da imamo taj jaz znanja
05:15
between what we have
and what we think we have,
and what we think we have,
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između toga što imamo
i što mislimo da imamo,
i što mislimo da imamo,
05:18
but we have at least as big a gap
between what we think is right
between what we think is right
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no bar jednako tako veliki jaz imamo
između onoga što mislimo da je ispravno
između onoga što mislimo da je ispravno
05:22
to what we think we have.
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i onoga što mislimo da imamo.
05:24
Now, we can ask these questions,
by the way, not just about wealth.
by the way, not just about wealth.
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Usput, ta pitanja možemo postaviti
ne samo o bogatstvu.
ne samo o bogatstvu.
05:28
We can ask it about other things as well.
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Možemo ih postaviti i
o drugim stvarima također.
o drugim stvarima također.
05:30
So for example, we asked people
from different parts of the world
from different parts of the world
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Tako smo na primjer,
ljudima iz različitih dijelova svijeta
ljudima iz različitih dijelova svijeta
05:34
about this question,
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postavili ta pitanja,
05:36
people who are liberals and conservatives,
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ljudima koji su liberali i konzervativci,
05:38
and they gave us basically
the same answer.
the same answer.
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i oni su nam dali načelno iste odgovore.
05:40
We asked rich and poor,
they gave us the same answer,
they gave us the same answer,
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Pitali smo bogate i siromašne,
dobili smo iste odgovore,
dobili smo iste odgovore,
05:43
men and women,
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muškarce i žene,
05:44
NPR listeners and Forbes readers.
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slušatelje Narodnog radija
i čitatelje Forbesa.
i čitatelje Forbesa.
05:47
We asked people in England,
Australia, the U.S. --
Australia, the U.S. --
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Pitali smo ljude u Engleskoj,
Australiji, SAD-u --
Australiji, SAD-u --
05:50
very similar answers.
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vrlo slični odgovori.
Pitanja smo čak postavili i
u različitim odjelima sveučilišta.
u različitim odjelima sveučilišta.
05:52
We even asked different
departments of a university.
departments of a university.
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05:54
We went to Harvard and we checked
almost every department,
almost every department,
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Otišli smo na Harvard
i provjerili skoro svaki odjel,
i provjerili skoro svaki odjel,
05:57
and in fact, from Harvard Business School,
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i u stvari, na Harvard Business School,
05:59
where a few people wanted the wealthy
to have more and the [poor] to have less,
to have more and the [poor] to have less,
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gdje je malo ljudi željelo da bogati
imaju više, a siromašni manje,
imaju više, a siromašni manje,
sličnost je bila zapanjujuća.
06:03
the similarity was astonishing.
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06:05
I know some of you went
to Harvard Business School.
to Harvard Business School.
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Znam da su neki od vas
pohađali Harvard Business School.
pohađali Harvard Business School.
06:08
We also asked this question
about something else.
about something else.
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Također smo ista pitanja
postavili o nečem drugom.
postavili o nečem drugom.
06:12
We asked, what about the ratio
of CEO pay to unskilled workers?
of CEO pay to unskilled workers?
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Upitali smo, što je s omjerom plaća
direktora i nekvalificiranih radnika?
direktora i nekvalificiranih radnika?
06:17
So you can see what
people think is the ratio,
people think is the ratio,
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Pa možete vidjeti
što ljudi misle da je omjer,
što ljudi misle da je omjer,
06:20
and then we can ask the question,
what do they think should be the ratio?
what do they think should be the ratio?
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a onda možemo postaviti pitanje,
što misle kakav bi omjer trebao biti.
što misle kakav bi omjer trebao biti.
06:24
And then we can ask, what is reality?
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A onda možemo upitati, što je stvarnost?
06:26
What is reality? And you could say,
well, it's not that bad, right?
well, it's not that bad, right?
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Što je stvarnost? I mogli biste reći,
pa to nije tako loše, zar ne?
pa to nije tako loše, zar ne?
06:30
The red and the yellow
are not that different.
are not that different.
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Crvena i žuta se ne razlikuju toliko.
06:32
But the fact is, it's because
I didn't draw them on the same scale.
I didn't draw them on the same scale.
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No stvar je u tome da ih nisam
nacrtao u istom mjerilu.
nacrtao u istom mjerilu.
06:38
It's hard to see, there's yellow
and blue in there.
and blue in there.
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Teško je vidjeti,
tu unutra su žuta i plava.
tu unutra su žuta i plava.
06:42
So what about other outcomes of wealth?
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Što je onda s drugim
posljedicama bogatstva?
posljedicama bogatstva?
06:44
Wealth is not just about wealth.
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Bogatstvo nije samo u bogatstvu.
06:46
We asked, what about things like health?
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Upitali smo, a što je
sa stvarima poput zdravlja?
sa stvarima poput zdravlja?
06:48
What about availability
of prescription medication?
of prescription medication?
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Što je s dostupnošću lijekova na recept?
06:52
What about life expectancy?
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Što s očekivanim životnim vijekom?
06:54
What about life expectancy of infants?
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Što s očekivanim preživljavanjem novorođenčadi?
06:57
How do we want this to be distributed?
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Kakvu distribucija toga želimo?
06:59
What about education for young people?
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Što s obrazovanjem mladih ljudi?
07:02
And for older people?
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A starijih?
