ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
TED2012

Jonathan Haidt: Religion, evolution, and the ecstasy of self-transcendence

Jonathan Haidt:宗教信仰,進化論,與自我超越的狂喜

Filmed:
1,335,755 views

心理學家Jonathan Haidt 提出一個簡單卻難以回答的問題:人類為什麼追求自我超越?會願意犧牲小我?講者用進化論中的群體篩選論,以科學的角度來提供發人深省的答案。
- Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
I have a question for you:
0
0
3000
問你們一個問題:
00:18
Are you religious宗教?
1
3000
2000
你有宗教信仰嗎?
00:20
Please raise提高 your hand right now
2
5000
2000
如果你覺得你是個有宗教信仰的人
00:22
if you think of yourself你自己 as a religious宗教 person.
3
7000
3000
請舉起你的手
00:25
Let's see, I'd say about three or four percent百分.
4
10000
3000
看來有百分之三到四的人
00:28
I had no idea理念 there were so many許多 believers信徒 at a TEDTED Conference會議.
5
13000
3000
沒想到TED聽眾還有這麼多宗教信徒
00:31
(Laughter笑聲)
6
16000
2000
(笑聲)
00:33
Okay, here's這裡的 another另一個 question:
7
18000
2000
好,下一個問題:
00:35
Do you think of yourself你自己 as spiritual精神
8
20000
2000
你覺得你是個有靈性的人嗎?
00:37
in any way, shape形狀 or form形成? Raise提高 your hand.
9
22000
2000
無論各種型態,請舉手
00:39
Okay, that's the majority多數.
10
24000
3000
好,大部分的人都是
00:42
My Talk today今天
11
27000
2000
我今天的演講
00:44
is about the main主要 reason原因, or one of the main主要 reasons原因,
12
29000
2000
是要解釋
00:46
why most people consider考慮 themselves他們自己
13
31000
2000
為何我們人會認為自己屬靈
00:48
to be spiritual精神 in some way, shape形狀 or form形成.
14
33000
2000
不管藉由什麼方法或型態
00:50
My Talk today今天 is about self-transcendence自我超越.
15
35000
3000
我今天的演講有關"自我昇華"
00:53
It's just a basic基本 fact事實 about being存在 human人的
16
38000
3000
這是個簡單的概念,有關我們人類
00:56
that sometimes有時 the self seems似乎 to just melt熔化 away.
17
41000
3000
偶爾會不再以自我為中心
00:59
And when that happens發生,
18
44000
2000
而當我們無私時
01:01
the feeling感覺 is ecstatic欣喜若狂
19
46000
3000
會有種難以言喻的狂喜
01:04
and we reach達到 for metaphors隱喻 of up and down
20
49000
2000
我們尋找各種言詞
01:06
to explain說明 these feelings情懷.
21
51000
2000
來表達這種內心的悸動
01:08
We talk about being存在 uplifted抬升
22
53000
2000
好比說"無比振奮"
01:10
or elevated提高的.
23
55000
2000
或是"達到忘我的境界"
01:12
Now it's really hard to think about anything abstract抽象 like this
24
57000
3000
光看字面實在是很難想像
01:15
without a good concrete具體 metaphor隱喻.
25
60000
2000
這到底是什麼樣的感受
01:17
So here's這裡的 the metaphor隱喻 I'm offering today今天.
26
62000
3000
所以我提供一個比喻來詮釋
01:20
Think about the mind心神 as being存在 like a house with many許多 rooms客房,
27
65000
3000
想像你的腦是個大房子
01:23
most of which哪一個 we're very familiar with.
28
68000
3000
我們很熟悉大多數的房間
01:26
But sometimes有時 it's as though雖然 a doorway門口 appears出現
29
71000
3000
但有時候,會有一道門
01:29
from out of nowhere無處
30
74000
2000
在我們面前突然出現
01:31
and it opens打開 onto a staircase樓梯.
31
76000
3000
打開後是向上的階梯
01:34
We climb the staircase樓梯
32
79000
2000
我們走上階梯
01:36
and experience經驗 a state of altered改變 consciousness意識.
33
81000
4000
感受到一股強烈的心靈悸動
01:40
In 1902,
34
85000
2000
在1902年
01:42
the great American美國 psychologist心理學家 William威廉 James詹姆士
35
87000
2000
美國偉大的心理學家 William James
01:44
wrote about the many許多 varieties品種 of religious宗教 experience經驗.
36
89000
3000
寫了有關各式的宗教經驗
01:47
He collected all kinds of case案件 studies學習.
37
92000
2000
他蒐集自各種個案研究
01:49
He quoted the words of all kinds of people
38
94000
2000
引用人們口中
01:51
who'd誰願意 had a variety品種 of these experiences經驗.
39
96000
2000
多種的宗教體驗
01:53
One of the most exciting扣人心弦 to me
40
98000
2000
其中有個例子非常有趣
01:55
is this young年輕 man, Stephen斯蒂芬 Bradley布拉德利,
41
100000
2000
這個年輕人 Stephen Bradley
01:57
had an encounter遭遇, he thought, with Jesus耶穌 in 1820.
42
102000
3000
在1820年,自認遇見了耶穌
02:00
And here's這裡的 what Bradley布拉德利 said about it.
43
105000
3000
以下是 Bradley 的口述:
02:06
(Music音樂)
44
111000
2000
(音樂)
02:09
(Video視頻) Stephen斯蒂芬 Bradley布拉德利: I thought I saw the savior救主 in human人的 shape形狀
45
114000
3000
(影片) "我見到道成肉身的救世主了
02:12
for about one second第二 in the room房間,
46
117000
2000
差不多有一秒鐘的時間,在房裡
02:14
with arms武器 extended擴展,
47
119000
2000
張開雙臂
02:16
appearing出現 to say to me, "Come."
48
121000
3000
彷彿對我說:到我這來
02:19
The next下一個 day I rejoiced歡欣鼓舞 with trembling發抖.
49
124000
3000
隔天我興奮到發抖
02:22
My happiness幸福 was so great that I said I wanted to die.
50
127000
3000
那無比的快樂讓我想立刻死去
02:25
This world世界 had no place地點 in my affections感情.
