TEDxPSU
Ali Carr-Chellman: Gaming to re-engage boys in learning
阿里·卡·切尔曼Ali Carr-Chellman：男孩们通过打游戏激起对学习的热情
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在TEDxPSU，当男孩们从学校辍学，阿里·卡·切尔曼Ali Carr-Chellman指出有三个原因，她还提出大胆的计划让男孩们重新获得学习的激情：将男孩文化带进教室，还有让男孩做他们想做的事的新准则，以及打游戏也可以寓教于乐。
Ali Carr-Chellman - Instructional designer
Ali Carr-Chellman is an instructional designer and author who studies the most effective ways to teach kids and to make changes at school. Full bio
Ali Carr-Chellman is an instructional designer and author who studies the most effective ways to teach kids and to make changes at school. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So I'm here to tell you
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我在这儿是想告诉大家
00:17
that we have a problem with boys,
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我们的对男孩的教育有问题，
00:19
and it's a serious problem with boys.
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男孩子的教育是个严重问题。
00:21
Their culture isn't working in schools,
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在学校，男孩文化没有形成。
00:24
and I'm going to share with you
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我要和大家分享
00:26
ways that we can think about overcoming that problem.
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我们关于这一问题的解决方法。
00:29
First, I want to start by saying, this is a boy,
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首先，我首先想说，这是个男孩，
00:32
and this is a girl,
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这是个女孩。
00:34
and this is probably stereotypically
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这可能是你刻板的
00:36
what you think of as a boy and a girl.
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关于男孩和女孩的想法。
00:38
If I essentialize gender for you today,
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如果我今天要讲性别的事，
00:40
then you can dismiss what I have to say.
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然后大家可能不会理睬我要说的。
00:42
So I'm not going to do that. I'm not interested in doing that.
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所以我不打算这样做，我对此也不感兴趣。
00:44
This is a different kind of boy and a different kind of girl.
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这是一个与众不同的男孩，这是一个与众不同的女孩。
00:48
So the point here is that not all boys
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我要指明的是并不是所有的男孩
00:50
exist within these rigid boundaries
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是按我们所想的男孩和女孩那样的严格界限
00:52
of what we think of as boys and girls,
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来划分的。
00:55
and not all girls exist within those rigid boundaries
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也不是所有女孩可以用
00:57
of what we think of as girls.
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我们想象中的女孩的界限来严格定义。
00:59
But, in fact, most boys tend to be a certain way,
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但事实上，多数男孩朝着他们自己的方向发展，
01:02
and most girls tend to be a certain way.
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大多数女孩也朝着另一方向发展。
01:04
And the point is that, for boys,
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关键是，对男孩来说，
01:07
the way that they exist and the culture that they embrace
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对他们的认可和他们的这种男孩文化的认识
01:10
isn't working well in schools now.
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目前在学校都没有过多了解。
01:12
How do we know that?
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我们怎么知道这个事实呢？
01:14
The Hundred Girls Project
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100个女孩计划
01:16
tells us some really nice statistics.
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告诉了我们一些真正有用的数据。
01:19
For example, for every 100 girls that are suspended from school,
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例如，当有100个女孩从学校停课，
01:22
there are 250 boys that are suspended from school.
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那就有250个男孩从学校停课。
01:25
For every 100 girls who are expelled from school,
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每当有100个女孩被学校开除，
01:28
there are 335 boys who are expelled from school.
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对应的男孩数是335个.
01:31
For every 100 girls in special education,
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每当有100个女孩接受特殊教育，
01:33
there are 217 boys.
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男孩数是217个。
01:35
For every 100 girls with a learning disability,
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每100个女孩有学习障碍，
01:37
there are 276 boys.
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男孩的对应数是276个。
01:40
For every 100 girls
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每100女孩
01:42
with an emotional disturbance diagnosed,
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有情绪紊乱症状，
01:44
we have 324 boys.
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对应男孩数是324个。
01:46
And by the way, all of these numbers are significantly higher
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顺便提一下，
01:49
if you happen to be black,
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如果发生在黑人小孩，
01:51
if you happen to be poor,
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贫穷的小孩身上，
01:53
if you happen to exist in an overcrowded school.
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假如发生在拥挤不堪的学校上学的小孩身上，这所有数据还得更高。
01:57
And if you are a boy,
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如果你是个男孩，
01:59
you're four times as likely
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你比女孩更有四倍的可能性
02:01
to be diagnosed with ADHD --
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被诊断出ADHD症状-
02:03
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
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注意力缺乏(或多动)症状。
02:06
Now there is another side to this.
