TEDxCERN
Linda Liukas: A delightful way to teach kids about computers
琳达·卢卡斯: 给孩子讲授电脑科学的愉快方式
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电脑编码是下一个世界性的语言，它的语法只会被下一代程序员的思维所限制。琳达·卢卡斯帮助教育解决问题的孩子，鼓励他们不将电脑仅仅视为机械性，无聊且复杂的机器，而是能够自由摆弄的多彩的，具有表现能力的机器。在这个演说中，她邀请我们来想象一个世界，未来的爱达·洛夫雷斯成长为对科技乐观勇敢的人，并且用科技创建一个多彩的，异想天开的，又有一些怪异的新世界。
Linda Liukas - Programmer, storyteller and illustrator
Linda Liukas wants to create a more diverse and colorful world of technology, starting with the poetry of code. Full bio
Linda Liukas wants to create a more diverse and colorful world of technology, starting with the poetry of code. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Code is the next universal language.
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编码是下一个世界性的语言。
00:16
In the seventies, it was punk music
that drove the whole generation.
that drove the whole generation.
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七十年代，影响了一代人的，是朋克音乐。
00:20
In the eighties, it was probably money.
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80年代，也许是金钱吧。
00:23
But for my generation of people,
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而对我这代人来说，
00:25
software is the interface
to our imagination and our world.
to our imagination and our world.
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软件就是想象和世界的接口。
00:30
And that means that we need
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这意味着我们需要
00:32
a radically, radically
more diverse set of people
more diverse set of people
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更多更多各式各样的人
00:35
to build those products,
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来建造这些产品，
00:37
to not see computers as mechanical
and lonely and boring and magic,
and lonely and boring and magic,
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这些人不会把电脑视作神奇却呆板 、
孤独又无趣的东西，
孤独又无趣的东西，
00:42
to see them as things
that they can tinker
that they can tinker
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而是把电脑看作是可以摆弄的，
00:44
and turn around and twist,
and so forth.
and so forth.
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可以改进的等等。
00:47
My personal journey into the world
of programming and technology
of programming and technology
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我开始编程，初涉科技世界
00:51
started at the tender age of 14.
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是在稚嫩的十四岁
00:54
I had this mad teenage crush
on an older man,
on an older man,
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那时，我疯狂迷恋着
一位年长男士，
一位年长男士，
00:58
and the older man in question
just happened to be
just happened to be
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这位男士正是
时任美国副总统的
阿尔·戈尔(AL Gore)先生。
阿尔·戈尔(AL Gore)先生。
01:01
the then Vice President
of the United States, Mr. Al Gore.
of the United States, Mr. Al Gore.
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01:05
And I did what every single
teenage girl would want to do.
teenage girl would want to do.
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而我做了每个青春期女生
都想做的事。
都想做的事。
01:08
I wanted to somehow
express all of this love,
express all of this love,
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我想要表达自己对他的爱，
01:10
so I built him a website, it's over here.
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因此，我为他建立了一个网站。
就是这个
就是这个
01:13
And in 2001, there was no Tumblr,
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那是2001年，彼时没有Tumblr，
01:16
there was no Facebook,
there was no Pinterest.
there was no Pinterest.
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没有Facebook，
也没有Pinterest
也没有Pinterest
01:18
So I needed to learn to code
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因此我需要学习编程
01:20
in order to express
all of this longing and loving.
all of this longing and loving.
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来表达我所有的憧憬和爱慕。
01:24
And that is how programming
started for me.
started for me.
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这就是我如何开始编程的故事。
01:26
It started as a means of self-expression.
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最初它于我而言，
是一种表达自我的方式。
是一种表达自我的方式。
01:29
Just like when I was smaller,
I would use crayons and legos.
I would use crayons and legos.
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就像我小的时候，
会用蜡笔和乐高积木来表达。
会用蜡笔和乐高积木来表达。
01:32
And when I was older, I would use
guitar lessons and theater plays.
guitar lessons and theater plays.
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长大些后，会用
吉他课和戏剧表演，来表达自己。
吉他课和戏剧表演，来表达自己。
01:37
But then, there were other things
to get excited about,
to get excited about,
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但那时，还有其它很多让人兴奋的东西，
01:40
like poetry and knitting socks
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比如诗歌和织袜子，
01:43
and conjugating French irregular verbs
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总结法语动词变位，
01:46
and coming up with make-believe worlds
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构建虚幻世界，
01:48
and Bertrand Russell and his philosophy.