51
130000
3000
我不再留戀世俗的一切
02:28
Previous以前 to this time,
52
133000
2000
在這之前
02:30
I was very selfish自私 and self-righteous自以為是.
53
135000
2000
我是個自私自利的人
02:32
But now I desired期望 the welfare福利 of all mankind人類
54
137000
3000
但現在我心中充滿了大愛
02:35
and could, with a feeling感覺 heart,
55
140000
2000
得以有顆飽富情感的心
02:37
forgive原諒 my worst最差 enemies敵人.
56
142000
3000
能原諒我的敵人"
02:41
JHJH: So note注意
57
146000
2000
所以注意到
02:43
how Bradley's布拉德利的 petty小氣, moralistic道德 self
58
148000
2000
Bradley 的小我與私心
02:45
just dies on the way up the staircase樓梯.
59
150000
2000
在登上那段台階後都消失了
02:47
And on this higher更高 level水平
60
152000
2000
在這更高的層次裡
02:49
he becomes loving愛心 and forgiving寬容.
61
154000
3000
他變得有愛,有憐憫
02:53
The world's世界 many許多 religions宗教 have found發現 so many許多 ways方法
62
158000
2000
世界上,各宗教都有自己的方法
02:55
to help people climb the staircase樓梯.
63
160000
2000
來幫助人們登上這道階梯
02:57
Some shut關閉 down the self using運用 meditation冥想.
64
162000
2000
有人坐禪來忘我
02:59
Others其他 use psychedelic迷幻 drugs毒品.
65
164000
2000
有人用迷幻藥
03:01
This is from a 16th century世紀 Aztec阿茲特克 scroll滾動
66
166000
4000
這是16世紀阿茲提克手繪
03:05
showing展示 a man about to eat a psilocybin裸蓋菇鹼 mushroom蘑菇
67
170000
3000
圖中的男子正在吃迷幻菇
03:08
and at the same相同 moment時刻 get yanked猛拉 up the staircase樓梯 by a god.
68
173000
4000
同時,神來將他「拽上階梯」
03:12
Others其他 use dancing跳舞, spinning紡織 and circling盤旋
69
177000
2000
另外有的用跳舞、轉圈和繞圈
03:14
to promote促進 self-transcendence自我超越.
70
179000
2000
來達到自我昇華的境界
03:16
But you don't need a religion宗教 to get you through通過 the staircase樓梯.
71
181000
3000
但你不需經由信仰來自我昇華
03:19
Lots of people find self-transcendence自我超越 in nature性質.
72
184000
3000
許多人在大自然裡找到方式
03:22
Others其他 overcome克服 their self at raves胡言亂語.
73
187000
3000
有的可以在狂歡中得到解放
03:25
But here's這裡的 the weirdest最奇怪的 place地點 of all:
74
190000
3000
但,其中最奇怪的管道是
03:28
war戰爭.
75
193000
2000
戰爭
03:30
So many許多 books圖書 about war戰爭 say the same相同 thing,
76
195000
2000
許多關於戰爭的書籍都提過
03:32
that nothing brings帶來 people together一起
77
197000
2000
世界上沒有任何方法能像戰爭
03:34
like war戰爭.
78
199000
2000
把人緊密的凝聚在一起
03:36
And that bringing使 them together一起 opens打開 up the possibility可能性
79
201000
3000
這種群體意識加強了人們
03:39
of extraordinary非凡 self-transcendent自我超越 experiences經驗.
80
204000
3000
超脫自我的體驗
03:42
I'm going to play for you an excerpt摘抄
81
207000
2000
我將從Glenn Gray的書
03:44
from this book by Glenn格倫 Gray灰色.
82
209000
2000
摘出一段做舉例
03:46
Gray灰色 was a soldier士兵 in the American美國 army軍隊 in World世界 War戰爭 IIII.
83
211000
3000
Gray當時是二次世界大戰的美國軍人
03:49
And after the war戰爭 he interviewed採訪 a lot of other soldiers士兵
84
214000
3000
戰後他去拜訪了許多當時有參戰的軍人
03:52
and wrote about the experience經驗 of men男人 in battle戰鬥.
85
217000
2000
之後寫了關於軍人在戰場的經驗
03:54
Here's這裡的 a key passage通道
86
219000
2000
在裡面有個重要段落
03:56
where he basically基本上 describes介紹 the staircase樓梯.
87
221000
3000
描述他達到那境界的過程
04:01
(Video視頻) Glenn格倫 Gray灰色: Many許多 veterans老兵 will admit承認
88
226000
2000
(影片) Glenn Gray:許多退役軍人都承認
04:03
that the experience經驗 of communal公社 effort功夫 in battle戰鬥
89
228000
3000
在戰場上,大家是榮辱與共的
04:06
has been the high point of their lives生活.
90
231000
3000
而這也是他們人生的高峰
04:09
"I" passes通行證 insensibly傻呼呼 into a "we,"
91
234000
3000
「我」變成「我們」
04:12
"my" becomes "our"
92
237000
2000
「我的」變成「我們的」
04:14
and individual個人 faith信仰
93
239000
2000
而個人價值
04:16
loses失去 its central中央 importance重要性.
94
241000
3000
失去了意義
04:19
I believe that it is nothing less
95
244000
2000
我相信,沒有甚麼
04:21
than the assurance保證 of immortality不朽
96
246000
3000
比永恆不朽的榮譽
04:24
that makes品牌 self-sacrifice自我犧牲 at these moments瞬間
97
249000
3000
更能讓自我犧牲奉獻
04:27
so relatively相對 easy簡單.
98
252000
3000
變得容易
04:30
I may可能 fall秋季, but I do not die,
99
255000
3000
我也許會死,但我的意念不會
04:33
for that which哪一個 is real真實 in me goes forward前鋒
100
258000
3000
我的意念會傳承給
04:36
and lives生活 on in the comrades同志
101
261000
2000
那些和我有過命之交
04:38
for whom I gave up my life.