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现在讲到这还要提另一方面。
02:09
And it is important that we recognize
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我们还要重视地认识到
02:12
that women still need help in school,
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在学校女性还需要帮助，
02:14
that salaries are still significantly lower,
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女性的工资还是相对地低，
02:16
even when controlled for job types,
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甚至在工作种类上女性选择面也小，
02:19
and that girls have continued to struggle
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女孩还一直
02:21
in math and science for years.
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在数学和科学领域中挣扎奋斗多年。
02:23
That's all true.
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这都是事实。
02:25
Nothing about that prevents us
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但这不能阻止我们
02:27
from paying attention to the literacy needs
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来关注
02:29
of our boys between ages three and 13.
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年龄从3岁到13岁的男孩的扫盲问题。
02:31
And so we should.
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我们应该关注这些男孩的问题。
02:33
In fact, what we ought to do is take a page from their playbook,
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事实上，我们要做的是站在男孩的立场来思考解决问题，
02:36
because the initiatives and programs
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因为在学校已设置的初级教学和
02:38
that have been set in place
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课程计划
02:40
for women in science and engineering and mathematics
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适合女孩在科学，工程学和数学方面
02:42
are fantastic.
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有杰出表现。
02:44
They've done a lot of good
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他们在这些情形下为女孩子
02:46
for girls in these situations,
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作了很多好事。
02:48
and we ought to be thinking about
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我们该考虑一下
02:50
how we can make that happen for boys too
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我们该怎样让男孩在他们年少时也
02:52
in their younger years.
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受到同样的待遇。
02:54
Even in their older years,
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甚至在他们长大的岁月中，
02:56
what we find is that there's still a problem.
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我们发现还是有问题的。
02:58
When we look at the universities,
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当我们环顾大学，
03:00
60 percent of baccalaureate degrees are going to women now,
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目前女性占60%的本科学历的人数，
03:03
which is a significant shift.
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这是个巨大的转变。
03:05
And in fact, university administrators
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实际上，大学的主管们
03:07
are a little uncomfortable about the idea
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对此感到有点不安，
03:09
that we may be getting close to 70 percent
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要是在大学，
03:11
female population in universities.
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女性占总人数的70%。
03:13
This makes university administrators very nervous,
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这数据让大学主管们非常紧张，
03:16
because girls don't want to go to schools that don't have boys.
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因为女孩也不想去没有男孩的学校上学。
03:21
And so we're starting to see the establishment
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所以我们开始看到
03:24
of men centers and men studies
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男性中心和男性研究的建立
03:26
to think about how do we engage men
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来思考怎样让男性
03:28
in their experiences in the university.
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在大学中活跃起来。
03:30
If you talk to faculty, they may say,
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如果你跟教员谈话，他们会说，
03:32
"Ugh. Yeah, well, they're playing video games,
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“啊，是的，男孩爱打视频游戏，
03:35
and they're gambling online all night long,
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他们通宵网上赌博，
03:38
and they're playing World of Warcraft,
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还爱玩魔兽世界。
03:40
and that's affecting
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这些都影响了
03:42
their academic achievement."
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他们学术成绩。”
03:45
Guess what?
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猜怎么了？
03:47
Video games are not the cause.
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视频游戏不是主要原因。
03:49
Video games are a symptom.
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视频游戏是一个征兆。
03:51
They were turned off a long time
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在男孩打游戏前，他们已经很长时间
03:53
before they got here.
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对学习都不感兴趣了。
03:56
So let's talk about why they got turned off
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让我们谈谈，当他们在3岁到13岁间，
03:58
when they were between the ages of three and 13.
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他们为什么对学习不感兴趣呢？
04:01
There are three reasons that I believe
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我认为有三个原因
04:03
that boys are out of sync
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让男孩们与今天的学校教育
04:05
with the culture of schools today.
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脱节。
04:07
The first is zero tolerance.
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第一个是零容忍。
04:10
A kindergarten teacher I know,
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我认识的一名幼儿园教师，
04:12
her son donated all of his toys to her,
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她儿子得上缴他所有的玩具，
04:15
and when he did, she had to go through
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然后，她得一一检查
04:18
and pull out all the little plastic guns.
