TEDxDU 2010
Aaron Huey: America's native prisoners of war
Aaron Huey: 美國原住民戰俘
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
1,692,364 views
Aaron Huey 矢志拍攝美國國內的貧窮現象，於是他來到松嶺印地安人保護區。在這裡，他看到拉科塔人們的生活困頓：景象駭人，卻被大多數人所忽略，使他不得不重新聚焦。經過五年的研究後，他在TEDxDU大膽且勇敢的演說中，呈現這些令人難以忘懷的影像，同時穿插那些令人震驚的過去。
Aaron Huey - Photographer
Photographer, adventurer and storyteller Aaron Huey captures all of his subjects -- from war victims to rock climbers to Sufi dervishes -- with elegance and fearless sensitivity. Full bio
Photographer, adventurer and storyteller Aaron Huey captures all of his subjects -- from war victims to rock climbers to Sufi dervishes -- with elegance and fearless sensitivity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota.
0
0
3000
今天，我向大家呈現我拍攝的拉科塔人照片。
00:19
Many of you may have heard of the Lakota,
1
4000
2000
拉科塔人對於在座的許多人應該不陌生了，
00:21
or at least the larger group of tribes
2
6000
2000
至少也聽說過他們所屬的部落
00:23
called the Sioux.
3
8000
2000
蘇族。
00:25
The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land
4
10000
3000
拉科塔人是眾多被迫離開家園的印第安人。
00:28
to prisoner of war camps
5
13000
2000
他們淪為戰俘，被驅趕到集中營裡，
00:30
now called reservations.
6
15000
2000
也就是所謂的保留地。
00:32
The Pine Ridge Reservation,
7
17000
2000
松嶺印地安人保留地，
00:34
the subject of today's slide show,
8
19000
2000
就是今天攝影集的主題，
00:36
is located about 75 miles southeast
9
21000
2000
它位於南達科他州黑崗
00:38
of the Black Hills in South Dakota.
10
23000
2000
東南方向75英里處。
00:40
It is sometimes referred to
11
25000
2000
它的別名是
00:42
as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334,
12
27000
3000
334 號戰俘集中營。
00:45
and it is where the Lakota now live.
13
30000
3000
這裡就是現在拉科塔人的居住地。
00:48
Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM,
14
33000
2000
如果你們有人聽說過 AIM，
00:50
the American Indian Movement,
15
35000
2000
也就是美國印第安人運動,
00:52
or of Russell Means,
16
37000
2000
還是你們有聽過 羅素·敏斯
00:54
or Leonard Peltier,
17
39000
2000
或是里奧納多‧波地爾
00:56
or of the stand-off at Oglala,
18
41000
2000
或是奧加拉拉對峙事件，
00:58
then you know that Pine Ridge is ground zero
19
43000
3000
那麼你肯定知道，在美國，松嶺保留地
01:01
for Native issues in the U.S.
20
46000
3000
就是印第安人問題的發生地。
01:04
So I've been asked to talk a little bit today
21
49000
2000
今天，我被邀來這裡簡單介紹
01:06
about my relationship with the Lakota,
22
51000
2000
我和拉科塔人之間的關係，
01:08
and that's a very difficult one for me.
23
53000
2000
這我來說難能可貴。
01:10
Because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color,
24
55000
2000
因為，你們如果注意到我的膚色，
01:12
I'm white,
25
57000
2000
就知道我是白人，
01:14
and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation.
26
59000
3000
這在印第安人保留地是一大禁忌。
01:19
You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today,
27
64000
2000
今天展示的照片中有形形色色的人，
01:21
and I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family.
28
66000
3000
我有幸成為他們的朋友，他們待我如親人一般。
01:24
They've called me "brother" and "uncle"
29
69000
2000
他們待我如兄長，
01:26
and invited me again and again over five years.
30
71000
2000
在過去的五年裡一次又一次邀我，
01:28
But on Pine Ridge,
31
73000
2000
儘管如此，在松嶺，
01:30
I will always be what is called "wasichu,"
32
75000
3000
我永遠被視為wasichu,
01:33
and "wasichu" is a Lakota word
33
78000
3000
wasichu是拉科塔語，
01:36
that means "non-Indian,"
34
81000
2000
意思是非印第安人，
01:38
but another version of this word
35
83000
2000
而這個詞還有另一個含義，
01:40
means "the one who takes the best meat for himself."