102
263000
2000
的好夥伴們
04:42
JHJH: So what all of these cases have in common共同
103
267000
3000
這些例子都有一個共通點
04:45
is that the self seems似乎 to thin out, or melt熔化 away,
104
270000
3000
自我變得渺小,甚至不重要
04:48
and it feels感覺 good, it feels感覺 really good,
105
273000
2000
但卻讓人們自我感覺更良好
04:50
in a way totally完全 unlike不像 anything we feel in our normal正常 lives生活.
106
275000
3000
這些都是我們平常生活中很難感受到的
04:53
It feels感覺 somehow不知何故 uplifting令人振奮.
107
278000
3000
是一種昇華的感覺
04:56
This idea理念 that we move移動 up was central中央 in the writing寫作
108
281000
3000
這觀點在法國有名的社會學家
04:59
of the great French法國 sociologist社會學家 Emile埃米爾 Durkheim塗爾幹.
109
284000
3000
Emile Durkheim的著作中十分重要
05:02
Durkheim塗爾幹 even called us Homo智人 duplex雙工,
110
287000
2000
Durkheim甚至稱我們為雙面人
05:04
or two-level二級 man.
111
289000
2000
或雙階人
05:06
The lower降低 level水平 he called the level水平 of the profane粗俗.
112
291000
3000
他說低階那面是世俗的
05:09
Now profane粗俗 is the opposite對面 of sacred神聖.
113
294000
3000
世俗是超然的反面
05:12
It just means手段 ordinary普通 or common共同.
114
297000
2000
意思是平凡或普通
05:14
And in our ordinary普通 lives生活 we exist存在 as individuals個人.
115
299000
3000
在日常生活中,我們都是獨立生活的
05:17
We want to satisfy滿足 our individual個人 desires慾望.
116
302000
3000
我們都希望滿足自我的慾望
05:20
We pursue追求 our individual個人 goals目標.
117
305000
2000
追求自己的目標
05:22
But sometimes有時 something happens發生
118
307000
2000
但有時一些事情發生
05:24
that triggers觸發器 a phase change更改.
119
309000
2000
改變這個型態
05:26
Individuals個人 unite團結
120
311000
2000
人與人開始聯合
05:28
into a team球隊, a movement運動 or a nation國家,
121
313000
3000
產生隊伍、社會運動或國家
05:31
which哪一個 is far more than the sum of its parts部分.
122
316000
3000
所產生的力量大於個人的總和
05:34
Durkheim塗爾幹 called this level水平 the level水平 of the sacred神聖
123
319000
3000
Durkheim稱這為超然的階段
05:37
because he believed相信 that the function功能 of religion宗教
124
322000
2000
他深信宗教的作用
05:39
was to unite團結 people into a group,
125
324000
2000
就是把一群人聚在一起
05:41
into a moral道德 community社區.
126
326000
3000
最終變成道德社群
05:44
Durkheim塗爾幹 believed相信 that anything that unites聯信 us
127
329000
3000
Durkheim相信任何凝聚人群的因素
05:47
takes on an air空氣 of sacredness神聖.
128
332000
2000
都會無形中被視為神聖
05:49
And once一旦 people circle around
129
334000
2000
當人們圍繞著
05:51
some sacred神聖 object目的 or value,
130
336000
2000
神聖的東西或價值觀
05:53
they'll他們會 then work as a team球隊 and fight鬥爭 to defend保衛 it.
131
338000
3000
他們會一起合作保護它
05:56
Durkheim塗爾幹 wrote
132
341000
2000
Durkheim提到
05:58
about a set of intense激烈 collective集體 emotions情緒
133
343000
2000
一股強烈的集體情緒
06:00
that accomplish完成 this miracle奇蹟 of E pluribus合眾為 unumUNUM,
134
345000
3000
可以讓人奇蹟般的合而為一
06:03
of making製造 a group out of individuals個人.
135
348000
2000
將個人組織成團體
06:05
Think of the collective集體 joy喜悅 in Britain英國
136
350000
3000
試想二次世界大戰結束時
06:08
on the day World世界 War戰爭 IIII ended結束.
137
353000
3000
英國普世歡騰的氣氛
06:11
Think of the collective集體 anger憤怒 in Tahrir塔利爾 Square廣場,
138
356000
3000
和當時在埃及解放廣場的集體怒氣
06:14
which哪一個 brought down a dictator獨裁者.
139
359000
3000
讓獨裁者被推翻
06:17
And think of the collective集體 grief哀思
140
362000
2000
還有美國
06:19
in the United聯合的 States狀態
141
364000
2000
在9/11後
06:21
that we all felt, that brought us all together一起,
142
366000
3000
那種集體悲傷
06:24
after 9/11.
143
369000
3000
讓我們團結一心
06:27
So let me summarize總結 where we are.
144
372000
3000
到此讓我先做個結論
06:30
I'm saying that the capacity容量 for self-transcendence自我超越
145
375000
2000
超脫自我
06:32
is just a basic基本 part部分 of being存在 human人的.
146
377000
3000
其實只是人類的基本能力
06:35
I'm offering the metaphor隱喻
147
380000
2000
我說了那腦海中
06:37
of a staircase樓梯 in the mind心神.
148
382000
2000
登上階梯的比喻
06:39
I'm saying we are Homo智人 duplex雙工
149
384000
2000
我們身為雙面人
06:41
and this staircase樓梯 takes us up from the profane粗俗 level水平
150
386000
3000
而這階梯會引領我們從平凡境界
06:44
to the level水平 of the sacred神聖.
151
389000
2000
到達非凡的境界
06:46
When we climb that staircase樓梯,
152
391000
2000
當我們攀爬那階梯時
06:48
self-interest自我利益 fades away,
153
393000
2000
自我利益不再重要
06:50
we become成為 just much less self-interested自利,
154
395000
2000
我們不再這麼自私
06:52
and we feel as though雖然 we are better, nobler高貴
155
397000
2000
我們覺得自己更加美好,更高貴
06:54
and somehow不知何故 uplifted抬升.
156
399000
3000
甚至感到振奮
06:57
So here's這裡的 the million-dollar百萬美元 question
157
402000
3000
至此,對像我一樣的社會科學家
07:00
for social社會 scientists科學家們 like me:
158
405000
2000
有一個極其重要的問題:
07:02
Is the staircase樓梯
159
407000
2000
這座階梯
07:04
a feature特徵 of our evolutionary發展的 design設計?
