TEDGlobalLondon
Frances Larson: Why public beheadings get millions of views
Frances Larson: Zašto javna odrubljivanja glava dobivaju milijune pogleda
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,187,917 views
U uznemirujućoj - ali fascinantnoj - šetnji kroz povijest, Frances Larson proučava neobičnu vezu između čovječanstva i javnih smaknuća, a posebice odrubljivanja glava. Kao što nam pokazuje, ona su uvijek privlačila publiku, prvo na javnim trgovima, a sada na You Tube-u. Što ih to čini u jednakoj mjeri užasnima i neodoljivima?
Frances Larson - Anthropologist
Frances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history. Full bio
Frances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
For the last year,
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Tijekom prethodne godine,
00:14
everyone's been watching the same show,
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svi su gledali isti šou,
00:16
and I'm not talking
about "Game of Thrones,"
about "Game of Thrones,"
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i pod time ne mislim na "Igru prijestolja"
00:19
but a horrifying, real-life drama
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već na užasnu, stvarnu dramu
00:22
that's proved too fascinating to turn off.
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koja je postala previše
fascinantna da je se ne gleda.
fascinantna da je se ne gleda.
00:25
It's a show produced by murderers
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To je šou koji stvaraju ubojice,
00:28
and shared around the world
via the Internet.
via the Internet.
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i koji se dijeli diljem svijeta
putem interneta.
putem interneta.
00:32
Their names have become familiar:
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Njihova imena postala su poznata:
00:34
James Foley, Steven Sotloff,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
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James Foley, Steven Sotloff,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
00:41
Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo.
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Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo.
00:45
Their beheadings by the Islamic State
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Odrubljivanje njihovih
glava u Islamskoj državi
glava u Islamskoj državi
00:47
were barbaric,
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bilo je barbarsko,
00:49
but if we think they were archaic,
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no ako to smatramo arhaizmom,
00:53
from a remote, obscure age,
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iz dalekog, neshvatljivog vremena,
00:56
then we're wrong.
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u krivu smo.
00:57
They were uniquely modern,
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Ta su ubojstva bila iznimno moderna,
01:00
because the murderers acted knowing well
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jer su ubojice vrlo dobro znale
01:03
that millions of people
would tune in to watch.
would tune in to watch.
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da će milijuni ljudi to gledati.
01:07
The headlines called them
savages and barbarians,
savages and barbarians,
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Novinski naslovi nazivali su ih
divljacima i barbarima,
divljacima i barbarima,
01:11
because the image of one man
overpowering another,
overpowering another,
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jer slika jednog čovjeka
koji svladava drugoga,
koji svladava drugoga,
01:14
killing him with a knife to the throat,
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ubijajući ga nožem na grlu,
01:16
conforms to our idea
of ancient, primitive practices,
of ancient, primitive practices,
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slaže se s našim poimanjem
drevnih, primitivnih običaja,
drevnih, primitivnih običaja,
01:21
the polar opposite
of our urban, civilized ways.
of our urban, civilized ways.
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sušta suprotnost našim
urbanim, civiliziranim običajima.
urbanim, civiliziranim običajima.
01:26
We don't do things like that.
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Mi ne radimo takve stvari.
01:29
But that's the irony.
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No u tome je ironija.
01:31
We think a beheading
has nothing to do with us,
has nothing to do with us,
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Smatramo da odrubljivanje glave
nema nikakve veze s nama,
nema nikakve veze s nama,
01:34
even as we click on the screen to watch.
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čak i onda kada klikamo na zaslonu
da pogledamo snimku.
da pogledamo snimku.
01:38
But it is to do with us.
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No to ima veze s nama.
01:41
The Islamic State beheadings
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Odrubljivanje glava u Islamskoj državi
01:44
are not ancient or remote.
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nije niti drevno niti daleko.
01:47
They're a global, 21st century event,
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To je globalni događaj 21. stoljeća,
01:50
a 21st century event that takes place
in our living rooms, at our desks,
in our living rooms, at our desks,
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događaj koji se odvija u našim dnevnim
sobama, za našim radnim stolom,
sobama, za našim radnim stolom,
01:55
on our computer screens.
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na zaslonima naših računala.
01:57
They're entirely dependent
on the power of technology to connect us.
on the power of technology to connect us.
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On potpuno ovisi o sposobnosti
tehnologije da nas poveže.
tehnologije da nas poveže.
02:02
And whether we like it or not,
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I bilo da nam je to drago ili ne,
02:04
everyone who watches
is a part of the show.
is a part of the show.
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svatko tko gleda dio je toga.
02:09
And lots of people watch.
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A mnogo ljudi gleda.