36
85000
4000
意思是搶走上等好肉的人。
01:44
And that's what I want to focus on --
37
89000
2000
這就是我今天的主題 --
01:46
the one who takes the best part of the meat.
38
91000
2000
搶走上等好肉的人。
01:48
It means greedy.
39
93000
2000
這意味著貪婪。
01:51
So take a look around this auditorium today.
40
96000
2000
大家四下看看。
01:53
We are at a private school in the American West,
41
98000
3000
我們身處美國西部一所私立學校裡，
01:56
sitting in red velvet chairs
42
101000
3000
坐在紅色絲絨的椅子上，
01:59
with money in our pockets.
43
104000
2000
荷包鼓鼓。
02:01
And if we look at our lives,
44
106000
2000
如果我們稍稍自省，
02:03
we have indeed taken
45
108000
2000
就不難發現，
02:05
the best part of the meat.
46
110000
2000
我們的確搶走了上等好肉。
02:07
So let's look today at a set of photographs
47
112000
3000
我們來好好看看這些圖片，
02:10
of a people who lost
48
115000
2000
看看我們如何奪走了
02:12
so that we could gain,
49
117000
2000
本屬於另外一群人的生活。
02:14
and know that when you see these people's faces
50
119000
3000
不僅如此，當看到這些人的臉時，
02:17
that these are not just images of the Lakota;
51
122000
3000
你知道他們不僅代表了拉科塔人，
02:20
they stand for all indigenous people.
52
125000
3000
還代表了所有印第安土著。
02:25
On this piece of paper
53
130000
2000
這張紙上，
02:27
is the history the way I learned it
54
132000
2000
記錄著我從拉科塔朋友和家人那裡
02:29
from my Lakota friends and family.
55
134000
3000
學到的歷史。
02:32
The following is a time-line
56
137000
2000
下面是一組大事年表，
02:34
of treaties made, treaties broken
57
139000
3000
記錄了那些被撕毀了的協約
02:37
and massacres disguised as battles.
58
142000
2000
和一些看似戰鬥實為屠殺的事件。
02:39
I'll begin in 1824.
59
144000
2000
我從1824年講起。
02:41
What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs
60
146000
2000
印第安事務管理局
02:43
was created within the War Department,
61
148000
2000
實為美國陸軍部下屬部門
02:45
setting an early tone of aggression
62
150000
2000
一開始就在對待美國原住民事務上
02:47
in our dealings with the Native Americans.
63
152000
2000
充滿敵意。
02:49
1851:
64
154000
2000
1851年:
02:51
The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made,
65
156000
2000
第一次《拉勒米堡條約》，
02:53
clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.
66
158000
3000
明確劃定了拉科塔人的領土分界線。
02:56
According to the treaty,
67
161000
2000
根據條約，
02:58
those lands are a sovereign nation.
68
163000
2000
分界線以內的土地構成一個主權國家。
03:00
If the boundaries of this treaty had held --
69
165000
2000
如果條約劃定的界限還在，
03:02
and there is a legal basis that they should --
70
167000
3000
同時還有法源依據
03:05
then this is what the U.S. would look like today.
71
170000
3000
那麼這才是美國今天的模樣。
03:10
10 years later,
72
175000
2000
十年以後，
03:12
the Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln,
73
177000
3000
由林肯總統親自簽署的《公地放領法》
03:15
unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.
74
180000
3000
放任白人殖民者蜂擁闖入原駐民領地。
03:18
1863:
75
183000
2000
1863年:
03:20
An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota
76
185000
2000
明尼蘇達州發生蘇族的支部桑蒂人起義，
03:22
ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men,
77
187000
3000
結果38名蘇人被絞死，
03:25
the largest mass execution in U.S. history.
78
190000
3000
這成為美國歷史上最大規模的絞刑。
03:29
The execution was ordered by President Lincoln
79
194000
2000
下令行刑的正是林肯總統，
03:31
only two days after
80
196000
2000
而就在兩天前，
03:33
he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
81
198000
3000
他剛剛簽署了《解放奴隸宣言》。
03:37
1866: the beginning of the transcontinental railroad --
82
202000
3000
1866年，跨大陸鐵路開始動工 --
03:40
a new era.