160
409000
3000
是不是我們自進化所得來的?
07:07
Is it a product產品 of natural自然 selection選擇,
161
412000
3000
還是就好像我們的雙手
07:10
like our hands?
162
415000
2000
是與生俱來的?
07:12
Or is it a bug竊聽器, a mistake錯誤 in the system系統 --
163
417000
3000
或是它根本就是系統出錯
07:15
this religious宗教 stuff東東 is just something
164
420000
2000
宗教這東西就像是
07:17
that happens發生 when the wires電線 cross交叉 in the brain --
165
422000
3000
大腦中的線路錯接突然產生的現象
07:20
Jill吉爾 has a stroke行程 and she has this religious宗教 experience經驗,
166
425000
2000
Jill中風時,她也有這宗教的經驗
07:22
it's just a mistake錯誤?
167
427000
2000
這只是一時的出錯嗎?
07:24
Well many許多 scientists科學家們 who study研究 religion宗教 take this view視圖.
168
429000
4000
許多研究宗教的科學家是這麼認為的
07:28
The New Atheists無神論者, for example,
169
433000
2000
像是,新無神論者
07:30
argue爭論 that religion宗教 is a set of memes模因,
170
435000
2000
覺得宗教是一系列的模仿
07:32
sort分類 of parasitic寄生 memes模因,
171
437000
2000
一種寄生的模仿
07:34
that get inside our minds頭腦
172
439000
2000
會入侵我們的想法
07:36
and make us do all kinds of crazy religious宗教 stuff東東,
173
441000
3000
影響我們做出一系列瘋狂的宗教行為
07:39
self-destructive自我毀滅 stuff東東, like suicide自殺 bombing轟炸.
174
444000
2000
或是自我毀滅,像是人體炸彈
07:41
And after all,
175
446000
2000
最終
07:43
how could it ever be good for us
176
448000
2000
失去自我對我們來說
07:45
to lose失去 ourselves我們自己?
177
450000
2000
真的好嗎?
07:47
How could it ever be adaptive自適應
178
452000
2000
不管任何生物體
07:49
for any organism生物
179
454000
2000
怎樣可能有辦法
07:51
to overcome克服 self-interest自我利益?
180
456000
3000
克服自我私利?
07:54
Well let me show顯示 you.
181
459000
2000
讓我來告訴你
07:56
In "The Descent降落 of Man,"
182
461000
2000
在《人類的起源》裡
07:58
Charles查爾斯 Darwin達爾文 wrote a great deal合同
183
463000
2000
達爾文寫了許多
08:00
about the evolution演化 of morality道德 --
184
465000
2000
關於道德進化論這件事
08:02
where did it come from, why do we have it.
185
467000
3000
道德是從哪來的? 我們怎麼會擁有它?
08:05
Darwin達爾文 noted注意 that many許多 of our virtues美德
186
470000
2000
達爾文指出了許多人性的美德
08:07
are of very little use to ourselves我們自己,
187
472000
2000
只有極小部分有利於我們
08:09
but they're of great use to our groups.
188
474000
2000
但是對我們的社群卻是極其有利的
08:11
He wrote about the scenario腳本
189
476000
2000
他寫了一篇例子
08:13
in which哪一個 two tribes部落 of early humans人類
190
478000
2000
早期人類有兩個部落
08:15
would have come in contact聯繫 and competition競爭.
191
480000
2000
會交流和比賽
08:17
He said, "If the one tribe部落 included包括
192
482000
3000
他說:"如果其中一方擁有
08:20
a great number of courageous勇敢, sympathetic有同情心
193
485000
2000
較多有膽量,有同情心
08:22
and faithful可信 members會員
194
487000
2000
又忠誠的人民
08:24
who are always ready準備 to aid援助 and defend保衛 each other,
195
489000
2000
且隨時願意幫助和保護別人
08:26
this tribe部落 would succeed成功 better
196
491000
2000
這個部落肯定會比較成功
08:28
and conquer征服 the other."
197
493000
2000
並且征服另一個部落"
08:30
He went on to say that "Selfish自私 and contentious爭議 people
198
495000
2000
他還說:"自私和愛爭吵的人
08:32
will not cohere粘著,
199
497000
2000
無法凝聚一起
08:34
and without coherence相干性
200
499000
2000
缺少同心協力
08:36
nothing can be effected影響."
201
501000
2000
甚麼事情都不會有效果"
08:38
In other words,
202
503000
2000
換句話說
08:40
Charles查爾斯 Darwin達爾文 believed相信
203
505000
2000
達爾文相信
08:42
in group selection選擇.
204
507000
2000
群體篩選
08:44
Now this idea理念 has been very controversial爭論的 for the last 40 years年份,
205
509000
3000
這一觀點在過去的40年裡爭論不斷
08:47
but it's about to make a major重大的 comeback回來 this year,
206
512000
3000
但是今年,將會再度盛行
08:50
especially特別 after E.O. Wilson's威爾遜 book comes out in April四月,
207
515000
3000
尤其是當E.O. Wilson的新書在4月份出版之後
08:53
making製造 a very strong強大 case案件
208
518000
2000
會帶來很震撼的實例
08:55
that we, and several一些 other species種類,
209
520000
2000
書裡面說,我們和其他物種
08:57
are products製品 of group selection選擇.
210
522000
2000
都是群體篩選下的產物
08:59
But really the way to think about this
211
524000
2000
但認真的思考下去
09:01
is as multilevel selection選擇.
212
526000
2000
這就像是多重篩選
09:03
So look at it this way:
213
528000
2000
我們應該要這樣來看:
09:05
You've got competition競爭 going on within groups and across橫過 groups.
214
530000
3000
你一直都處在團體裡和團體間的競爭
09:08
So here's這裡的 a group of guys on a college學院 crew船員 team球隊.
215
533000
3000
比方說有一群學生在划船隊裡
09:11
Within this team球隊
216
536000
2000
在這隊伍裡
09:13
there's competition競爭.
217
538000
2000
一定有競爭
09:15
There are guys competing競爭 with each other.