02:13
We don't know exactly how many.
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Ne znamo točno koliko.
02:15
Obviously, it's difficult to calculate.
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Jasno je da je to teško izračunati.
02:17
But a poll taken in the UK,
for example, in August 2014,
for example, in August 2014,
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No, npr. anketa u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu
iz kolovoza 2014. godine,
iz kolovoza 2014. godine,
02:23
estimated that 1.2 million people
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procjenila je da je 1.2 milijuna ljudi
02:29
had watched the beheading of James Foley
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gledalo odrubljivanje glave Jamesa Foleyja
02:32
in the few days after it was released.
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tijekom nekoliko dana
od kada je bilo objavljeno.
od kada je bilo objavljeno.
02:36
And that's just the first few days,
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To je samo prvih nekoliko dana,
02:39
and just Britain.
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i samo u Britaniji.
02:41
A similar poll taken in the United States
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Slična anketa provedena u SAD-u
02:44
in November 2014
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u studenom 2014. godine
02:46
found that nine percent of those surveyed
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otkrila je da je devet posto ispitanika
02:49
had watched beheading videos,
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gledalo snimke obezglavljivanja,
02:52
and a further 23 percent
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a daljnjih 23 posto
02:54
had watched the videos but had stopped
just before the death was shown.
just before the death was shown.
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gledalo je snimke, ali su stali neposredno
prije nego je prikazana smrt.
prije nego je prikazana smrt.
03:00
Nine percent may be a small minority
of all the people who could watch,
of all the people who could watch,
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Devet posto je možda maleni broj
svih ljudi koji bi mogli gledati,
svih ljudi koji bi mogli gledati,
03:05
but it's still a very large crowd.
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no to je još uvijek jako velika skupina.
03:08
And of course that crowd
is growing all the time,
is growing all the time,
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I naravno, ta se skupina stalno povećava,
03:11
because every week, every month,
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jer svaki tjedan, svaki mjesec,
03:13
more people will keep downloading
and keep watching.
and keep watching.
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sve više ljudi nastavit će
downloadirati i gledati snimke.
downloadirati i gledati snimke.
03:18
If we go back 11 years,
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Ako se vratimo 11 godina unazad,
03:20
before sites like YouTube
and Facebook were born,
and Facebook were born,
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prije no što su postojale stranice
poput YouTubea ili Facebooka,
poput YouTubea ili Facebooka,
03:24
it was a similar story.
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situacija je bila slična.
03:25
When innocent civilians like Daniel Pearl,
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Kada su nevini civili poput Daniela Pearla
03:29
Nick Berg, Paul Johnson, were beheaded,
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Nicka Berga, Paula Johnsona,
bili obezglavljeni,
bili obezglavljeni,
03:33
those videos were shown
during the Iraq War.
during the Iraq War.
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te su snimke bile prikazane
tijekom rata u Iraku.
tijekom rata u Iraku.
03:36
Nick Berg's beheading
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Obezglavljivanje Nicka Berga
03:38
quickly became one of the most
searched for items on the Internet.
searched for items on the Internet.
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ubrzo je postalo jedno od
najtraženijih stvari na internetu.
najtraženijih stvari na internetu.
03:44
Within a day, it was the top search term
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U jednom danu postalo je natraženiji pojam
03:47
across search engines
like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
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na tražilicama kao Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
03:52
In the week after Nick Berg's beheading,
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U tjednu nakon Nickovog obezglavljivanja,
03:55
these were the top 10 search terms
in the United States.
in the United States.
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ovo su bili top deset najtraženijih
pojmova u SAD-u.
pojmova u SAD-u.
04:00
The Berg beheading video remained
the most popular search term for a week,
the most popular search term for a week,
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Ta je snimka još tjedan dana
bila najtraženiji pojam,
bila najtraženiji pojam,
04:05
and it was the second most popular
search term for the whole month of May,
search term for the whole month of May,
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a u cijelom mjesecu svibnju bila je
drugi najtraženiji pojam,
drugi najtraženiji pojam,
04:10
runner-up only to "American Idol."
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odmah nakon "Američkog idola."
04:14
The al-Qaeda-linked website
that first showed Nick Berg's beheading
that first showed Nick Berg's beheading
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Web stranica povezana Al-Kaidom koja
je prva prikazala Nickovo obezglavljivanje
je prva prikazala Nickovo obezglavljivanje
04:19
had to close down within a couple of days
due to overwhelming traffic to the site.
due to overwhelming traffic to the site.
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morala se nakon par dana ugasiti
zbog prevelikog prometa na njoj.
zbog prevelikog prometa na njoj.