83
205000
2000
新時代開始了。
03:42
We appropriated land for trails and trains
84
207000
2000
為了優化鐵路路線，
03:44
to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation.
85
209000
3000
我們抄捷徑直穿拉科塔腹地。
03:47
The treaties were out the window.
86
212000
2000
所有條約都被束之高閣。
03:49
In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud
87
214000
3000
拉科達酋長紅雲率領的三個部落進行反擊，
03:52
attacked and defeated the U.S. army many times over.
88
217000
3000
他們攻打並屢次戰勝了美國軍隊。
03:55
I want to repeat that part.
89
220000
2000
我想再強調一遍。
03:57
The Lakota defeat the U.S. army.
90
222000
3000
拉科塔人戰勝了美國軍隊。
04:00
1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty
91
225000
3000
1868年: 第二次《拉勒米堡條約》
04:03
clearly guarantees the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation
92
228000
3000
清清楚楚地承諾保證蘇族的主權地位
04:06
and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills.
93
231000
3000
並承認神聖的黑崗為拉科塔所有。
04:09
The government also promises land and hunting rights
94
234000
2000
政府另外還承諾他們在其領地周圍各州
04:11
in the surrounding states.
95
236000
2000
享有土地和狩獵權。
04:13
We promise that the Powder River country
96
238000
2000
我們承諾白人一律不許踏入
04:15
will henceforth be closed to all whites.
97
240000
3000
屬於印第安人的粉河地帶。
04:18
The treaty seemed to be a complete victory
98
243000
2000
這個條約表面上是紅雲酋長
04:20
for Red Cloud and the Sioux.
99
245000
2000
以及蘇人的完美勝利勝。
04:22
In fact, this is the only war in American history
100
247000
3000
而實質上，這是美國歷史上
04:25
in which the government negotiated a peace
101
250000
3000
政府唯一一次為了停戰
04:28
by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.
102
253000
3000
而完全屈從於敵人的要求。
04:33
1869:
103
258000
2000
1869年:
04:35
The transcontinental railroad was completed.
104
260000
2000
跨大陸鐵路竣工。
04:37
It began carrying, among other things, a large number of hunters
105
262000
3000
成千上萬的獵戶搭著火車來到蘇人的領地，
04:40
who began the wholesale killing of buffalo,
106
265000
3000
他們開始成批地捕殺野牛,
04:43
eliminating a source of food and clothing and shelter for the Sioux.
107
268000
3000
使得蘇人賴以生存的生活資料來源瀕臨滅絕。
04:46
1871:
108
271000
2000
1871年:
04:48
The Indian Appropriation Act
109
273000
2000
印第安人撥款法案
04:50
makes all Indians wards of the federal government.
110
275000
3000
讓所有印第安人都受到聯邦政府的管轄。
04:53
In addition, the military issued orders
111
278000
3000
不僅如此，美國軍隊下令
04:56
forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations.
112
281000
3000
禁止西部的印第安人離開保留地。
04:59
All western Indians at that point in time
113
284000
2000
從此以後，所有西部印第安人
05:01
were now prisoners of war.
114
286000
2000
都成為了戰後囚徒。
05:03
Also in 1871,
115
288000
2000
另外，1871年，
05:05
we ended the time of treaty-making.
116
290000
2000
我們停止制定條約。
05:07
The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations,
117
292000
3000
條約只會允許印第安部落享有主權，
05:10
and we can't have that.
118
295000
2000
但我們不能接受。
05:12
We had plans.
119
297000
2000
我們自有對策。
05:14
1874:
120
299000
2000
1874年:
05:16
General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory,
121
301000
3000
喬治‧卡斯特 將軍宣佈在拉科塔地區發現了金礦，
05:19
specifically the Black Hills.
122
304000
2000
位置就在黑崗。
05:21
The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers
123
306000
2000
這一消息引得白人移民者蜂擁
05:23
into Lakota Nation.
124
308000
2000
闖入拉科塔領地。
05:25
Custer recommends that Congress find a way
125
310000
2000
卡斯特向國會提議
05:27
to end the treaties with the Lakota
126
312000
2000
儘快解除
05:29
as soon as possible.