218
540000
2000
學生們會互相較勁
09:17
The slowest最慢 rowers賽艇運動員, the weakest最弱 rowers賽艇運動員, are going to get cut from the team球隊.
219
542000
3000
最慢跟最弱者最終會被踢出隊伍
09:20
And only a few少數 of these guys are going to go on in the sport運動.
220
545000
2000
只有一小部分的人會繼續待在這個運動
09:22
Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics奧運會.
221
547000
3000
也許其中一人能參加奧運
09:25
So within the team球隊,
222
550000
2000
因此,一個團體之中
09:27
their interests利益 are actually其實 pitted進站 against反對 each other.
223
552000
3000
個人的利益是互相競爭的
09:30
And sometimes有時 it would be advantageous有利
224
555000
2000
有時,會有人
09:32
for one of these guys
225
557000
2000
經由陷害其他團員
09:34
to try to sabotage破壞 the other guys.
226
559000
2000
而獲得個人利益
09:36
Maybe he'll地獄 badmouth唱衰 his chief首席 rival對手
227
561000
2000
好比在教練面前
09:38
to the coach教練.
228
563000
2000
毀謗團體裡主要的競爭對手
09:40
But while that competition競爭 is going on
229
565000
2000
但當這個船上的隊員
09:42
within the boat,
230
567000
2000
彼此競爭較勁時
09:44
this competition競爭 is going on across橫過 boats.
231
569000
3000
不同船隊間的競賽也在進行中
09:47
And once一旦 you put these guys in a boat competing競爭 with another另一個 boat,
232
572000
3000
而當另一個競爭團體出現
09:50
now they've他們已經 got no choice選擇 but to cooperate合作
233
575000
2000
他們就非得合作不可
09:52
because they're all in the same相同 boat.
234
577000
3000
只因他們在同一艘船上
09:55
They can only win贏得
235
580000
2000
他們想贏
09:57
if they all pull together一起 as a team球隊.
236
582000
2000
就必須合作
09:59
I mean, these things sound聲音 trite平凡的,
237
584000
2000
這聽起來是老生常談
10:01
but they are deep evolutionary發展的 truths真理.
238
586000
2000
但卻是演化上不爭的鐵實
10:03
The main主要 argument論據 against反對 group selection選擇
239
588000
2000
群體篩選論
10:05
has always been
240
590000
2000
的反對者指出:
10:07
that, well sure, it would be nice不錯 to have a group of cooperators合作夥伴,
241
592000
3000
群體合作固然很好
10:10
but as soon不久 as you have a group of cooperators合作夥伴,
242
595000
2000
但當一個群體只剩下合作團結者
10:12
they're just going to get taken採取 over by free-riders搭便車,
243
597000
3000
他們將會被投機者利用而後推翻
10:15
individuals個人 that are going to exploit利用 the hard work of the others其他.
244
600000
3000
自私的人會投機且剝削合作團體
10:18
Let me illustrate說明 this for you.
245
603000
2000
讓我解釋一下
10:20
Suppose假設 we've我們已經 got a group of little organisms生物 --
246
605000
3000
假設我們有一群有機體
10:23
they can be bacteria, they can be hamsters倉鼠; it doesn't matter what --
247
608000
3000
他們可以是細菌或倉鼠
10:26
and let's suppose假設 that this little group here, they evolved進化 to be cooperative合作社.
248
611000
3000
他們演化成一群合作者
10:29
Well that's great. They graze輕擦, they defend保衛 each other,
249
614000
2000
這樣很好,
他們一起分享食物,互相幫助
10:31
they work together一起, they generate生成 wealth財富.
250
616000
3000
他們合作並繁殖壯大
10:34
And as you'll你會 see in this simulation模擬,
251
619000
2000
如同這個模擬影片所示
10:36
as they interact相互作用 they gain獲得 points, as it were, they grow增長,
252
621000
3000
他們良性互動,逐漸成長
10:39
and when they've他們已經 doubled翻倍 in size尺寸, you'll你會 see them split分裂,
253
624000
2000
當成長成兩倍大,他們分裂繁殖
10:41
and that's how they reproduce複製 and the population人口 grows成長.
254
626000
2000
他們的群體數量提升
10:43
But suppose假設 then that one of them mutates變異.
255
628000
3000
但假設其中一個出現變異
10:46
There's a mutation突變 in the gene基因
256
631000
2000
他的基因突變
10:48
and one of them mutates變異 to follow跟隨 a selfish自私 strategy戰略.
257
633000
2000
導致他自私自利
10:50
It takes advantage優點 of the others其他.
258
635000
2000
他利用其他無私付出的夥伴
10:52
And so when a green綠色 interacts交互 with a blue藍色,
259
637000
3000
當他們互動時
10:55
you'll你會 see the green綠色 gets得到 larger and the blue藍色 gets得到 smaller.
260
640000
2000
如您所見,綠色壯大但藍色萎縮
10:57
So here's這裡的 how things play out.
261
642000
2000
這就是來龍去脈
10:59
We start開始 with just one green綠色,
262
644000
2000
一開始不過是一個綠色
11:01
and as it interacts交互
263
646000
2000
但他在群體裡占盡便宜
11:03
it gains收益 wealth財富 or points or food餐飲.
264
648000
3000
從其他對象搜刮財富與食物
11:06
And in short order訂購, the cooperators合作夥伴 are doneDONE for.
265
651000
3000
然後很快的,合作者被耗盡
11:09
The free-riders搭便車 have taken採取 over.
266
654000
3000
投機者取代了他們
11:12
If a group cannot不能 solve解決 the free-rider搭便車 problem問題
267
657000
3000
任何團體如果解決不了這難題
11:15
then it cannot不能 reap收割 the benefits好處 of cooperation合作
268
660000
3000
就無法促成團體利益
11:18
and group selection選擇 cannot不能 get started開始.
269
663000
3000
群體篩選論就不能成立
11:21
But there are solutions解決方案 to the free-rider搭便車 problem問題.
270
666000
2000
但其實,這難題
11:23
It's not that hard a problem問題.
271
668000
2000
並非無解
11:25
In fact事實, nature性質 has solved解決了 it many許多, many許多 times.
