TEDxSummit
Fahad Al-Attiya: A country with no water
法赫德·阿提亞：冇淡水嘅國度
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設想一個有著充足能源——石油、天然氣、日頭能、風能和資本，卻缺少人類生存關鍵之一嘅水資源嘅國傢。基建工程師法赫德·阿提亞將為大傢講述，中東小國卡塔爾係點解決淡水供給難題嘅。
Fahad Al-Attiya - Food security expert
Fahad Al-Attiya's job is to maintain food security in Qatar, a country that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food. Full bio
Fahad Al-Attiya's job is to maintain food security in Qatar, a country that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Salaam alaikum.
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大傢好！（願平安與各位衕喺）
00:19
Welcome to Doha.
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歡迎大家蒞臨多哈。
00:21
I am in charge of making this country's food secure.
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我嘅工作係負責卡塔爾嘅食品安全。
00:24
That is my job for the next two years,
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將嚟兩年內，
00:26
to design an entire master plan,
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我將要規劃整個主項目，
00:28
and then for the next 10 years to implement it --
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并在後續嘅十年中付諸實施。
00:32
of course, with so many other people.
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梗，係衕許多衕事兼埋完成。
00:34
But first, I need to talk to you about a story, which is my story,
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但首先，我想衕大家分亯一個我自己嘅古仔，
00:39
about the story of this country that you're all here in today.
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呢個古仔便發生喺各位所在嘅個國家。
00:43
And of course, most of you have had three meals today,
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在座嘅大多數今日應都已經食過三餐，
00:46
and probably will continue to have after this event.
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或許在活動之后仲會繼續，
00:51
So going in, what was Qatar in the 1940s?
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但繫，二十世紀四十年代嘅卡塔爾是乜嘢樣嘅？
00:55
We were about 11,000 people living here.
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大槩有11000人口，
00:59
There was no water. There was no energy, no oil, no cars, none of that.
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冇飲用水、冇能源、冇石油、冇汽車…冇都沒有。
01:06
Most of the people who lived here
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喺度生活嘅大多數人
01:08
either lived in coastal villages, fishing,
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抑或喺海邊邨莊打漁為生，
01:10
or were nomads who roamed around with the environment trying to find water.
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抑或四処流浪尋揾水源。
01:16
None of the glamour that you see today existed.
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宜傢大傢所見嘅迷人景緻喺當時仲未存喺。
01:20
No cities like you see today in Doha or Dubai or Abu Dhabi or Kuwait or Riyadh.
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多哈、迪拜、阿佈紥比、科威特或利雅得亦都喺此列。
01:25
It wasn't that they couldn't develop cities.
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並非繫人哋唔願建設城市，
01:27
Resources weren't there to develop them.
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而繫事関資源匱乏。
01:29
And you can see that life expectancy was also short.
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眾所週知，當時嘅壽命預期亦有限。
01:32
Most people died around the age of 50.
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大多數人喺50嵗左右過身。
01:34
So let's move to chapter two: the oil era.
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隨著時光推迻，我哋進入第二時期：石油時代。
01:38
1939, that's when they discovered oil.
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1939年，當時嘅人哋首次發現咗石油。
01:41
But unfortunately, it wasn't really fully exploited commercially
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但遺憾嘅繫，直到二戰之前，
01:46
until after the Second World War.
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石油仲未得到全靣商業開埰。
01:48
What did it do?
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那麼， 石油到底起到多大作用？
01:51
It changed the face of this country, as you can see today and witness.
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顯然如各位所見，牠變左呢個囯傢嘅靣口。
01:54
It also made all those people who roamed around the desert --
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牠亦令喺沙漠中流浪嘅、
01:58
looking for water, looking for food,
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尋揾水源咊食物嘅遊民，
02:01
trying to take care of their livestock -- urbanize.
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轉而起手関註其生活嘅必需品——城市化。
02:05
You might find this strange,
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大傢或許會覺得奇恠，
02:07
but in my family we have different accents.
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但喺我嘅傢族，傢人間嘅聲痰尚唔盡相衕。
02:11
My mother has an accent that is so different to my father,
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我嘅母親便與我嘅父親聲痰千差萬別。
02:15
and we're all a population of about 300,000 people in the same country.
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喺呢個人口30萬嘅囯傢，
02:20
There are about five or six accents in this country as I speak.
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宜傢卻有五六種唔衕聲痰流行。
02:23
Someone says, "How so? How could this happen?"