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把所有的小塑料枪都拿走。
04:22
You can't have plastic knives and swords and axes
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在幼儿园教室，
04:24
and all that kind of thing
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不能有塑料刀，剑和斧子
04:26
in a kindergarten classroom.
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以及类似的东西。
04:28
What is it that we're afraid that this young man is going to do with this gun?
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年轻人要是有枪，我们要担心的是什么？
04:31
I mean, really.
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我是说，真的。
04:33
But here he stands as testament
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但这儿男孩得面对的事实是
04:36
to the fact that you can't roughhouse on the playground today.
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今天他们不能在操场玩耍打闹。
04:39
Now I'm not advocating for bullies.
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我这不是鼓动要持强凌弱。
04:41
I'm not suggesting
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我也不是推荐
04:43
that we need to be allowing guns and knives into school.
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在学校容许男孩携带枪和小刀。
04:46
But when we say
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但我想说
04:48
that an Eagle Scout in a high school classroom
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高中班级中的老鹰童子军
04:50
who has a locked parked car in the parking lot
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在停车场停放的车里
04:52
and a penknife in it
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要是有把刀，
04:54
has to be suspended from school,
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就得被勒令休学，
04:56
I think we may have gone a little too far with zero tolerance.
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我认为我们可能在零容忍度方面做得有点过火。
04:59
Another way that zero tolerance lives itself out is in the writing of boys.
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另一种在生活中的零容忍度是有关男孩的写作。
05:02
In a lot of classrooms today
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今天在很多课堂，
05:04
you're not allowed to write about anything that's violent.
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你不能写有关暴力的任何东西。
05:06
You're not allowed to write about anything
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你不能写
05:08
that has to do with video games -- these topics are banned.
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涉及视频游戏的任何东西，这些话题是被禁止的。
05:11
Boy comes home from school, and he says,
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男孩从学校回来，他说，
05:13
"I hate writing."
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“我讨厌写作。”
05:15
"Why do you hate writing, son? What's wrong with writing?"
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“儿子，你为什么讨厌写作？到底怎么了？”
05:17
"Now I have to write what she tells me to write."
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“现在我得写女教师吩咐我写的素材。”
05:20
"Okay, what is she telling you to write?"
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“哦，她让你写什么？”
05:23
"Poems. I have to write poems.
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“诗歌。我得写诗歌。
05:25
And little moments in my life.
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一生中我很少写这话题。
05:27
I don't want to write that stuff."
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我不想写诗歌。”
05:29
"All right. Well, what do you want to write? What do you want to write about?"
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“好吧。那你想写什么？有什么好写的？”
05:32
"I want to write about video games. I want to write about leveling-up.
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“我想写有关视频游戏。我想写如何练级。
05:35
I want to write about this really interesting world.
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我想写这真正有意思的游戏世界。
05:37
I want to write about a tornado that comes into our house
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我想写龙卷风来到我家，
05:40
and blows all the windows out
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把所有的窗户吹跑，，
05:42
and ruins all the furniture and kills everybody."
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毁坏所有的家具，然后杀死了所有人。”
05:44
"All right. Okay."
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“好的。”
05:46
You tell a teacher that,
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你要告诉一位老师这个，
05:48
and they'll ask you, in all seriousness,
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她们会非常严肃地会问你，
05:51
"Should we send this child to the psychologist?"
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“我们是不是应该送这小孩到心理学家那？”
05:54
And the answer is no, he's just a boy.
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答案是不应该，他只是个男孩。
05:57
He's just a little boy.
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他只是个小男孩。
06:00
It's not okay to write these kinds of things
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现在在课堂上
06:02
in classrooms today.
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还不能写这些东西。
06:04
So that's the first reason:
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所以这是第一个原因：
06:06
zero tolerance policies and the way they're lived out.
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零容忍政策和他们所处的环境不容许男孩文化的发生。
06:08
The next reason that boys' cultures are out of sync with school cultures:
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第二个原因是男孩文化与学校文化相脱节：
06:11
there are fewer male teachers.
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有很少的男性教师。
06:13
Anybody who's over 15 doesn't know what this means,
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任何超过15岁的人对此不了解，
06:16
because in the last 10 years,
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因为在过去10年里，
06:18
the number of elementary school classroom teachers
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男性在小学教师课堂里的数量
06:20
has been cut in half.
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已经被减半。
06:22
We went from 14 percent
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男性比重从14%
06:24
to seven percent.
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降到7%。
06:26
That means that 93 percent of the teachers
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这意味着93%的老师
06:28
that our young men get in elementary classrooms
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在年轻男孩上的小学课堂里
06:30
are women.