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还有伯特兰·罗素(Bertrand Russell)以及他的哲学。
01:51
And I started to be one of those people
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然后，我也开始和很多人一样，
01:53
who felt that computers
are boring and technical and lonely.
are boring and technical and lonely.
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认为计算机既无趣，又专业
还孤单。
还孤单。
01:58
Here's what I think today.
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现在，我是这样想的。
01:59
Little girls don't know that they
are not supposed to like computers.
are not supposed to like computers.
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小女孩们并不知道自己被认为是
不该喜欢电脑的。
不该喜欢电脑的。
02:04
Little girls are amazing.
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小女孩们很厉害。
02:05
They are really, really good
at concentrating on things
at concentrating on things
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她们非常非常擅长于集中注意力
02:09
and being exact and they ask
amazing questions like,
amazing questions like,
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做事精确，她们还会提出
很多有意思的问题，比如
很多有意思的问题，比如
02:12
"What?" and "Why?"
and "How?" and "What if?"
and "How?" and "What if?"
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“什么？”，“为什么？”，
“如何？” 以及“如果？”
“如何？” 以及“如果？”
02:15
And they don't know that they
are not supposed to like computers.
are not supposed to like computers.
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她们并不知道自己被看作
不应该会喜欢电脑。
不应该会喜欢电脑。
02:19
It's the parents who do.
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是她们的父母会这样想。
02:21
It's us parents who feel
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我们的父母认为
02:23
like computer science
is this esoteric, weird science discipline
is this esoteric, weird science discipline
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计算机科学是如此
深奥晦涩又稀奇古怪的领域
深奥晦涩又稀奇古怪的领域
02:28
that only belongs to the mystery makers.
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专属于那些制造奥秘的人
02:31
That it's almost as far removed
from everyday life
from everyday life
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它和日常生活的距离之远，
02:34
as, say, nuclear physics.
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就像遥不可及的核物理一般。
02:37
And they are partly right about that.
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他们的想法也有些道理。
02:39
There's a lot of syntax
and controls and data structures
and controls and data structures
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编程中有那么多语法，控制项和数据结构。
02:43
and algorithms and practices,
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各种算法、实践
02:45
protocols and paradigms in programming.
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以及协议和范式。
02:48
And we as a community,
we've made computers smaller and smaller.
we've made computers smaller and smaller.
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我们共同将电脑做得越来越小
02:52
We've built layers and layers
of abstraction on top of each other
of abstraction on top of each other
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我们建立了层层叠叠的抽象概念
在人与机器之间
02:57
between the man and the machine
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02:58
to the point that we no longer
have any idea how computers work
have any idea how computers work
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直到我们都不再了解电脑
到底是如何工作的
到底是如何工作的
03:02
or how to talk to them.
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以及应当如何与之沟通
03:04
And we do teach our kids
how the human body works,
how the human body works,
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我们会教给我们的孩子，
人体是如何工作的
人体是如何工作的
03:07
we teach them how
the combustion engine functions
the combustion engine functions
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教给他们内燃机的工作原理
03:10
and we even tell them
that if you want to really be an astronaut
that if you want to really be an astronaut
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我们甚至会告诉孩子，
如果你真想要成为一名宇航员
如果你真想要成为一名宇航员
03:13
you can become one.
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你会做到的
03:14
But when the kid comes to us and asks,
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可当我们的孩子跑来问我们
03:16
"So, what is a bubble sort algorithm?"
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“那么，什么是冒泡排序法？”
03:19
Or, "How does the computer know
what happens when I press 'play,'
what happens when I press 'play,'
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或者：“当我按下执行键，电脑怎么知道要做什么？”
03:24
how does it know which video to show?"
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“它怎么知道放哪一个视频？”
03:26
Or, "Linda, is Internet a place?"
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又或者，“琳达， 网络是一个地方吗？”
03:28
We adults, we grow oddly silent.
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我们成年人，会异常沉默
03:32
"It's magic," some of us say.
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有些人会说：“它有神奇的力量。”
03:34
"It's too complicated," the others say.
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还有些人会说：“这太复杂了。”
03:38
Well, it's neither.
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嗯，其实都不是。
03:40
It's not magic and it's not complicated.