04:25
One Dutch website owner said
that his daily viewing figures
that his daily viewing figures
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Jedan vlasnik nizozemske web stranice
otkrio je da je broj dnevnih pregleda
otkrio je da je broj dnevnih pregleda
04:29
rose from 300,000 to 750,000
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porastao od 300.000 na 750.000
04:34
every time a beheading in Iraq was shown.
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svaki puta kada je u Iraku bilo
prikazano neko obezglavljivanje.
prikazano neko obezglavljivanje.
04:38
He told reporters 18 months later
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Nakon 18 mjeseci rekao je novinarima
04:41
that it had been downloaded
many millions of times,
many millions of times,
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da je snimka downloadirana
više milijuna puta,
više milijuna puta,
04:45
and that's just one website.
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a to je samo na jednoj web stranci.
04:47
A similar pattern was seen again and again
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Sličan obrazac opetovano je bio viđen
04:50
when videos of beheadings
were released during the Iraq War.
were released during the Iraq War.
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kada su snimke odrubljivanja glava
bile prikazane tijekom rata u Iraku.
bile prikazane tijekom rata u Iraku.
04:56
Social media sites have made these images
more accessible than ever before,
more accessible than ever before,
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Društvene mreže učinile su ove snimke
dostupnijima no ikad prije,
dostupnijima no ikad prije,
05:01
but if we take
another step back in history,
another step back in history,
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ali ako se vratimo još dalje u prošlost,
05:05
we'll see that it was the camera
that first created a new kind of crowd
that first created a new kind of crowd
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vidjet ćemo da je upravo kamera
stvorila novu vrstu gomile
stvorila novu vrstu gomile
05:10
in our history of beheadings
as public spectacle.
as public spectacle.
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u našoj povijesti obezglavljivanja
kao javne predstave.
kao javne predstave.
05:14
As soon as the camera
appeared on the scene,
appeared on the scene,
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Čim se pojavila kamera,
05:17
a full lifetime ago on June 17, 1939,
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davnog 17. lipnja 1939. godine,
05:21
it had an immediate
and unequivocal effect.
and unequivocal effect.
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imala je trenutan i nedvosmislen efekt.
05:25
That day, the first film of a public
beheading was created in France.
beheading was created in France.
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Tog dana, prva snimka javnog odrubljivanja
glave snimljena je u Francuskoj.
glave snimljena je u Francuskoj.
05:31
It was the execution, the guillotining,
of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,
of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,
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Bilo je to giljotiniranje njemačkog
serijskoj ubojice, Eugena Weidmanna,
serijskoj ubojice, Eugena Weidmanna,
05:37
outside the prison
Saint-Pierre in Versailles.
Saint-Pierre in Versailles.
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izvan zatvora Saint-Pierre u Versaillesu.
05:42
Weidmann was due to be executed
at the crack of dawn,
at the crack of dawn,
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Weidmann je trebao biti smaknut u cik zore
05:45
as was customary at the time,
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kao što je to tada bio običaj,
05:47
but his executioner was new to the job,
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no njegov krvnik bio je nov u tom poslu,
05:50
and he'd underestimated
how long it would take him to prepare.
how long it would take him to prepare.
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i krivo je procijenio koliko mu
treba vremena da se pripremi.
treba vremena da se pripremi.
05:53
So Weidmann was executed
at 4:30 in the morning,
at 4:30 in the morning,
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Stoga je Weidmann smaknut
u 4 sata i 30 minuta ujutro,
u 4 sata i 30 minuta ujutro,
05:58
by which time on a June morning,
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u vrijeme kada u lipanjsko ujutro
06:00
there was enough light
to take photographs,
to take photographs,
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već ima dovoljno svijetla
da se može snimati,
da se može snimati,
06:03
and a spectator in the crowd
filmed the event,
filmed the event,
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a gledatelj u gomili snimio je događaj,
06:08
unbeknownst to the authorities.
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bez znanja nadležnih vlasti.
06:11
Several still photographs
were taken as well,
were taken as well,
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Također je snimljeno
i nekoliko fotografija,
i nekoliko fotografija,
06:15
and you can still watch
the film online today
the film online today
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a snimka se još uvijek može
pogledati na internetu
pogledati na internetu
06:19
and look at the photographs.
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kao i fotografije.
06:22
The crowd on the day
of Weidmann's execution
of Weidmann's execution
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Rulja na dan Weidmannova smaknuća
06:26
was called "unruly"
and "disgusting" by the press,
and "disgusting" by the press,
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u tisku je opisana kao
"razuzdana" i "gnjusna",
"razuzdana" i "gnjusna",
06:30
but that was nothing compared
to the untold thousands of people
to the untold thousands of people
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no to nije bilo ništa naspram
nespomenutih tisuća ljudi
nespomenutih tisuća ljudi
06:34
who could now study the action
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koji sada mogu proučavati događaj
06:37
over and over again,
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opet i opet,
06:38
freeze-framed in every detail.