127
314000
2000
與拉科塔人定下的條約。
05:31
1875: The Lakota war begins
128
316000
3000
1875年: 美國撕毀《拉勒米堡條約》，
05:34
over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.
129
319000
3000
拉科達戰爭爆發。
05:37
1876:
130
322000
2000
1876年:
05:39
On July 26th
131
324000
2000
7月26日
05:41
on its way to attack a Lakota village,
132
326000
2000
卡斯特將軍率領的第七騎兵
05:43
Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed
133
328000
2000
在攻打一個拉科塔村莊時全軍覆沒，
05:45
at the battle of Little Big Horn.
134
330000
2000
這就是著名的小盤羊戰役。
05:47
1877:
135
332000
2000
1877年:
05:49
The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse
136
334000
3000
偉大的拉科塔勇士瘋馬酋長
05:52
surrendered at Fort Robinson.
137
337000
2000
於羅賓遜堡投降。
05:54
He was later killed while in custody.
138
339000
3000
他之後在關押期間被殺害。
06:00
1877 is also the year we found a way
139
345000
3000
1877年，我們成功地
06:03
to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties.
140
348000
2000
解除了所有《拉勒米堡條約》。
06:05
A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men
141
350000
3000
一項新協議擺在了蘇人各部酋長以及他們副手的面前，
06:08
under a campaign known as "sell or starve:"
142
353000
3000
這次運動被稱為“不賣地就餓死”
06:11
Sign the paper, or no food for your tribe.
143
356000
3000
要麼在協議上簽字，要麼你的部落就等著挨餓。
06:14
Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed.
144
359000
3000
只有百分之十的成年男子簽了字。
06:17
The Fort Laramie Treaty
145
362000
2000
《拉勒米堡條約》
06:19
called for at least three-quarters of the tribe
146
364000
2000
要求一個部落中至少四分之三的人簽字同意
06:21
to sign away land.
147
366000
2000
才能出讓土地。
06:23
That clause was obviously ignored.
148
368000
2000
這一條款很顯然已經被忽略不計了。
06:25
1887: The Dawes Act.
149
370000
3000
1887:《道斯法案》。
06:28
Communal ownership of reservation lands ends.
150
373000
3000
保留地公有的時代就此終結。
06:31
Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections
151
376000
3000
保留地被分割成塊，每塊地為160英畝，
06:34
and distributed to individual Indians
152
379000
2000
分配給每個印第安人
06:36
with the surplus disposed of.
153
381000
2000
剩餘的部分則被割走。
06:38
Tribes lost millions of acres.
154
383000
3000
印第安部落損失了上百萬英畝土地。
06:41
The American dream of individual land ownership
155
386000
2000
美國人為了實現
06:43
turned out to be a very clever way
156
388000
2000
就不擇手段
06:45
to divide the reservation until nothing was left.
157
390000
3000
將保留地瓜分待盡。
06:48
The move destroyed the reservations,
158
393000
2000
保留地遭到毀滅性打擊，
06:50
making it easier to further subdivide and to sell
159
395000
3000
變得更容易讓下一代人
06:53
with every passing generation.
160
398000
3000
進一步瓜分。
06:56
Most of the surplus land
161
401000
2000
那些瓜分剩下的土地
06:58
and many of the plots within reservation boundaries
162
403000
2000
以及許多保留地內的地塊
07:00
are now in the hands of white ranchers.
163
405000
3000
現在都成了白人農場主的囊中之物。
07:03
Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.
164
408000
3000
最肥沃的土地再次落入wasichu手裡
07:07
1890, a date I believe to be
165
412000
2000
1890年，我認為是幻燈片上
07:09
the most important in this slide show.
166
414000
3000
最重要的一個日期。
07:12
This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre.
167
417000
2000
就在這一年，“傷膝河慘案”發生了。
07:14
On December 29th,
168
419000
2000
12月29日，
07:16
U.S. troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek
169
421000
3000
美國軍隊包圍了蘇人駐紮在傷膝河的營地，
07:19
and massacred Chief Big Foot
170
424000
2000
並在那裡屠殺了“大腳”酋長
07:21
and 300 prisoners of war,
171
426000
2000
以及其他300多名戰俘，
07:23
using a new rapid-fire weapon
172
428000
2000
他們使用的是一種能夠進行掃射的
07:25
that fired exploding shells
173
430000
2000
新式武器 －
07:27
called a Hotchkiss gun.