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它并不神奇也并不复杂
03:42
It all just happened
really, really, really fast.
really, really, really fast.
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只是这一切发生得十分，非常，特别快
03:46
Computer scientists built
these amazing, beautiful machines,
these amazing, beautiful machines,
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计算机专家制造了这些美好又奇妙的机器。
03:49
but they made them
very, very foreign to us,
very, very foreign to us,
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却又让我们对它们十分陌生
03:51
and also the language we speak
to the computers
to the computers
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电脑对我们沟通的语言也同样如此
03:53
so that we don't know
how to speak to the computers anymore
how to speak to the computers anymore
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因此，离开了精美的用户界面。
我们便不知道如何与电脑交流
我们便不知道如何与电脑交流
03:56
without our fancy user interfaces.
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这也是为什么，没人发现
03:59
And that's why no one recognized
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04:01
that when I was conjugating
French irregular verbs,
French irregular verbs,
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当我研究法语动词变位时
04:03
I was actually practicing
my pattern recognition skills.
my pattern recognition skills.
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实际上，我锻炼的是自己的模式识别技能
04:07
And when I was excited about knitting,
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当我十分开心地织袜子时，
04:09
I actually was following
a sequence of symbolic commands
a sequence of symbolic commands
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我实际上正是遵循一串符号指令，
04:12
that included loops inside of them.
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包含了众多循环命令。
04:14
And that Bertrand Russell's lifelong quest
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伯特兰•罗素终其一生，追求
04:17
to find an exact language
between English and mathematics
between English and mathematics
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在英语与数学中，找到一种准确的语言
04:21
found its home inside of a computer.
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这一追求，最终在电脑中找到归宿
04:24
I was a programmer, but no one knew it.
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我那时就已然是个程序师，但没人知道。
04:27
The kids of today, they tap, swipe
and pinch their way through the world.
and pinch their way through the world.
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如今的孩子们，终日把玩电脑
04:31
But unless we give them tools
to build with computers,
to build with computers,
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但除非我们给他们工具，让他们能够利用电脑构建世界
04:34
we are raising only consumers
instead of creators.
instead of creators.
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我们培养的就只是消费者，而不是创造者。
04:38
This whole quest
led me to this little girl.
led me to this little girl.
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这一追求过程让我想到这个小女孩
04:41
Her name is Ruby, she is six years old.
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她叫Ruby（也是一种编程语言的名字），六岁
04:43
She is completely fearless,
imaginative and a little bit bossy.
imaginative and a little bit bossy.
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她无所畏惧，富有想象力，又有那么点强势
04:47
And every time
I would run into a problem
I would run into a problem
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每当我处理问题时
04:50
in trying to teach
myself programming like,
myself programming like,
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每当我学习编程，学习诸如
04:52
"What is object-oriented design
or what is garbage collection?",
or what is garbage collection?",
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何为面对对象设计？何为碎片帐集？
04:56
I would try to imagine how a six-year-old
little girl would explain the problem.
little girl would explain the problem.
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我都会想象一个六岁的女孩会如何解释这些问题
05:01
And I wrote a book about her
and I illustrated it
and I illustrated it
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我为她写了一本书，并加以说明
05:03
and the things
Ruby taught me go like this.
Ruby taught me go like this.
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Ruby教会我
05:06
Ruby taught me that you're
not supposed to be afraid
not supposed to be afraid
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“不要害怕床下的那些虫子“
05:08
of the bugs under your bed.
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05:10
And even the biggest of the problems
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还有，“即使再大的问题
05:12
are a group of tiny problems
stuck together.
stuck together.
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也是由众多小问题构成的罢了“
05:15
And Ruby also introduced
me to her friends,
me to her friends,
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Ruby还向我引荐了她的朋友们
05:18
the colorful side of the Internet culture.
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也就是网络文化多彩的一面
05:21
She has friends like the Snow Leopard,
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比如雪豹（OS X操作系统的一个版本）
05:23
who is beautiful but doesn't want
to play with the other kids.
to play with the other kids.
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它很漂亮，但不喜欢和别的小朋友玩。
05:26
And she has friends like the green robots
that are really friendly but super messy.
that are really friendly but super messy.
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还有绿色机器人，也是Ruby的朋友，
十分友好，却很散乱
十分友好，却很散乱
05:30
And she has friends like Linux the penguin
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她还有朋友，比如Linux 企鹅，
05:32
who's really ruthlessly efficient,
but somewhat hard to understand.
but somewhat hard to understand.