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zamrznut u svakome detalju.
06:43
The camera may have made these scenes
more accessible than ever before,
more accessible than ever before,
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Kamera je možda učinila te scene
dostupnijima no ikad ranije,
dostupnijima no ikad ranije,
06:48
but it's not just about the camera.
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no ne radi se samo o kameri.
06:50
If we take a bigger leap back in history,
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Ako se vratimo još dalje u prošlost,
06:53
we'll see that for as long
as there have been
as there have been
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vidjet ćemo da otkad postoje
06:55
public judicial executions and beheadings,
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javna smaknuća i odrubljivanja glava,
06:58
there have been the crowds to see them.
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postoji i rulja koja ih je gledala.
07:01
In London, as late as
the early 19th century,
the early 19th century,
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U Londonu, početkom 19. stoljeća,
07:05
there might be four or five thousand
people to see a standard hanging.
people to see a standard hanging.
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bilo je oko četiri ili pet tisuća ljudi
koji su gledali standardno vješanje.
koji su gledali standardno vješanje.
07:09
There could be 40,000 or 50,000
to see a famous criminal killed.
to see a famous criminal killed.
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Znalo je biti 40 ili 50 tisuća koji bi
gledali smaknuće poznatog kriminalca.
gledali smaknuće poznatog kriminalca.
07:15
And a beheading, which was
a rare event in England at the time,
a rare event in England at the time,
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Odrubljivanje glave, što je bila rijetka
pojava u to vrijeme u Engleskoj,
pojava u to vrijeme u Engleskoj,
07:19
attracted even more.
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privlačilo je još više ljudi.
07:21
In May 1820,
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U svibnju 1820. godine,
07:24
five men known as
the Cato Street Conspirators
the Cato Street Conspirators
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petorica muškaraca poznati
kao Urotnici iz Cato ulice
kao Urotnici iz Cato ulice
07:28
were executed in London for plotting
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smaknuti su u Londonu zbog planiranja
07:31
to assassinate members
of the British government.
of the British government.
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ubojstva članova britanske vlade.
07:34
They were hung and then decapitated.
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Bili su obješeni, a potom i obezglavljeni.
07:38
It was a gruesome scene.
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To je bio odvratan prizor.
07:40
Each man's head was hacked off in turn
and held up to the crowd.
and held up to the crowd.
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Svakom su muškarcu naizmjence
odsjekli glavu i podigli prema publici.
odsjekli glavu i podigli prema publici.
07:44
And 100,000 people,
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A sto tisuća ljudi,
07:46
that's 10,000 more than can fit
into Wembley Stadium,
into Wembley Stadium,
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što je 10 tisuća ljudi više no što
stane na Wembley stadion,
stane na Wembley stadion,
07:50
had turned out to watch.
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došlo je kako bi to gledali.
07:52
The streets were packed.
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Ulice su bile prepune.
07:54
People had rented out
windows and rooftops.
windows and rooftops.
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Ljudi su iznajmili prozore i krovove.
07:58
People had climbed onto carts
and wagons in the street.
and wagons in the street.
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Ljudi su se popeli na
kola i kočije na ulici.
kola i kočije na ulici.
08:01
People climbed lamp posts.
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Penjali su se na uličnu rasvjetu.
08:04
People had been known to have died
in the crush on popular execution days.
in the crush on popular execution days.
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Poznato je da su ljudi čak i ginuli u
sudarima tijekom popularnih smaknuća.
sudarima tijekom popularnih smaknuća.
08:10
Evidence suggests
that throughout our history
that throughout our history
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Dokazi upućuju na to da
tijekom naše povijesti
tijekom naše povijesti
08:13
of public beheadings
and public executions,
and public executions,
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javnih odrubljivanja glave
i javnih smaknuća,
i javnih smaknuća,
08:16
the vast majority of the people
who come to see
who come to see
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velika većina ljudi koji su došli gledati
08:20
are either enthusiastic
or, at best, unmoved.
or, at best, unmoved.
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ili su entuzijastični ili,
u najboljem slučaju, neganuti.
u najboljem slučaju, neganuti.
08:25
Disgust has been comparatively rare,
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Gnušanje je bilo relativno rijetko,
08:29
and even when people
are disgusted and are horrified,
are disgusted and are horrified,
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a čak i kada su ljudi zgroženi i užasnuti,
08:33
it doesn't always stop them
from coming out all the same to watch.
from coming out all the same to watch.