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是女老师。
06:32
Now what's the problem with this?
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那么这又有什么问题呢？
06:34
Women are great. Yep, absolutely.
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女老师很棒。是的，的确。
06:36
But male role models for boys
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但是男性角色模范对于男孩
06:39
that say it's all right to be smart --
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来说，它可以让男孩变聪明。
06:41
they've got dads, they've got pastors,
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男孩有父亲，有牧师，
06:43
they've got Cub Scout leaders,
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和童子军导师，
06:45
but ultimately, six hours a day, five days a week
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但归根结底，每天6小时，每周五天，
06:48
they're spending in a classroom,
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男孩都在课堂上度过。
06:50
and most of those classrooms
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多数那些课程
06:52
are not places where men exist.
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不适合男人。
06:54
And so they say, I guess this really isn't a place for boys.
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如此，我猜这课堂也不太适合男孩去上。
06:57
This is a place for girls.
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这课堂适合女孩上。
06:59
And I'm not very good at this,
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我却不擅长，
07:01
so I guess I'd better
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我觉得我最好
07:03
go play video games or get into sports, or something like that,
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去玩视频游戏或者玩体育，或者类似的什么事，
07:06
because I obviously don't belong here.
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因为我很明显与学校文化格格不入。
07:08
Men don't belong here, that's pretty obvious.
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学校文化也不包括男人，这是很明显的。
07:10
So that may be a very direct way
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所以这可能是一种很直接的方式
07:12
that we see it happen.
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让我们看到正在发生的事实。
07:14
But less directly,
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但不那么直接地，
07:16
the lack of male presence in the culture --
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是在学校文化中缺少男性--
07:19
you've got a teachers' lounge,
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你要是待在教师休息室，
07:21
and they're having a conversation
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老师们正谈论
07:23
about Joey and Johnny who beat each other up on the playground.
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在操场打起架来的乔伊和约翰。
07:26
"What are we going to do with these boys?"
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“我们要拿这些男孩怎么办？”
07:28
The answer to that question changes depending on who's sitting around that table.
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问题的答案取决于谁当时在场。
07:31
Are there men around that table?
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有任何男性在场吗？
07:33
Are there moms who've raised boys around that table?
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这些孩子的母亲在场吗？
07:36
You'll see, the conversation changes
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大家可以看出，这谈论会
07:38
depending upon who's sitting around the table.
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随谁当时在场而改变。
07:40
Third reason that boys are out of sync with school today:
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第三个原因是男孩与我们今日的学校相脱节：
07:43
kindergarten is the old second grade, folks.
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幼儿园是一种过时的脱节教育。
07:46
We have a serious compression of the curriculum happening out there.
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我们教学课程中有严重的压缩问题。
07:50
When you're three, you better be able to write your name legibly,
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当孩子三岁时，他们最好能清楚地写下他们的名字，
07:52
or else we'll consider it a developmental delay.
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要不我们会认为这是发育迟缓。
07:55
By the time you're in first grade,
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到孩子小学一年级时，
07:57
you should be able to read paragraphs of text
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他们应该能读
08:00
with maybe a picture, maybe not,
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带图的，或者不带图的课文里的段落，
08:02
in a book of maybe 25 to 30 pages.
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这本书大概有25-30页。
08:04
If you don't, we're probably going to be putting you
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如果孩子做不到，老师很可能把这孩子
08:06
into a Title 1 special reading program.
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送到编号一的特殊阅读计划班。
08:08
And if you ask Title 1 teachers, they'll tell you
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如果问问这班的老师们，她们会告诉你：
08:10
they've got about four or five boys for every girl that's in their program,
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在这个低年级的特殊阅读计划班里，
08:13
in the elementary grades.
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每当有1个女孩就对等的有4到5个男孩。
08:15
The reason that this is a problem
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这问题是
08:18
is because the message that boys are getting
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因为男孩得到的教育
08:21
is "you need to do
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是“在上学间，你就需要做
08:23
what the teacher asks you to do all the time."
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老师吩咐你做的事。”
08:26
The teacher's salary depends
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老师的工资取决于
08:29
on "No Child Left Behind" and "Race to the Top"
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让学生考试名列前茅，不让一个孩子掉队，
08:31
and accountability and testing
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并负有责任和大大小小测试
08:33
and all of this.