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十分冷酷高效，却有些难搞
05:36
And idealistic foxes, and so on.
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还有理想主义的狐狸等等
05:39
In Ruby's world, you learn
technology through play.
technology through play.
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在Ruby的世界，你通过玩来学习科技
05:43
And, for instance, computers
are really good at repeating stuff,
are really good at repeating stuff,
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比如，电脑十分擅长做重复工作
05:46
so the way Ruby would teach
loops goes like this.
loops goes like this.
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因此Ruby会教我这样用循环
05:49
This is Ruby's favorite dance move,
it goes, "Clap, clap, stomp, stomp
it goes, "Clap, clap, stomp, stomp
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这是Ruby最喜欢的舞蹈动作
像这样：
“拍，拍，踏，踏”
“拍，拍，踏，踏”
05:53
clap, clap and jump."
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“拍，拍，跳”
05:54
And you learn counter loops
by repeating that four times.
by repeating that four times.
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这样重复了四遍，你就学会了counter循环
05:58
And you learn while loops
by repeating that sequence
by repeating that sequence
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同样，当我一只脚站立，重复这个排列时，
你又学会了 while循环
你又学会了 while循环
06:01
while I'm standing on one leg.
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06:03
And you learn until loops
by repeating that sequence
by repeating that sequence
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而当你一直重复这个排列，直到惹怒了老妈，
你就知道什么是until循环了
你就知道什么是until循环了
06:06
until mom gets really mad.
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06:08
(Laughter)
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（笑）
06:09
And most of all, you learn
that there are no ready answers.
that there are no ready answers.
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最主要的是，你明白了，
没有现成答案
没有现成答案
06:14
When coming up with the curriculum
for Ruby's world,
for Ruby's world,
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当我要设计一个介绍Ruby世界的课程时
06:17
I needed to really ask the kids
how they see the world
how they see the world
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我想要真正问问孩子们，
他们是如何看待这个世界的
他们是如何看待这个世界的
06:20
and what kind of questions they have
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以及他们有什么样问题。
06:22
and I would organize
play testing sessions.
play testing sessions.
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然后我会安排游戏测试环节
06:25
I would start by showing the kids
these four pictures.
these four pictures.
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刚开始，我向孩子们展示这四幅图
06:28
I would show them a picture of a car,
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我给他们看的画上有辆车
06:30
a grocery store, a dog and a toilet.
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有家杂货铺，一条狗和一个马桶
06:33
And I would ask, "Which one of these
do you think is a computer?"
do you think is a computer?"
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接着我问他们：“你们觉得这些东西中，哪样是电脑？”
06:37
And the kids would be
very conservative and go,
very conservative and go,
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孩子们会十分谨慎
06:40
"None of these is a computer.
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说：“哈，这里面才没有电脑呢，
06:42
I know what a computer is:
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我可知道电脑长啥样哦！
06:43
it's that glowing box
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就是那个会发光的盒子
06:45
in front of which mom or dad
spends way too much time."
spends way too much time."
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就是爸妈老花时间玩的那个东西“
06:48
But then we would talk
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之后，我们会讨论
06:50
and we would discover
that actually, a car is a computer,
that actually, a car is a computer,
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我们会发现，原来，车也是一台电脑
06:53
it has a navigation system inside of it.
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它里面有导航系统
06:55
And a dog -- a dog
might not be a computer,
might not be a computer,
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还有狗，狗可能不是台电脑
06:58
but it has a collar
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但他带着个项圈，
06:59
and the collar might have
a computer inside of it.
a computer inside of it.
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这个项圈里可能有电脑
07:02
And grocery stores, they have
so many different kinds of computers,
so many different kinds of computers,
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杂货店里，就更是有很多种电脑了
07:05
like the cashier system
and the burglar alarms.
and the burglar alarms.
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有收银机，还有防盗器
07:09
And kids, you know what?
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孩子们，你们知道吗
07:10
In Japan, toilets are computers
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在日本，马桶也是电脑呢
07:13
and there's even hackers who hack them.
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甚至有黑客攻击它呢
07:14
(Laughter)
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（笑）
07:16
And we go further
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而后，更进一步。
07:17
and I give them these little stickers
with an on/off button on them.
with an on/off button on them.