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to ih ipak ne zaustavlja uvijek
da se svejedno pojave i gledaju.
da se svejedno pojave i gledaju.
08:38
Perhaps the most striking example
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Možda je najšokantniji primjer
08:41
of the human ability to watch
a beheading and remain unmoved
a beheading and remain unmoved
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sposobnosti ljudi da promatraju
obezglavljivanje i ostanu neganuti
obezglavljivanje i ostanu neganuti
08:47
and even be disappointed
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a možda čak i budu razočarani
08:49
was the introduction in France
in 1792 of the guillotine,
in 1792 of the guillotine,
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kada je u Francuskoj 1792.
bila predstavljena giljotina,
bila predstavljena giljotina,
08:55
that famous decapitation machine.
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poznata sprava za odrubljivanje glava.
08:58
To us in the 21st century,
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Nama u 21. stoljeću,
09:00
the guillotine may seem
like a monstrous contraption,
like a monstrous contraption,
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giljotina nam se možda
čini kao čudovišan izum,
čini kao čudovišan izum,
09:04
but to the first crowds who saw it,
it was actually a disappointment.
it was actually a disappointment.
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no prvoj publici koja ju je vidjela,
zapravo je bila razočaravajuća.
zapravo je bila razočaravajuća.
09:10
They were used to seeing long, drawn-out,
torturous executions on the scaffold,
torturous executions on the scaffold,
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Bili su naviknuti gledati razvučena,
mučna smaknuća na skeli,
mučna smaknuća na skeli,
09:17
where people were mutilated
and burned and pulled apart slowly.
and burned and pulled apart slowly.
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gdje su ljudi bili osakaćeni,
spaljivani i polako rastrgani.
spaljivani i polako rastrgani.
09:22
To them, watching
the guillotine in action,
the guillotine in action,
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Za njih je promatranje giljotiniranja
09:25
it was so quick, there was nothing to see.
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bilo toliko brzo, da se ništa
nije niti imalo vidjeti.
nije niti imalo vidjeti.
09:29
The blade fell, the head fell
into a basket, out of sight immediately,
into a basket, out of sight immediately,
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Oštrica je pala, glava je pala u košaru,
u trenutku je nestala,
u trenutku je nestala,
09:34
and they called out,
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a oni su počeli vikati,
09:36
"Give me back my gallows,
give me back my wooden gallows."
give me back my wooden gallows."
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"Vratite mi moja vješala,
vratite mi moja drvena vješala."
vratite mi moja drvena vješala."
09:41
The end of torturous public
judicial executions in Europe and America
judicial executions in Europe and America
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Mučna javna smaknuća u Europi
i Americi zaustavljena su
i Americi zaustavljena su
09:46
was partly to do with being
more humane towards the criminal,
more humane towards the criminal,
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djelomice zbog humanijeg
pristupa kriminalcima,
pristupa kriminalcima,
09:50
but it was also partly because the crowd
obstinately refused to behave
obstinately refused to behave
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no djelomice i zbog toga što se rulja
tvrdoglavo odbijala ponašati
tvrdoglavo odbijala ponašati
09:55
in the way that they should.
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kako je trebala.
09:57
All too often, execution day
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Dan smaknuća je prečesto
09:59
was more like a carnival
than a solemn ceremony.
than a solemn ceremony.
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nalikovao karnevalu nego
dostojanstvenoj ceremoniji.
dostojanstvenoj ceremoniji.
10:04
Today, a public judicial execution
in Europe or America is unthinkable,
in Europe or America is unthinkable,
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Danas je javno smaknuće
nezamislivo u Europi ili Americi,
nezamislivo u Europi ili Americi,
10:09
but there are other scenarios
that should make us cautious
that should make us cautious
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no postoje druge situacije zbog
kojih bismo trebali biti oprezni
kojih bismo trebali biti oprezni
10:12
about thinking
that things are different now
that things are different now
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kada mislimo da su sada stvari drukčije
10:14
and we don't behave like that anymore.
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i da se više ne ponašamo tako.
10:17
Take, for example,
the incidents of suicide baiting.
the incidents of suicide baiting.
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Uzmite kao primjer incidente
nagovaranje na samoubojstvo.
nagovaranje na samoubojstvo.
10:22
This is when a crowd gathers
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To se događa kada se skupina ljudi okupi
10:24
to watch a person who has climbed
to the top of a public building
to the top of a public building
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da promatra osobu koja se
popela na vrh javne zgrade
popela na vrh javne zgrade
10:28
in order to kill themselves,
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kako bi se ubila,
10:30
and people in the crowd shout and jeer,
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a ljudi iz skupine viču i zadirkuju,
10:33
"Get on with it! Go on and jump!"