174
432000
2000
機關槍。
07:29
For this so-called "battle,"
175
434000
2000
為了這場所謂的戰役，
07:31
20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor
176
436000
3000
國會將 20 枚榮譽勳章
07:34
were given to the 7th Cavalry.
177
439000
3000
授予了第七騎兵團以表彰他們的驍勇善戰。
07:37
To this day,
178
442000
2000
直到今天，
07:39
this is the most Medals of Honor
179
444000
3000
這是歷史上國會授予最多榮譽勳章的
07:42
ever awarded for a single battle.
180
447000
3000
單次戰役。
07:45
More Medals of Honor were given
181
450000
2000
這一次對無辜婦女兒童的殘酷屠殺
07:47
for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children
182
452000
2000
所獲得的榮譽勳章
07:49
than for any battle in World War One,
183
454000
2000
多於第一次世界大戰，
07:51
World War Two,
184
456000
2000
第二次世界大戰，
07:53
Korea, Vietnam,
185
458000
2000
朝鮮戰爭、越南戰爭、
07:55
Iraq or Afghanistan.
186
460000
3000
伊拉克戰爭或阿富汗戰爭中的任何一次戰役。
07:59
The Wounded Knee massacre
187
464000
2000
“傷膝河慘案”
08:01
is considered the end of the Indian wars.
188
466000
3000
被認為是印第安戰爭的結束
08:04
Whenever I visit the site
189
469000
2000
每一次
08:06
of the mass grave at Wounded Knee,
190
471000
2000
去傷膝河公墓，
08:08
I see it not just as a grave
191
473000
2000
我看到的
08:10
for the Lakota or for the Sioux,
192
475000
2000
不僅僅是拉科塔人或蘇人的墳墓，
08:12
but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.
193
477000
3000
而是所有原住民的墳墓。
08:18
The holy man, Black Elk, said,
194
483000
2000
印第安聖人黑麋鹿曾說：
08:20
"I did not know then
195
485000
2000
「我不知道當時
08:22
how much was ended.
196
487000
2000
死了多少人。
08:24
When I look back now
197
489000
2000
每當回首
08:26
from this high hill of my old age,
198
491000
2000
那座飽經滄桑的高山，
08:28
I can still see the butchered women and children
199
493000
2000
沿著那條蜿蜒的小河
08:30
lying heaped and scattered
200
495000
2000
我依然能看見那些婦女兒童,
08:32
all along the crooked gulch
201
497000
3000
屍橫遍地，
08:38
as plain as when I saw them
202
503000
2000
這和我年輕時親見的場景
08:40
with eyes still young.
203
505000
3000
一般清晰。
08:46
And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud
204
511000
3000
我能看到在那鮮血染紅的泥土中還有另一樣東西也被扼殺了，
08:50
and was buried in the blizzard:
205
515000
3000
最後被暴風雪所埋葬。
08:54
A people's dream died there,
206
519000
3000
一個民族的夢想在那裡湮滅
08:57
and it was a beautiful dream."
207
522000
3000
那曾是個多麼美好的夢想。”
09:01
With this event,
208
526000
2000
事件發生以後，
09:03
a new era in Native American history began.
209
528000
3000
美國原住民的歷史進入新的篇章。
09:07
Everything can be measured
210
532000
2000
“傷膝河慘案” 發生之前，
09:09
before Wounded Knee and after.
211
534000
3000
一切都是可以衡量的。
09:12
Because it was in this moment
212
537000
2000
因為現在美國政府
09:14
with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns
213
539000
3000
一邊做出扣動扳機的姿態，
09:17
that the U.S. government openly declared its position on Native rights.
214
542000
4000
美國政府公開宣佈對原住民權力的立場
09:21
They were tired of treaties.
215
546000
2000
他們厭倦了條約。
09:23
They were tired of sacred hills.
216
548000
2000
厭倦了聖山。
09:25
They were tired of ghost dances.
217
550000
3000
厭倦了鬼舞。
09:28
And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux.
218
553000
3000
他們厭倦了蘇人給他們帶來的種種不便。
09:31
So they brought out their cannons.