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以及类似这样的事。
08:35
So she has to figure out a way
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所以她得想方设法地
08:37
to get all these boys through this curriculum --
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让这些男孩和女孩
08:40
and girls.
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通过这课程。
08:42
This compressed curriculum is bad
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这压缩课程对所有活跃调皮的孩子来说是
08:44
for all active kids.
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糟糕的。
08:47
And what happens is,
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接下来发生的是，
08:49
she says, "Please, sit down,
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她说，“请坐下来，
08:52
be quiet, do what you're told, follow the rules,
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安静点，听我说的做，遵守规矩，
08:55
manage your time, focus,
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抓紧时间，注意一下，
08:57
be a girl."
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要乖点像个女孩。”
08:59
That's what she tells them.
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这就是女老师让男孩做的事。
09:01
Indirectly, that's what she tells them.
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间接地，她指示了男孩该做什么。
09:04
And so this is a very serious problem. Where is it coming from?
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所以这是个很严重的问题。这是从哪开始的呢？
09:06
It's coming from us.
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它是源于我们自己。
09:08
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:11
We want our babies to read when they are six months old.
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我们想让我们的宝贝在他们六个月大时就能读。
09:14
Have you seen the ads?
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你看过广告吗？
09:16
We want to live in Lake Wobegon
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我们想住在沃比冈湖，
09:18
where every child is above average,
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那里每一个孩子的智商都高于平均水平。
09:21
but what this does to our children is really not healthy.
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但是这对我们的孩子来说是非常不健康的。
09:24
It's not developmentally appropriate,
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这是种不良发育，
09:26
and it's particularly bad for boys.
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特别对男孩来说有不好的影响。
09:28
So what do we do?
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我们能做什么呢？
09:30
We need to meet them where they are.
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我们要迎合男孩们的需求。
09:32
We need to put ourselves into boy culture.
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我们要置身于男孩文化中。
09:35
We need to change the mindset
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我们要改变
09:38
of acceptance in boys in elementary schools.
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小学对男孩子一成不变地思维模式。
09:42
More specifically, we can do some very specific things.
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更具体地，我们可以做些非常具体的事。
09:45
We can design better games.
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我们可以设计更好玩的游戏。
09:47
Most of the educational games that are out there today
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今天的多数教育游戏是过时的，
09:49
are really flashcards.
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它们只是卡片游戏。
09:51
They're glorified drill and practice.
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它们都是很耗人的和需要人们的耐心来玩。
09:53
They don't have the depth, the rich narrative
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它们没有真正打电子游戏时的那种耐玩性，
09:56
that really engaging video games have,
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丰富的游戏互动性，
09:58
that the boys are really interested in.
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这些才会让男孩们真正感兴趣。
10:00
So we need to design better games.
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所以我们要设计更好玩的游戏。
10:02
We need to talk to teachers and parents
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我们要和老师，家长，
10:04
and school board members and politicians.
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学校董事会成员和政治家对话。
10:06
We need to make sure that people see that we need more men in the classroom.
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我们必须确保让人们看到，我们要在课堂上有更多的男性老师。
10:09
We need to look carefully at our zero tolerance policies.
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我们要格外关注我们的零容忍政策。
10:11
Do they make sense?
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它们是否合理？
10:13
We need to think about
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我们要思考
10:15
how to uncompress this curriculum if we can,
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我们该怎样解压这课程，
10:18
trying to bring boys back into a space
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我们尽量努力让男孩回到
10:20
that is comfortable for them.
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适合他们待的地方学校来。
10:22
All of those conversations need to be happening.
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这所有的对话都要发生。
10:24
There are some great examples out there
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这里也有一些很好的
10:26
of schools --
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学校--
10:28
the New York Times just talked about a school recently.
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最近纽约时报就谈到一个学校。
10:30
A game designer from the New School
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新学校的游戏设计者
10:33
put together a wonderful video gaming school.
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组合了一所非常棒的视频游戏学校。
10:36
But it only treats a few kids,
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但它只针对个别的孩子。
10:39
and so this isn't very scalable.
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这种学校非常稀缺。
10:41
We have to change the culture and the feelings
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所以我们得改变学校里的男孩文化和改变
10:43
that politicians and school board members and parents have
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政治家，学校董事会成员和父母对待男孩文化的想法，
10:46
about the way we accept and what we accept
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它是有关今天在我们学校，我们已接受的这种男孩文化方式和我们要去接受的
10:48
in our schools today.