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"Hajde više! Skoči!"
10:36
This is a well-recognized phenomenon.
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To je dobro poznati fenomen.
10:40
One paper in 1981 found that in 10
out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,
out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,
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Jedna studija iz 1981. otkrila je da su u
10 od 21 slučaja prijetnje samoubojstvom,
10 od 21 slučaja prijetnje samoubojstvom,
10:46
there was incidents of suicide baiting
and jeering from a crowd.
and jeering from a crowd.
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postojali incidenti nagovaranja na
samoubojstvo i zadirkivanje rulje.
samoubojstvo i zadirkivanje rulje.
10:51
And there have been incidents
reported in the press this year.
reported in the press this year.
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Ove godine su u medijima
zabilježeni takvi incidenti.
zabilježeni takvi incidenti.
10:56
This was a very widely reported incident
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To je bio naširoko objavljivan incident
10:59
in Telford and Shropshire
in March this year.
in March this year.
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u Telfordu i Shropshireu
u ožujku ove godine.
u ožujku ove godine.
11:02
And when it happens today,
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Kada se tako nešto danas dogodi,
11:04
people take photographs
and they take videos on their phones
and they take videos on their phones
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ljudi fotografiraju i snimaju
svojim mobitelima
svojim mobitelima
11:07
and they post those videos online.
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i objavljuju te snimke na internetu.
11:12
When it comes to brutal murderers
who post their beheading videos,
who post their beheading videos,
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Kada se radi o brutalnim ubojicama koje
objavljuju svoje snimke obezglavljivanja,
objavljuju svoje snimke obezglavljivanja,
11:15
the Internet has created
a new kind of crowd.
a new kind of crowd.
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internet je stvorio novu vrstu rulje.
11:19
Today, the action takes place
in a distant time and place,
in a distant time and place,
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Danas se radnja odvija u
udaljenom vremenu i prostoru,
udaljenom vremenu i prostoru,
11:24
which gives the viewer a sense
of detachment from what's happening,
of detachment from what's happening,
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što gledatelju stvara osjećaj odvojenosti
od onoga što se događa,
od onoga što se događa,
11:27
a sense of separation.
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osjećaj otcjepljenosti.
11:29
It's nothing to do with me.
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To nema nikakve veze sa mnom.
11:30
It's already happened.
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To se već dogodilo.
11:33
We are also offered
an unprecedented sense of intimacy.
an unprecedented sense of intimacy.
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Također nam se nudi
jedinstven osjećaj intimnosti.
jedinstven osjećaj intimnosti.
11:36
Today, we are all offered front row seats.
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Danas se svima nama nude
sjedala u prvom redu.
sjedala u prvom redu.
11:39
We can all watch in private,
in our own time and space,
in our own time and space,
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Svi možemo gledati u privatnosti,
u našem vlastitom vremenu i prostoru,
u našem vlastitom vremenu i prostoru,
11:43
and no one need ever know
that we've clicked on the screen to watch.
that we've clicked on the screen to watch.
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i nitko ne mora nikada saznati
da smo kliknuli na video.
da smo kliknuli na video.
11:48
This sense of separation --
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Taj osjećaj odvojenosti,
11:50
from other people,
from the event itself --
from the event itself --
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od drugih ljudi, od samoga događaja,
11:53
seems to be key to understanding
our ability to watch,
our ability to watch,
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čini se kao ključ za razumijevanje
naše sposobnosti da gledamo.
naše sposobnosti da gledamo.
11:57
and there are several ways
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Postoji nekoliko načina
11:58
in which the Internet
creates a sense of detachment
creates a sense of detachment
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na koje internet stvara
osjećaj odvojenosti
osjećaj odvojenosti
12:01
that seems to erode
individual moral responsibility.
individual moral responsibility.
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koji nagriza individualnu
moralnu odgovornost.
moralnu odgovornost.
12:06
Our activities online
are often contrasted with real life,
are often contrasted with real life,
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Naše aktivnosti na internetu često su
u suprotnosti s našim pravim životom,
u suprotnosti s našim pravim životom,
12:10
as though the things we do online
are somehow less real.
are somehow less real.
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kao da su stvari koje činimo
na internetu nestvarne.
na internetu nestvarne.
12:14
We feel less accountable for our actions
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Osjećamo manju odgovornost
za naše postupke
za naše postupke
12:17
when we interact online.
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kada komuniciramo na internetu.