219
556000
3000
於是他們搬出了大炮。
09:35
"You want to be an Indian now?" they said,
220
560000
3000
要脅: 「你們還做印第安人是嗎?」
09:38
finger on the trigger.
221
563000
2000
同時作勢開槍。
09:45
1900:
222
570000
2000
1900年:
09:47
the U.S. Indian population reached its low point --
223
572000
3000
美國原駐民人口跌至歷史最低點:
09:51
less than 250,000,
224
576000
2000
不足二十五萬人，
09:53
compared to an estimated eight million
225
578000
2000
遠遠少於 1492 年的
09:55
in 1492.
226
580000
2000
八百萬人。
09:59
Fast-forward.
227
584000
2000
再將時間拉近一點。
10:01
1980:
228
586000
2000
1980年:
10:03
The longest running court case in U.S. history,
229
588000
2000
美國歷史上耗時最長的官司
10:05
the Sioux Nation v. the United States,
230
590000
3000
在蘇族和美國政府之間展開，
10:08
was ruled upon by the U.S. Supreme Court.
231
593000
3000
審理的是美國最高法庭。
10:12
The court determined that, when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations
232
597000
3000
法院裁決，蘇人重歸保留地時，
10:15
and seven million acres of their land
233
600000
3000
同時將七百萬英畝土地
10:18
were opened up to prospectors and homesteaders,
234
603000
3000
開放給探礦者和自耕農，
10:21
the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty
235
606000
2000
違反了第二次《拉勒米堡條約》
10:23
had been violated.
236
608000
2000
的條款。
10:25
The court stated
237
610000
2000
法院陳述說
10:27
that the Black Hills were illegally taken
238
612000
2000
黑崗是被非法佔有的，
10:29
and that the initial offering price plus interest
239
614000
2000
政府應當連本帶息
10:31
should be paid to the Sioux Nation.
240
616000
2000
向蘇族買下黑崗。
10:33
As payment for the Black Hills,
241
618000
2000
為買下黑崗，
10:35
the court awarded only 106 million dollars
242
620000
3000
法院只承諾給蘇族
10:38
to the Sioux Nation.
243
623000
2000
區區一億零六百萬美元。
10:40
The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry,
244
625000
3000
蘇人集體抗議，拒絕收錢，
10:43
"The Black Hills are not for sale."
245
628000
3000
他們呐喊，“決不賣黑崗”。
10:46
2010:
246
631000
2000
2010年:
10:48
Statistics about Native population today,
247
633000
3000
今天關於原住民的資料顯示，
10:51
more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee,
248
636000
3000
傷膝河大屠殺過了一個多世紀之後，
10:54
reveal the legacy of colonization,
249
639000
2000
殖民地化，強制搬遷，
10:56
forced migration
250
641000
2000
違反條約等活動所產生的後遺症
10:58
and treaty violations.
251
643000
2000
逐漸暴露。
11:00
Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
252
645000
3000
松嶺印第安人保留地的失業率
11:03
fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.
253
648000
3000
一直高達百分之八十五甚至百分之九十。
11:06
The housing office is unable to build new structures,
254
651000
3000
房屋事務管理部門無力建設新的基礎設施，
11:09
and existing structures are falling apart.
255
654000
2000
而現存的設施卻漸漸崩塌。
11:11
Many are homeless,
256
656000
2000
不少人流離失所，
11:13
and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings
257
658000
2000
即使一些人有家，他們也只能勉強在危樓裡，
11:15
with up to five families.
258
660000
2000
五個家庭擠在一起生活。
11:17
39 percent of homes on Pine Ridge
259
662000
2000
在松嶺，百分之三十九的住房
11:19
have no electricity.
260
664000
2000
沒有通電。
11:21
At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation
261
666000
3000
百分之六十以上的住房
11:24
are infested with black mold.
262
669000
2000
發了黴。
11:26
More than 90 percent of the population
263
671000
2000
超過百分之九十的人口
11:28
lives below the federal poverty line.
264
673000
3000
生活在國家貧困線以下。
11:31
The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge
265
676000
3000
松嶺地區的肺結核患病率
11:34
is approximately eight times higher than the U.S. national average.