272
670000
3000
事實上,大自然早已解決它許多次了
11:28
And nature's大自然 favorite喜愛 solution
273
673000
2000
大自然絕佳的解決方法
11:30
is to put everyone大家 in the same相同 boat.
274
675000
3000
就是把大家放進同一艘船
11:33
For example,
275
678000
2000
舉例來說
11:35
why is it that the mitochondria線粒體 in every一切 cell細胞
276
680000
3000
為什麼每個細胞的線粒體
11:38
has its own擁有 DNA脫氧核糖核酸,
277
683000
2000
有它們自己的DNA
11:40
totally完全 separate分離 from the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 in the nucleus?
278
685000
3000
跟細胞核裡的DNA完全分離
11:43
It's because they used to be
279
688000
2000
這是因為本來線粒體
11:45
separate分離 free-living自由生活 bacteria
280
690000
2000
是跟細菌分別生存的
11:47
and they came來了 together一起
281
692000
2000
後來它們合作共生
11:49
and became成為 a superorganism超級有機體.
282
694000
2000
成為超級有機體
11:51
Somehow不知何故 or other -- maybe one swallowed吞食 another另一個; we'll never know exactly究竟 why --
283
696000
3000
我們不懂它們如何變成共生體
也許一方被另一方被吞噬
11:54
but once一旦 they got a membrane around them,
284
699000
2000
但當它們共同活在一個細胞膜內
11:56
they were all in the same相同 membrane,
285
701000
2000
它們就是同一個細胞
11:58
now all the wealth-created財富創造 division of labor勞動,
286
703000
3000
所有的努力,食糧
12:01
all the greatness偉大 created創建 by cooperation合作,
287
706000
2000
所有分工合作的成果
12:03
stays入住 locked鎖定 inside the membrane
288
708000
2000
都鎖在同一個細胞膜裡
12:05
and we've我們已經 got a superorganism超級有機體.
289
710000
3000
這就是超級有機體
12:08
And now let's rerun重新運行 the simulation模擬
290
713000
2000
現在,我們再試一次模擬程式
12:10
putting one of these superorganisms超級有機體
291
715000
2000
把這個超級有機體放進
12:12
into a population人口 of free-riders搭便車, of defectors叛逃者, of cheaters騙子
292
717000
3000
一群投機者、背叛者、作弊者之中
12:15
and look what happens發生.
293
720000
3000
看看會發生什麼事
12:18
A superorganism超級有機體 can basically基本上 take what it wants.
294
723000
2000
超有機體基本上無懈可擊
12:20
It's so big and powerful強大 and efficient高效
295
725000
3000
它強大且有效率
12:23
that it can take resources資源
296
728000
2000
可以從其它綠色的投機者、背叛者、作弊者
12:25
from the greens青菜, from the defectors叛逃者, the cheaters騙子.
297
730000
4000
取得想得到的資源
12:29
And pretty漂亮 soon不久 the whole整個 population人口
298
734000
2000
過不了多久
12:31
is actually其實 composed of these new superorganisms超級有機體.
299
736000
3000
整個群體就被超有機體取代了
12:34
What I've shown顯示 you here
300
739000
2000
我這裡所展示的
12:36
is sometimes有時 called a major重大的 transition過渡
301
741000
2000
在演化的歷史上
12:38
in evolutionary發展的 history歷史.
302
743000
3000
被稱做主要過度期
12:41
Darwin's達爾文 laws法律 don't change更改,
303
746000
2000
達爾文的進化法則沒有改變
12:43
but now there's a new kind of player播放機 on the field領域
304
748000
3000
只是當有新玩家加入
12:46
and things begin開始 to look very different不同.
305
751000
3000
整件事就變得不一樣了
12:49
Now this transition過渡 was not a one-time一次 freak怪物 of nature性質
306
754000
2000
這個轉變不是一次性的大自然變異
12:51
that just happened發生 with some bacteria.
307
756000
2000
只發生在細菌中
12:53
It happened發生 again
308
758000
2000
它再次發生
12:55
about 120 or a 140 million百萬 years年份 ago
309
760000
2000
在約1億2千萬或1億4千萬年前
12:57
when some solitary wasps黃蜂
310
762000
3000
當一些獨居的黃蜂
13:00
began開始 creating創建 little simple簡單, primitive原始
311
765000
2000
開始建立一些簡單、原始的
13:02
nests, or hives麻疹.
312
767000
3000
巢穴
13:05
Once一旦 several一些 wasps黃蜂 were all together一起 in the same相同 hive蜂巢,
313
770000
3000
當越來越多胡蜂住在一個巢穴中
13:08
they had no choice選擇 but to cooperate合作,
314
773000
2000
牠們別無選擇只得合作
13:10
because pretty漂亮 soon不久 they were locked鎖定 into competition競爭
315
775000
2000
因為很快的,牠們開始面對
13:12
with other hives麻疹.
316
777000
2000
其它蜂巢的競爭
13:14
And the most cohesive凝聚力 hives麻疹 won韓元,
317
779000
2000
而最有凝聚力的蜂巢會勝出
13:16
just as Darwin達爾文 said.
318
781000
2000
完全符合達爾文的理論
13:18
These early wasps黃蜂
319
783000
2000
這些早期黃蜂的模式
13:20
gave rise上升 to the bees蜜蜂 and the ants螞蟻
320
785000
2000
後來被蜜蜂,螞蟻等引用
13:22
that have covered覆蓋 the world世界
321
787000
2000
逐漸傳佈到整個世界
13:24
and changed the biosphere生物圈.
322
789000
2000
並改變了整個生態體系
13:26
And it happened發生 again,
323
791000
2000
它又再次發生
13:28
even more spectacularly壯觀,
324
793000
2000
不過更驚人的
13:30
in the last half-million半億 years年份
325
795000
2000
在50萬年前
13:32
when our own擁有 ancestors祖先
326
797000
2000
當我們人類的祖先
13:34
became成為 cultural文化 creatures生物,
327
799000
2000
變成有文化的生物
13:36
they came來了 together一起 around a hearth or a campfire營火,
328
801000
3000
他們聚集在火灶旁
13:39
they divided分為 labor勞動,
329
804000
2000
開始分工合作
13:41
they began開始 painting繪畫 their bodies身體, they spoke their own擁有 dialects方言,
330
806000
3000
他們開始在身上繪圖紋身、說方言
13:44
and eventually終於 they worshiped崇拜 their own擁有 gods.