12:20
There's a sense of anonymity,
a sense of invisibility,
a sense of invisibility,
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Postoji osjećaj anonimnosti, nevidljivosti
12:24
so we feel less accountable
for our behavior.
for our behavior.
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pa se ne osjećamo toliko
odgovornima za svoje ponašanje.
odgovornima za svoje ponašanje.
12:28
The Internet also makes it far easier
to stumble upon things inadvertently,
to stumble upon things inadvertently,
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Internet također omogućuje da
nehotice nabasamo na neki sadržaj,
nehotice nabasamo na neki sadržaj,
12:33
things that we would usually avoid
in everyday life.
in everyday life.
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sadržaj koji bismo uglavnom izbjegavali
u svakodnevnom životu.
u svakodnevnom životu.
12:37
Today, a video can start playing
before you even know what you're watching.
before you even know what you're watching.
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Danas se video može pokrenuti prije
nego znate što točno gledate.
nego znate što točno gledate.
12:41
Or you may be tempted to look at material
that you wouldn't look at in everyday life
that you wouldn't look at in everyday life
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Ili možete pasti u iskušenje da gledate
materijal koji inače ne biste gledali,
materijal koji inače ne biste gledali,
12:46
or you wouldn't look at if you
were with other people at the time.
were with other people at the time.
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ili ga ne biste gledali da ste u društvu.
12:50
And when the action is pre-recorded
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Kada je radnja unaprijed snimljena
12:53
and takes place
in a distant time and space,
in a distant time and space,
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i odvija se u udaljenom
vremenu i prostoru,
vremenu i prostoru,
12:57
watching seems like a passive activity.
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gledanje nam se čini kao pasivna radnja.
13:01
There's nothing I can do about it now.
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Ne mogu ništa sada poduzeti oko toga.
13:03
It's already happened.
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To se već dogodilo.
13:05
All these things make it easier
as an Internet user
as an Internet user
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Sve to olakšava nama
kao korisnicima interneta
kao korisnicima interneta
13:08
for us to give in to our sense
of curiosity about death,
of curiosity about death,
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da popustimo našoj znatiželji o smrti,
13:12
to push our personal boundaries,
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da prelazimo svoje osobne granice,
13:15
to test our sense of shock,
to explore our sense of shock.
to explore our sense of shock.
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da testiramo naš osjećaj
šokiranosti, da ga istražimo.
šokiranosti, da ga istražimo.
13:21
But we're not passive when we watch.
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No, nismo pasivni dok promatramo.
13:23
On the contrary, we're fulfilling
the murderer's desire to be seen.
the murderer's desire to be seen.
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Baš suprotno, ispunjavamo
želju ubojice da bude viđen.
želju ubojice da bude viđen.
13:28
When the victim of a decapitation
is bound and defenseless,
is bound and defenseless,
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Kada je žrtva dekapitacije
vezana i bespomoćna,
vezana i bespomoćna,
13:32
he or she essentially becomes
a pawn in their killer's show.
a pawn in their killer's show.
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on ili ona zapravo postaje pijun
u predstavi svojeg ubojice.
u predstavi svojeg ubojice.
13:38
Unlike a trophy head
that's taken in battle,
that's taken in battle,
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Za razliku od trofejne glave
osvojene u bitci,
osvojene u bitci,
13:41
that represents the luck and skill
it takes to win a fight,
it takes to win a fight,
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koja predstavlja sreću i vještinu
potrebnu da se pobijedi u borbi,
potrebnu da se pobijedi u borbi,
13:47
when a beheading is staged,
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kada je odrubljivanje glave priređeno,
13:49
when it's essentially a piece of theater,
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kada je u suštini dio kazališne predstave,
13:52
the power comes from the reception
the killer receives as he performs.
the killer receives as he performs.
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moć dolazi od recepcije koju ubojica
dobiva dok izvodi predstavu.
dobiva dok izvodi predstavu.
13:58
In other words, watching
is very much part of the event.
is very much part of the event.
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Drugim riječima, gledanje je velikim
dijelom dio tog događaja.
dijelom dio tog događaja.
14:03
The event no longer takes place
in a single location
in a single location
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Događaj se više ne odvija
na jedinstvenoj lokaciji
na jedinstvenoj lokaciji
14:07
at a certain point in time as it used to
and as it may still appear to.
and as it may still appear to.
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u određenom trenutku, kao što je to
bilo prije i još uvijek se čini da jest.
bilo prije i još uvijek se čini da jest.
14:13
Now the event is stretched out
in time and place,
in time and place,
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Sada se događaj proteže
u vremenu i prostoru,
u vremenu i prostoru,
14:17
and everyone who watches plays their part.