266
679000
3000
大約比全國平均患病率高八倍。
11:37
The infant mortality rate
267
682000
2000
嬰兒死亡率
11:39
is the highest on this continent
268
684000
2000
為北美洲之首，
11:41
and is about three times higher than the U.S. national average.
269
686000
3000
比全國平均嬰兒死亡率高出三倍。
11:44
Cervical cancer is five times higher
270
689000
2000
子宮頸癌患病率
11:46
than the U.S. national average.
271
691000
2000
比全國平均值高五倍。
11:48
School dropout rate is up to 70 percent.
272
693000
3000
輟學率高達百分之七十。
11:51
Teacher turnover
273
696000
2000
教師調動頻繁，
11:53
is eight times higher than the U.S. national average.
274
698000
3000
比全國平均值高出八倍。
11:56
Frequently, grandparents are raising their grandchildren
275
701000
3000
孩子通常由他們的祖父祖母撫養，
11:59
because parents, due to alcoholism,
276
704000
3000
因為他們的父母由於酗酒，
12:02
domestic violence and general apathy,
277
707000
2000
家庭暴力和對子女的冷漠態度，
12:04
cannot raise them.
278
709000
2000
而無法承擔撫養責任。
12:07
50 percent of the population over the age of 40
279
712000
3000
年齡在四十歲以上的人群中有百分之五十
12:10
suffers from diabetes.
280
715000
2000
患有糖尿病。
12:12
The life expectancy for men
281
717000
2000
男性的壽命平均在
12:14
is between 46
282
719000
2000
46歲
12:16
and 48 years old --
283
721000
3000
到48歲，
12:19
roughly the same
284
724000
2000
基本上等於
12:21
as in Afghanistan and Somalia.
285
726000
3000
阿富汗和索馬里亞的情況。
12:25
The last chapter in any successful genocide
286
730000
3000
每一次種族屠殺的結局都一樣，
12:28
is the one in which the oppressor
287
733000
2000
屠殺者
12:30
can remove their hands and say,
288
735000
3000
丟下屠刀，說:
12:33
"My God, what are these people doing to themselves?
289
738000
3000
「天啊，看看這些人對自己幹了什麼?
12:36
They're killing each other.
290
741000
2000
他們自相殘殺。
12:38
They're killing themselves
291
743000
2000
自取滅亡。
12:40
while we watch them die."
292
745000
3000
我們只能在一邊看著。」
12:43
This is how we came to own these United States.
293
748000
3000
我們就是這樣建立起美利堅合眾國的。
12:46
This is the legacy
294
751000
2000
這是命定擴張論
12:48
of manifest destiny.
295
753000
2000
所衍生的後遺症。
12:50
Prisoners are still born
296
755000
2000
雖然監獄看守早已不在了，
12:52
into prisoner-of-war camps
297
757000
2000
在這個戰爭集中營裡，
12:54
long after the guards are gone.
298
759000
3000
仍然不停地有新的戰俘誕生。
12:59
These are the bones left
299
764000
2000
好肉都被瓜分乾淨了，
13:01
after the best meat has been taken.
300
766000
3000
剩下的只有骨頭。
13:06
A long time ago,
301
771000
2000
很久以前，
13:08
a series of events was set in motion
302
773000
2000
一群和我擁有同樣膚色的人，也就是wasichu，
13:10
by a people who look like me, by wasichu,
303
775000
3000
因為覬覦黑崗的土地、
13:13
eager to take the land and the water
304
778000
2000
水源、以及金子，
13:15
and the gold in the hills.
305
780000
3000
而發動了一系列搶掠行動。
13:18
Those events led to a domino effect
306
783000
2000
這些行動產生的連鎖效應，
13:20
that has yet to end.
307
785000
2000
至今未停。
13:22
As removed as we the dominant society may feel
308
787000
4000
儘管現在我們作為主導的這個社會
13:27
from a massacre in 1890,
309
792000
3000
與1890年的大屠殺
13:30
or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago,
310
795000
3000
以及150年前撕毀的條約相隔甚遠，
13:34
I still have to ask you the question,
311
799000
2000
我仍然要問你們:
13:36
how should you feel about the statistics of today?
312
801000
3000
對於今天的資料，你們做何感想?