331
809000
3000
逐漸的,他們崇拜屬於他們的神
13:47
Once一旦 they were all in the same相同 tribe部落,
332
812000
2000
當他們屬同一個部落
13:49
they could keep the benefits好處 of cooperation合作 locked鎖定 inside.
333
814000
3000
就可以把獲得的利益鎖在部落裡
13:52
And they unlocked解鎖 the most powerful強大 force
334
817000
2000
人類的合作
13:54
ever known已知 on this planet行星,
335
819000
2000
開啟了地球上
13:56
which哪一個 is human人的 cooperation合作 --
336
821000
2000
史無前例的強大力量
13:58
a force for construction施工
337
823000
2000
創造的力量
14:00
and destruction毀壞.
338
825000
3000
與毀滅的力量
14:03
Of course課程, human人的 groups are nowhere無處 near as cohesive凝聚力
339
828000
2000
當然,人類的團體
14:05
as beehives蜂箱.
340
830000
2000
一點都不如蜂巢那般有凝聚力
14:07
Human人的 groups may可能 look like hives麻疹 for brief簡要 moments瞬間,
341
832000
3000
我們也許一開始看似如此
14:10
but they tend趨向 to then break打破 apart距離.
342
835000
2000
不久後就趨向分裂與毀滅
14:12
We're not locked鎖定 into cooperation合作 the way bees蜜蜂 and ants螞蟻 are.
343
837000
3000
我們的團體模式並不像蜜蜂或螞蟻般堅固
14:15
In fact事實, often經常,
344
840000
2000
事實上
14:17
as we've我們已經 seen看到 happen發生 in a lot of the Arab阿拉伯 Spring彈簧 revolts起義,
345
842000
2000
就如我們在阿拉伯春天運動所見
14:19
often經常 those divisions are along沿 religious宗教 lines.
346
844000
4000
我們的團體大多被宗教劃分
14:23
Nonetheless儘管如此, when people do come together一起
347
848000
3000
然而當人們群聚
14:26
and put themselves他們自己 all into the same相同 movement運動,
348
851000
2000
因共同的目標而凝聚
14:28
they can move移動 mountains.
349
853000
3000
大山可被剷平
14:31
Look at the people in these photos相片 I've been showing展示 you.
350
856000
3000
看看這照片裡的人
14:34
Do you think they're there
351
859000
2000
你覺得他們在那
14:36
pursuing追求 their self-interest自我利益?
352
861000
2000
是在追求個人利益嗎?
14:38
Or are they pursuing追求 communal公社 interest利益,
353
863000
3000
或是為追求族群的榮勝
14:41
which哪一個 requires要求 them to lose失去 themselves他們自己
354
866000
3000
捨去自我
14:44
and become成為 simply只是 a part部分 of a whole整個?
355
869000
4000
成為大群體中的一份子
14:49
Okay, so that was my Talk
356
874000
2000
好,以上就是我的演講
14:51
delivered交付 in the standard標準 TEDTED way.
357
876000
2000
照著TED的標準方式呈現
14:53
And now I'm going to give the whole整個 Talk over again
358
878000
2000
現在我要把所有重點
14:55
in three minutes分鐘
359
880000
2000
用更全面的角度
14:57
in a more full-spectrum全譜 sort分類 of way.
360
882000
3000
在三分鐘內重複一次
15:00
(Music音樂)
361
885000
2000
(音樂)
15:02
(Video視頻) Jonathan喬納森 Haidt海特: We humans人類 have many許多 varieties品種
362
887000
2000
(影片)Jonathan Haidt: 我們人類
15:04
of religious宗教 experience經驗,
363
889000
2000
有許多不同的宗教經驗
15:06
as William威廉 James詹姆士 explained解釋.
364
891000
2000
就像William James解釋的
15:08
One of the most common共同 is climbing攀登 the secret秘密 staircase樓梯
365
893000
3000
其中最大的共同點是登上隱藏的階梯
15:11
and losing失去 ourselves我們自己.
366
896000
2000
捨去自我
15:13
The staircase樓梯 takes us
367
898000
2000
這階梯引領我們
15:15
from the experience經驗 of life as profane粗俗 or ordinary普通
368
900000
3000
從世俗的,平凡的人生
15:18
upwards向上 to the experience經驗 of life as sacred神聖,
369
903000
2000
昇華到神聖的境界
15:20
or deeply interconnected互聯.
370
905000
2000
且緊密的與他人連結
15:22
We are Homo智人 duplex雙工,
371
907000
2000
我們人類是雙重的
15:24
as Durkheim塗爾幹 explained解釋.
372
909000
2000
如Durkheim所言
15:26
And we are Homo智人 duplex雙工
373
911000
2000
我們會變成這樣
15:28
because we evolved進化 by multilevel selection選擇,
374
913000
2000
是因多層級的演化篩選
15:30
as Darwin達爾文 explained解釋.
375
915000
3000
如達爾文所言
15:33
I can't be certain某些 if the staircase樓梯 is an adaptation適應
376
918000
2000
我無法斷言這階梯的存在
15:35
rather than a bug竊聽器,
377
920000
2000
是演化或是隨機變異
15:37
but if it is an adaptation適應,
378
922000
2000
但如果它果真是演化
15:39
then the implications啟示 are profound深刻.
379
924000
2000
這含義極其深遠
15:41
If it is an adaptation適應,
380
926000
2000
若這是演化
15:43
then we evolved進化 to be religious宗教.
381
928000
3000
我們勢必要成為虔誠的生物
15:46
I don't mean that we evolved進化
382
931000
2000
我不是說我們演化是為了
15:48
to join加入 gigantic巨大 organized有組織的 religions宗教.
383
933000
2000
參加龐大的宗教團體
15:50
Those things came來了 along沿 too recently最近.