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i svatko tko gleda igra svoju ulogu.
14:21
We should stop watching,
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Trebali bismo prestati gledati,
14:24
but we know we won't.
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ali znamo da nećemo.
14:26
History tells us we won't,
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Povijest nam govori da nećemo,
14:28
and the killers know it too.
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a ubojice to znaju isto.
14:31
Thank you.
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Hvala.
14:32
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:37
Bruno Giussani: Thank you.
Let me get this back. Thank you.
Let me get this back. Thank you.
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Bruno Giussani: Hvala.
Dajte da ovo vratim. Hvala.
Dajte da ovo vratim. Hvala.
14:39
Let's move here. While they install
for the next performance,
for the next performance,
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Pomaknimo se ovdje.
Dok pripremaju za iduću izvedbu,
Dok pripremaju za iduću izvedbu,
14:42
I want to ask you the question
that probably many here have,
that probably many here have,
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želio bih Vam postaviti pitanje koje
vjerojatno mnogi ovdje imaju,
vjerojatno mnogi ovdje imaju,
14:45
which is how did you
get interested in this topic?
get interested in this topic?
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a to je - kako ste se
zainteresirali za ovu temu?
zainteresirali za ovu temu?
14:50
Frances Larson: I used to work at a museum
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Frances Larson: Radila sam u muzeju
14:52
called the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford,
244
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koji se zove Muej Pitt Rivers u Oxfordu,
14:54
which was famous for its display
of shrunken heads from South America.
of shrunken heads from South America.
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i poznat je po svojoj izložbi
smanjenih glava iz Južne Amerike.
smanjenih glava iz Južne Amerike.
14:58
People used to say, "Oh, the shrunken head
museum, the shrunken head museum!"
museum, the shrunken head museum!"
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Ljudi su znali reći, "O, muzej
smanjenih glava, muzej smanjenih glava!"
smanjenih glava, muzej smanjenih glava!"
15:02
And at the time,
I was working on the history
I was working on the history
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U to vrijeme, radila sam na povijesti
15:05
of scientific collections of skulls.
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znanstvenih zbirki lubanja.
15:07
I was working on the cranial collections,
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Radila sam na zbirkama lubanja,
15:10
and it just struck me as ironic
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i pogodila me ironija
15:12
that here were people coming to see
this gory, primitive, savage culture
this gory, primitive, savage culture
251
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ljudi dolaze vidjeti tu krvavu,
primitivnu, divljačku kulturu
primitivnu, divljačku kulturu
15:17
that they were almost
fantasizing about and creating
fantasizing about and creating
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da gotovo maštaju o njoj i stvaraju je
15:21
without really understanding
what they were seeing,
what they were seeing,
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bez da zaista razumiju što su to vidjeli,
15:24
and all the while these vast --
I mean hundreds of thousands
I mean hundreds of thousands
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i svo to vrijeme ta količina --
stotine tisuća
stotine tisuća
15:27
of skulls in our museums,
all across Europe and the States --
all across Europe and the States --
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lubanja u našemu muzeju,
diljem Europe i SAD-a --
diljem Europe i SAD-a --
15:32
were kind of upholding this Enlightenment
pursuit of scientific rationality.
pursuit of scientific rationality.
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podržavale su prosvjetiteljsku potragu
za znanstvenom racionalnošću.
za znanstvenom racionalnošću.
15:37
So I wanted to kind of twist it round
and say, "Let's look at us."
and say, "Let's look at us."
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Zato sam htjela to preokrenuti i reći,
"Pogledajmo sami sebe."
"Pogledajmo sami sebe."
15:42
We're looking through the glass case
at these shrunken heads.
at these shrunken heads.
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Promatramo te smanjene glave
u staklenim vitrinama.
u staklenim vitrinama.
15:45
Let's look at our own history and our own
cultural fascination with these things.
cultural fascination with these things.
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Pogledajmo onda našu vlastitu povijest
i kulturnu fascinaciju tim stvarima.
i kulturnu fascinaciju tim stvarima.
15:49
BG: Thank you for sharing that.
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BG: Hvala Vam što ste
to podijelili s nama.
to podijelili s nama.
15:51
FL: Thank you.
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FL: Hvala Vama.
15:53
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Frances Larson - AnthropologistFrances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history.
Why you should listen
Oxford anthropologist Frances Larson wrote Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found. The book, which she describes as a survey of our “traditions of decapitation,” was published in 2014, just before beheadings sadly started populating the front pages of the news once more. She previously wrote an acclaimed biography of Sir Henry Wellcome.
More profile about the speakerFrances Larson | Speaker | TED.com