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男孩文化。
10:51
We need to find more money for game design.
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我们要给游戏设计投资更多的钱。
10:53
Because good games, really good games, cost money,
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因为好游戏，非常好的游戏是要花钱的，
10:55
and World of Warcraft has quite a budget.
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魔兽世界有相当多的预算。
10:57
Most of the educational games do not.
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大多数教育游戏没有那么多预算。
10:59
Where we started:
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我们从哪里开始呢：
11:01
my colleagues -- Mike Petner, Shawn Vashaw, myself --
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我同事--迈克·派特呢Mike Petner，肖恩·瓦绍Shawn Vashaw和我，
11:04
we started by trying to look at the teachers' attitudes
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我们开始了解老师对此的态度
11:06
and find out how do they really feel about gaming,
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并找出她们真正对游戏的想法，
11:08
what do they say about it.
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对此她们想说什么。
11:10
And we discovered
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我们发现
11:12
that they talk about the kids in their school,
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她们在学校谈到男孩
11:14
who talk about gaming,
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打游戏，
11:16
in pretty demeaning ways.
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他们是用一种非常贬损的口吻。
11:18
They say, "Oh, yeah. They're always talking about that stuff.
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她们说，“哦，是的。他们常常谈论视频游戏。
11:21
They're talking about their little action figures
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他们谈论着他们的小英雄人物
11:23
and their little achievements or merit badges,
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和他们的网上小成绩或者获得的徽章，
11:26
or whatever it is that they get.
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或者任何他们赢得的奖励。
11:28
And they're always talking about this stuff."
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他们常常谈论这些东西。”
11:30
And they say these things as if it's okay.
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她们说这些话好像是没关系似的。
11:32
But if it were your culture,
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但如果这是你的文化呢，
11:34
think of how that might feel.
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想想你会感觉如何？
11:36
It's very uncomfortable to be on the receiving end
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老师的那种语言对于男孩这些接收者们来说，
11:38
of that kind of language.
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听上去是非常不舒服的。
11:40
They're nervous about anything
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老师们对任何
11:42
that has anything to do with violence
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涉及暴力的东西都感到焦虑，
11:44
because of the zero tolerance policies.
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这是因为零容忍的政策。
11:46
They are sure that parents and administrators will never accept anything.
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男孩知道他们的父母和校官绝不会接受这一切。
11:49
So we really need to think about looking at teacher attitudes
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所以我们的确要思考审视老师的态度
11:52
and finding ways to change the attitudes
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找到改变这态度的方法
11:55
so that teachers are much more open
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好让老师更加宽容，以开放的态度
11:57
and accepting of boy cultures in their classrooms.
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来接受在课堂上的这种男孩文化。
12:00
Because, ultimately, if we don't,
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因为，最终，我们要是不改变，
12:02
then we're going to have boys who leave elementary school saying,
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就会有离开小学的男孩子说，
12:05
"Well I guess that was just a place for girls.
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“好吧，我猜学校只是适合女生待；
12:07
It wasn't for me.
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并不适合我。
12:09
So I've got to do gaming, or I've got to do sports."
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所以我要去打游戏，或者玩体育。”
12:12
If we change these things, if we pay attention to these things,
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如果我们改变这些事，如果我们关注这些事，
12:15
and we re-engage boys in their learning,
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我们重新唤起男孩学习的热情，
12:17
they will leave the elementary schools saying, "I'm smart."
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他们在离开小学时，说，“我变聪明了。”
12:20
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:22
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ali Carr-Chellman - Instructional designerAli Carr-Chellman is an instructional designer and author who studies the most effective ways to teach kids and to make changes at school.
Why you should listen
A former third-grade teacher, Ali Carr-Chellman realized that traditional elementary classrooms weren't for her, in part because she was frustrated by the lack of innovation, agility, and readiness to change in traditional schools. She's now an instructional designer, author and educator, working on how to change and innovate within schools to make education work better for more kids. She teaches at Penn State University in the College of Education, working primarily with doctoral-level students to help produce the next generation of faculty with inspired research ideas and methods. Carr-Chellman also teaches online courses focused on helping practicing teachers learn how to improve their own instructional design practices and how to improve their classrooms.
Her recent research projects include "Bring Back the Boys," looking at ways gaming can be used to re-engage boys in their elementary education. Another projects asks prisoners and homeless people to think about how to reform schools, bringing new voices to the policy-making table.
Ali Carr-Chellman | Speaker | TED.com