07:04
And across all of those things,
what we learned was that people
what we learned was that people
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I kroz sve te stvari
ustanovili smo da ljudi
ustanovili smo da ljudi
07:07
don't like inequality of wealth,
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ne vole nejednakost u bogatstvu,
ali postoje druge stvari gdje je
nejednakost, koja je posljedica bogatstva,
nejednakost, koja je posljedica bogatstva,
07:10
but there's other things where inequality,
which is an outcome of wealth,
which is an outcome of wealth,
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07:13
is even more aversive to them:
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ljudima čak još odbojnija:
na primjer, nejednakost
u zdravlju ili obrazovanju.
u zdravlju ili obrazovanju.
07:15
for example, inequality
in health or education.
in health or education.
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07:19
We also learned that people
are particularly open
are particularly open
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Također smo ustanovili
da su ljudi posebno otvoreni
da su ljudi posebno otvoreni
07:22
to changes in equality
when it comes to people
when it comes to people
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za promjene u jednakosti
kada se radi o ljudima
kada se radi o ljudima
07:24
who have less agency --
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koji imaju manju mogućnost djelovanja --
07:26
basically, young kids and babies,
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načelno, mala djeca i dojenčad,
07:29
because we don't think of them
as responsible for their situation.
as responsible for their situation.
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jer mislimo da oni nisu
odgovorni za svoju situaciju.
odgovorni za svoju situaciju.
07:34
So what are some lessons from this?
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Dakle koje su lekcije iz ovoga?
07:36
We have two gaps:
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Imamo dva jaza:
07:37
We have a knowledge gap
and we have a desirability gap
and we have a desirability gap
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Imamo jaz znanja
i imamo jaz poželjnosti.
i imamo jaz poželjnosti.
07:40
And the knowledge gap
is something that we think about,
is something that we think about,
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A jaz znanja je nešto
o čemu razmišljamo,
o čemu razmišljamo,
07:42
how do we educate people?
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kako obrazovati ljude?
07:44
How do we get people to think
differently about inequality
differently about inequality
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Kako postići da ljudi drugačije
razmišljaju o nejednakosti
razmišljaju o nejednakosti
07:46
and the consequences of inequality
in terms of health, education,
in terms of health, education,
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i posljedicama nejednakosti
u terminima zdravlja, obrazovanja,
u terminima zdravlja, obrazovanja,
07:50
jealousy, crime rate, and so on?
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ljubomore, stope kriminala i tako dalje?
07:52
Then we have the desirability gap.
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Potom imamo jaz poželjnosti.
07:54
How do we get people to think differently
about what we really want?
about what we really want?
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Kako postići da ljudi drugačije
razmišljaju o onom što stvarno žele?
razmišljaju o onom što stvarno žele?
07:58
You see, the Rawls definition,
the Rawls way of looking at the world,
the Rawls way of looking at the world,
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Vidite, Rowlsova definicija,
Rowlsov pogled na svijet,
Rowlsov pogled na svijet,
08:02
the blind tasting approach,
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koncept kušanja na slijepo,
08:03
takes our selfish motivation
out of the picture.
out of the picture.
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iz priče eliminira našu sebičnu motivaciju.
08:06
How do we implement that
to a higher degree
to a higher degree
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Kako ćemo to
implementirati na višoj razini
implementirati na višoj razini
08:09
on a more extensive scale?
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u širim mjerilima?
08:11
And finally, we also have an action gap.
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I na kraju, imamo također
i jaz djelovanja.
i jaz djelovanja.
08:14
How do we take these things
and actually do something about it?
and actually do something about it?
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Kako uzeti ove stvari i stvarno
učiniti nešto u vezi toga?
učiniti nešto u vezi toga?
08:17
I think part of the answer
is to think about people
is to think about people
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Ja mislim da je dio odgovora
da razmišljamo o ljudima
da razmišljamo o ljudima
08:20
like young kids and babies
that don't have much agency,
that don't have much agency,
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poput mladih i male djece
koji nemaju puno mogućnosti djelovanja
koji nemaju puno mogućnosti djelovanja
08:23
because people seem to be
more willing to do this.
more willing to do this.
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jer izgleda da ljudi radije to rade.
08:27
To summarize, I would say,
next time you go to drink beer or wine,
next time you go to drink beer or wine,
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Da zaključim, rekao bih,
sljedeći puta kada pijete pivo ili vino,
sljedeći puta kada pijete pivo ili vino,
08:32
first of all, think about, what is it
in your experience that is real,
in your experience that is real,
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prije svega razmislite što je to
u vašem doživljaju što je stvarno,
u vašem doživljaju što je stvarno,
08:36
and what is it in your experience
that is a placebo effect
that is a placebo effect
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a što je to u vašem doživljaju
što je placebo efekt
što je placebo efekt
08:40
coming from expectations?
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koji dolazi od očekivanja?
08:41
And then think about what it also means
for other decisions in your life,
for other decisions in your life,
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I onda razmislite također što to znači
za druge odluke u vašem životu,
za druge odluke u vašem životu,
08:45
and hopefully also for policy questions
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i također, nadajmo se,
za politička pitanja
za politička pitanja
08:47
that affect all of us.
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koja utječu na sve nas.
08:48
Thanks a lot.
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Puno hvala.
08:50
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Ariely - Behavioral economistThe dismal science of economics is not as firmly grounded in actual behavior as was once supposed. In "Predictably Irrational," Dan Ariely told us why.
Why you should listen
Dan Ariely is a professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University and a founding member of the Center for Advanced Hindsight. He is the author of the bestsellers Predictably Irrational, The Upside of Irrationality, and The Honest Truth About Dishonesty -- as well as the TED Book Payoff: The Hidden Logic that Shapes Our Motivations.
Through his research and his (often amusing and unorthodox) experiments, he questions the forces that influence human behavior and the irrational ways in which we often all behave.
Dan Ariely | Speaker | TED.com