384
935000
2000
這種東西是近代的產物
15:52
I mean that we evolved進化
385
937000
2000
我是說我們進化出一種天性
15:54
to see sacredness神聖 all around us
386
939000
2000
能賦予自然神聖的含意
15:56
and to join加入 with others其他 into teams球隊
387
941000
2000
然後加入其他的群體
15:58
and circle around sacred神聖 objects對象,
388
943000
2000
一同群聚在這神聖物品
16:00
people and ideas思路.
389
945000
2000
人物或想法的周圍
16:02
This is why politics政治 is so tribal部落的.
390
947000
3000
這就是為何政治就像部落
16:05
Politics政治 is partly部分地 profane粗俗, it's partly部分地 about self-interest自我利益,
391
950000
3000
一部分世俗,一部分是為了中飽私囊
16:08
but politics政治 is also about sacredness神聖.
392
953000
3000
但政治也是為了神聖的理想
16:11
It's about joining加盟 with others其他
393
956000
2000
與其他人緊密結合
16:13
to pursue追求 moral道德 ideas思路.
394
958000
2000
追求崇高的道德理念
16:15
It's about the eternal永恆 struggle鬥爭 between之間 good and evil邪惡,
395
960000
3000
這是正邪之間永恆的抗衡
16:18
and we all believe we're on the good team球隊.
396
963000
3000
而我們老以為我們是正義的一方
16:21
And most importantly重要的,
397
966000
2000
最重要的
16:23
if the staircase樓梯 is real真實,
398
968000
2000
若這階梯是存在的
16:25
it explains說明 the persistent一貫 undercurrent暗流
399
970000
2000
它解釋了人們內心隱藏的
16:27
of dissatisfaction不滿意 in modern現代 life.
400
972000
2000
在現代生活中永恆的不滿足感
16:29
Because human人的 beings眾生 are, to some extent程度,
401
974000
3000
因為人類,或多或少
16:32
hivishhivish creatures生物 like bees蜜蜂.
402
977000
2000
就像是群聚的蜜蜂
16:34
We're bees蜜蜂. We busted破獲 out of the hive蜂巢 during the Enlightenment啟示.
403
979000
3000
我們在啟蒙開化後離開舊巢
16:37
We broke打破 down the old institutions機構
404
982000
3000
破壞舊有體系
16:40
and brought liberty自由 to the oppressed壓迫.
405
985000
2000
把自由傳揚給受壓抑的人們
16:42
We unleashed如虎添翼 Earth-changing地球變化 creativity創造力
406
987000
2000
人類發揮前所未有的創造力
16:44
and generated產生 vast廣大 wealth財富 and comfort安慰.
407
989000
3000
營造財富與舒適生活
16:47
Nowadays如今 we fly around
408
992000
2000
現今,我們四處翱翔
16:49
like individual個人 bees蜜蜂 exulting歡呼雀躍 in our freedom自由.
409
994000
2000
像蜜蜂一樣歡樂的享受自由
16:51
But sometimes有時 we wonder奇蹟:
410
996000
2000
但有時,我們自問:
16:53
Is this all there is?
411
998000
2000
難道就是這樣了?
16:55
What should I do with my life?
412
1000000
2000
我的生命的目的是什麼?
16:57
What's missing失踪?
413
1002000
2000
是否缺少了什麼?
16:59
What's missing失踪 is that we are Homo智人 duplex雙工,
414
1004000
2000
我們這樣想因為人類是雙重的
17:01
but modern現代, secular世俗 society社會 was built內置
415
1006000
3000
而現今存在的社會價值
17:04
to satisfy滿足 our lower降低, profane粗俗 selves自我.
416
1009000
3000
是建立在低階的私人私利上
17:07
It's really comfortable自在 down here on the lower降低 level水平.
417
1012000
3000
這樣低階的層次是很舒適沒錯
17:10
Come, have a seat座位 in my home entertainment娛樂 center中央.
418
1015000
3000
來,參觀我的家庭劇院
17:13
One great challenge挑戰 of modern現代 life
419
1018000
2000
現代人生活上的挑戰
17:15
is to find the staircase樓梯 amid all the clutter雜波
420
1020000
3000
是去找尋這混亂之中的階梯
17:18
and then to do something good and noble高貴
421
1023000
3000
並登上階梯頂端
17:21
once一旦 you climb to the top最佳.
422
1026000
3000
做些美好與為高尚的事情
17:24
I see this desire慾望 in my students學生們 at the University大學 of Virginia弗吉尼亞州.
423
1029000
3000
我維吉尼亞大學的學生們都渴望
17:27
They all want to find a cause原因 or calling調用
424
1032000
2000
尋找自己的使命感
17:29
that they can throw themselves他們自己 into.
425
1034000
2000
讓他們可以全心投入、奉獻
17:31
They're all searching搜索 for their staircase樓梯.
426
1036000
3000
他們全都在尋找各自的階梯
17:34
And that gives me hope希望
427
1039000
2000
這讓我感到欣慰
17:36
because people are not purely純粹 selfish自私.
428
1041000
2000
因為人類不是全然自私自利
17:38
Most people long to overcome克服 pettiness雞毛蒜皮的小事
429
1043000
2000
大多數的人想克服內心的卑鄙與自私
17:40
and become成為 part部分 of something larger.
430
1045000
2000
然後成為更遠大目標的一份子
17:42
And this explains說明 the extraordinary非凡 resonance諧振
431
1047000
3000
這實在的解釋了
17:45
of this simple簡單 metaphor隱喻
432
1050000
2000
這個在約400年前
17:47
conjured喚出 up nearly幾乎 400 years年份 ago.
433
1052000
3000
凝結成的簡單字句:
17:50
"No man is an island
434
1055000
2000
"沒有人是座孤島
17:52
entire整個 of itself本身.
435
1057000
2000
與他人完全隔絕
17:54
Every一切 man is a piece of the continent大陸,
436
1059000
3000
所有島嶼都是大陸的一部分
17:57
a part部分 of the main主要."
437
1062000
3000
我們人同是如此"
18:00
JHJH: Thank you.
438
1065000
2000
謝謝
18:02
(Applause掌聲)
439
1067000
8000
(掌聲)
Translated by Yuning912
Reviewed by Gina Wang

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com