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我给了他们一些贴纸，上面有开关按钮
07:21
And I tell the kids,
"Today you have this magic ability
"Today you have this magic ability
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然后我告诉孩子们：“今天你们有魔力，
07:24
to make anything in this room
into a computer."
into a computer."
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能把房间里任何东西都变成电脑。“
07:28
And again, the kids go,
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结果，孩子们又说
07:29
"Sounds really hard,
I don't know the right answer for this."
I don't know the right answer for this."
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“听起来好难的样子，我不知道正确答案呀”
07:32
But I tell them, "Don't worry,
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但我告诉他们：“别怕，
07:34
your parents don't know
the right answer, either.
the right answer, either.
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你爸妈也不知道正确答案。
07:36
They've just started
to hear about this thing
to hear about this thing
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他们才刚听说这些东西
07:39
called The Internet of Things.
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这个叫做网络的玩意儿
07:41
But you kids,
you are going to be the ones
you are going to be the ones
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但你们这些孩子，
你们会居住在这样一个世界
你们会居住在这样一个世界
07:43
who are really going to live up in a world
where everything is a computer."
where everything is a computer."
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周围所有东西都是电脑。”
07:47
And then I had this little girl
who came to me
who came to me
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然后，有个小女孩走向我
07:50
and took a bicycle lamp
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拿着一个自行车灯
07:51
and she said, "This bicycle lamp,
if it were a computer,
if it were a computer,
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说：“这个自行车灯，如果是台电脑的话，
07:55
it would change colors."
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它就会变色“
07:57
And I said, "That's a really good idea,
what else could it do?"
what else could it do?"
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我说：“这想法好棒啊，那它还能做什么吗？”
08:00
And she thinks and she thinks,
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小女孩想了又想
08:02
and she goes, "If this bicycle lamp
were a computer,
were a computer,
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她说：“如果这个自行车灯是台电脑，
08:06
we could go on a biking trip
with my father
with my father
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我们就能和我爸爸一起去骑车旅行
08:09
and we would sleep in a tent
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在帐篷里睡觉
08:10
and this biking lamp
could also be a movie projector."
could also be a movie projector."
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这个自行车灯也可以变成一个电影放映机。”
08:15
And that's the moment I'm looking for,
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这就是我想要的时刻！
08:18
the moment when the kid realizes
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在这一时刻，孩子们意识到
08:20
that the world
is definitely not ready yet,
is definitely not ready yet,
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世界还远没有妥善到位
08:22
that a really awesome way
of making the world more ready
of making the world more ready
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想要让世界变得更完善，有一个好方法
08:25
is by building technology
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就是开发科技。
08:27
and that each one of us
can be a part of that change.
can be a part of that change.
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我们每个人都可能成为改变中的一部分。
08:31
Final story, we also built a computer.
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最后，我们还造了一台电脑
08:34
And we got to know the bossy CPU
and the helpful RAM and ROM
and the helpful RAM and ROM
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我们知道了发号司令的中央处理器(CPU)，
和十分有用的随机存储器(RAM)，
以及帮助电脑记忆一切的只读存储器(ROM)
以及帮助电脑记忆一切的只读存储器(ROM)
08:39
that help it remember things.
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08:40
And after we've assembled
our computer together,
our computer together,
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之后，我们将电脑组装起来，
08:43
we also design an application for it.
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为它设计了程序
08:46
And my favorite story is this little boy,
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我最喜欢的故事是这个小男孩
08:48
he's six years old
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他六岁，
08:49
and his favorite thing in the world
is to be an astronaut.
is to be an astronaut.
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在这世上最喜欢的事就是成为宇航员。
08:53
And the boy, he has
these huge headphones on
these huge headphones on
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小男孩头戴大耳机
08:55
and he's completely immersed
in his tiny paper computer
in his tiny paper computer
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完全着迷于他那小小的，纸质电脑。
08:58
because you see, he's built his own
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因为，你看，他自己做了一个
09:00
intergalactic planetary
navigation application.
navigation application.
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能穿越星球星际的导航程序
09:05
And his father, the lone astronaut
in the Martian orbit,
in the Martian orbit,
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他的父亲，一名位于火星轨道的，孤单的宇航员
09:08
is on the other side of the room
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就在房间的另一边
09:10
and the boy's important mission
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男孩的重大使命便是
09:11
is to bring the father
safely back to earth.
safely back to earth.