13:40
What is the connection
313
805000
2000
這些印第安人受苦的照片
13:42
between these images of suffering
314
807000
2000
和我剛才所念的歷史事件
13:44
and the history that I just read to you?
315
809000
2000
有什麼關聯呢?
13:46
And how much of this history
316
811000
2000
你們對這些歷史事件
13:48
do you need to own, even?
317
813000
2000
應付多少責任?
13:50
Is any of this your responsibility today?
318
815000
3000
你們是否對這些歷史事件負責?
13:54
I have been told that there must be something we can do.
319
819000
3000
有人告訴我說我們肯定能做些什麼。
13:57
There must be some call to action.
320
822000
3000
我需要號召大家行動起來，
14:00
Because for so long I've been standing on the sidelines
321
825000
3000
因為我花了太長時間站在一旁
14:03
content to be a witness,
322
828000
2000
滿足於作個旁觀者，
14:05
just taking photographs.
323
830000
3000
能做的只是拍拍照片。
14:08
Because the solution seems so far in the past,
324
833000
3000
解決的方法似乎遺留在遙遠的過去
14:11
I needed nothing short of a time machine
325
836000
2000
我只有使用時間機器
14:13
to access them.
326
838000
2000
才能找回它。
14:15
The suffering of indigenous peoples
327
840000
2000
原住民的痛苦生活
14:17
is not a simple issue to fix.
328
842000
3000
不是一天兩天就能夠得到改善的。
14:21
It's not something everyone can get behind
329
846000
2000
人們不能像拖延援助海地，
14:23
the way they get behind helping Haiti,
330
848000
2000
抗擊愛滋病，或賑濟饑荒那樣
14:25
or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine.
331
850000
3000
拖延對原住民的幫助。
14:28
The "fix," as it's called,
332
853000
2000
幫助他們的方法
14:30
may be much more difficult for the dominant society
333
855000
3000
對於主流社會而言可不簡單，
14:33
than, say, a $50 check
334
858000
2000
它不是一張五十美元的支票，
14:35
or a church trip
335
860000
2000
不像教會組織
14:37
to paint some graffiti-covered houses,
336
862000
2000
幫助粉刷被塗鴉的房子，
14:39
or a suburban family
337
864000
2000
也不是像一個市郊家庭
14:41
donating a box of clothes they don't even want anymore.
338
866000
3000
把他們不要的舊衣服捐出來那麼簡單。
14:44
So where does that leave us?
339
869000
2000
我們到底應該怎麼做?
14:46
Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?
340
871000
3000
只能無奈地聳聳肩嗎?
14:49
The United States
341
874000
2000
美國政府
14:51
continues on a daily basis
342
876000
2000
至今
14:53
to violate the terms
343
878000
2000
仍在違反
14:55
of the 1851 and 1868
344
880000
2000
1851年和1868年的條約。
14:57
Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota.
345
882000
3000
也就是和拉科塔人簽訂的兩次《拉勒米堡條約》。
15:00
The call to action I offer today --
346
885000
2000
我今天想告訴大家，
15:02
my TED wish -- is this:
347
887000
3000
我的TED心願是:
15:06
Honor the treaties.
348
891000
2000
請你們遵守條約，
15:08
Give back the Black Hills.
349
893000
2000
歸還黑崗，
15:10
It's not your business what they do with them.
350
895000
3000
印第安人想怎樣利用那些山，你們無權過問。
15:15
(Applause)
351
900000
6000
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aaron Huey - PhotographerPhotographer, adventurer and storyteller Aaron Huey captures all of his subjects -- from war victims to rock climbers to Sufi dervishes -- with elegance and fearless sensitivity.
Why you should listen
Aaron Huey is a masthead photographer for National Geographic Adventure and National Geographic Traveler magazines. His stories from Afghanistan, Haiti, Mali, Siberia, Yemen and French Polynesia (to name just a few) on subjects as diverse as the Afghan drug war and the underwater photography of sharks, can be found in The New Yorker, National Geographic and The New York Times.
Huey serves on the board of directors for the nonprofit Blue Earth Alliance. In 2002, he walked 3,349 miles across America with his dog Cosmo (the journey lasted 154 days), and was recently awarded a National Geographic Expedition Council Grant to hitchhike across Siberia.
Aaron Huey | Speaker | TED.com