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将他爸爸安全带回地球
09:15
And these kids are going to have
a profoundly different view of the world
a profoundly different view of the world
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关于世界，以及我们如何用科技构建世界。
这些孩子将建立一个完全不同的认知
这些孩子将建立一个完全不同的认知
09:19
and the way we build it with technology.
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09:22
Finally, the more approachable,
the more inclusive,
the more inclusive,
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最后，越是亲切、包容，多样的科技手段
就越会让
就越会让
09:26
and the more diverse
we make the world of technology,
we make the world of technology,
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09:30
the more colorful and better
the world will look like.
the world will look like.
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我们的世界变得更好，更多彩
09:34
So, imagine with me, for a moment,
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所以，我们来一起想象一下
09:36
a world where the stories we tell
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这样一个世界，在这里，
我们所说的故事
我们所说的故事
09:39
about how things get made
don't only include
don't only include
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关于事物如何被创造的故事，不仅仅关于
09:42
the twentysomething-year-old
Silicon Valley boys,
Silicon Valley boys,
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二十来岁的硅谷男孩
09:44
but also Kenyan schoolgirls
and Norwegian librarians.
and Norwegian librarians.
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也关于肯尼亚女学生，和挪威图书管理员
09:50
Imagine a world where
the little Ada Lovelaces of tomorrow,
the little Ada Lovelaces of tomorrow,
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想象这样一个世界，
那里有明日的小阿达·洛芙莱斯(Ada Lovelaces,最早的“程序媛”)
09:54
who live in a permanent
reality of 1s and 0s,
reality of 1s and 0s,
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居住在永恒的0和1的世界里
他们长大，积极又勇敢地看待科技
09:57
they grow up to be very optimistic
and brave about technology.
and brave about technology.
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10:02
They embrace the powers
and the opportunities
and the opportunities
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他们拥抱了这世界的力量、机会和限制，
10:05
and the limitations of the world.
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10:07
A world of technology
that is wonderful, whimsical
that is wonderful, whimsical
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这个科技世界既精妙绝伦又有些光怪陆离。
10:11
and a tiny bit weird.
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10:15
When I was a girl,
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当我是个小女孩时
10:16
I wanted to be a storyteller.
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我想要成为一个讲故事的人
10:18
I loved make-believe worlds
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我喜欢虚幻世界
10:20
and my favorite thing to do
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我最想要做的便是
10:21
was to wake up in the mornings
in Moominvalley.
in Moominvalley.
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清晨醒来，身在姆明谷（Moominvalley）
10:26
In the afternoons,
I would roam around the Tatooines.
I would roam around the Tatooines.
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下午漫步在塔图因星球（Tatooine）
10:29
And in the evenings,
I would go to sleep in Narnia.
I would go to sleep in Narnia.
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晚上，再在纳尼亚的世界中安睡。
10:33
And programming turned out
to be the perfect profession for me.
to be the perfect profession for me.
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因此编程成为我的绝佳职业
10:37
I still create worlds.
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我仍能创造世界
10:39
Instead of stories, I do them with code.
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但不是说故事，而是通过编程
10:43
Programming gives me this amazing power
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编程赋予我这一神奇的力量
10:46
to build my whole little universe
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使我能够建立自己的一方小天地
10:49
with its own rules
and paradigms and practices.
and paradigms and practices.
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按照自己的规则、范式和实践
10:54
Create something out of nothing
with the pure power of logic.
with the pure power of logic.
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依靠逻辑的纯粹力量，
实现从无到有的创造。
实现从无到有的创造。
10:58
Thank you.
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谢谢！
11:00
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Linda Liukas - Programmer, storyteller and illustratorLinda Liukas wants to create a more diverse and colorful world of technology, starting with the poetry of code.
Why you should listen
Linda Liukas is a programmer, storyteller and illustrator. Her children's book, Hello Ruby, is the "world’s most whimsical way to learn about technology, computing and coding.” Liukas founded Rails Girls, which has organized workshops in over 230 cities, teaching the basics of programming to more than 10,000 women. Linda worked at Codeacademy, which she left to write stories that teach children about software and programming. She won the 2013 Ruby Hero prize and was named the Digital Champion of Finland by the EU Commissioner for Digital Agenda.
Linda Liukas | Speaker | TED.com