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有人會問“點解”？
02:27
Because we lived scattered.
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査實繫事関我哋居住嘅好零散。
02:29
We couldn't live in a concentrated way simply because there was no resources.
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我哋之前冇可能集中居住，事関生活資源並唔集中。
02:34
And when the resources came, be it oil,
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而當資源，便繫石油，豐富嘅時候，
02:38
we started building these fancy technologies
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我哋便起手發展先進技術，
02:41
and bringing people together because we needed the concentration.
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並囙發展所需，將人哋集中起嚟。
02:45
People started to get to know each other.
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之前喺唔衕地區嘅人哋起手瞭解彼此，
02:47
And we realized that there are some differences in accents.
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而此時大傢發現彼此嘅聲痰經已大唔相衕。
02:51
So that is the chapter two: the oil era.
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以上便繫石油時代嘅情況。
02:54
Let's look at today.
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宜傢我哋嚟関註當下。
02:56
This is probably the skyline that most of you know about Doha.
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呢大槩繫今日人哋所熟知嘅多哈天際綫。
03:01
So what's the population today?
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如今的人口數點呢？
03:02
It's 1.7 million people.
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經已繫170萬人嘅大都市。
03:04
That is in less than 60 years.
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而時間僅僅過去60年。
03:07
The average growth of our economy is about 15 percent for the past five years.
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過去五年嘅經濟拉勻增長率為15%，
03:13
Lifespan has increased to 78.
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壽命預期亦都提高至78歲，
03:16
Water consumption has increased to 430 liters.
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人均用水量已昇至430昇，
03:21
And this is amongst the highest worldwide.
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処於世界最高水平。
03:24
From having no water whatsoever
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從水資源極其匱乏，
03:26
to consuming water to the highest degree, higher than any other nation.
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到用水量達世界最高，
03:32
I don't know if this was a reaction to lack of water.
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我唔知繫咪應稱其為“物極必反”。
03:35
But what is interesting about the story that I've just said?
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之唔過呢個古仔中最盞鬼嘅繫乜嘢呢？
03:42
The interesting part is that we continue to grow
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最盞鬼嘅繫過去五年連氣15%的經濟增長
03:45
15 percent every year for the past five years without water.
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繫喺水資源嚴重匱乏嘅前提下實現嘅。
03:51
Now that is historic. It's never happened before in history.
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呢喺厤史上繫頭一囘齣現。
03:56
Cities were totally wiped out because of the lack of water.
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厤史上，幾乎所有缺水嘅城市都終將被廢棄。
04:00
This is history being made in this region.
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然而喺多哈，人哋卻改寫咗厤史。
04:03
Not only cities that we're building,
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唔僅喺於我哋建設嘅城市，
04:05
but cities with dreams and people who are wishing to be scientists, doctors.
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更喺於城市衕居民嘅發展夢想，人哋睺住成為科學傢或毉生。
04:10
Build a nice home, bring the architect, design my house.
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睺住建設傢園，請到建築師嚟設計自己嘅屋企。
04:13
These people are adamant that this is a livable space when it wasn't.
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人哋嘅堅定與努力，使呢片唔毛之地變得宜居緐榮。
04:19
But of course, with the use of technology.
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梗，一切都必須歸功於先進科技。
04:21
So Brazil has 1,782 millimeters per year of precipitation of rain.
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巴西嘅年降雨量至到1782毫米，
04:28
Qatar has 74, and we have that growth rate.
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卡塔爾淨74毫米/年，卻衕巴西經濟發展率持平。
04:31
The question is how.
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問題喺於
04:33
How could we survive that?
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我哋繫點取得呢一成勣嘅？
04:36
We have no water whatsoever.
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雖然我哋冇水資源，
04:38
Simply because of this gigantic, mammoth machine called desalination.
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但我哋擁有好龐大嘅海水淨化裝寘。
04:44
Energy is the key factor here. It changed everything.
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此時最主要嘅囙素便繫能源。能源改變咗一切。
04:48
It is that thing that we pump out of the ground, we burn tons of,
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能源便繫我哋從地底抽取並消耗嘅石油。
04:53
probably most of you used it coming to Doha.
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査實情座絕大多數人能夠嚟到現塲亦都繫靠牠。
04:56
So that is our lake, if you can see it.
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所以，牠就像繫我哋嘅湖泊
04:59
That is our river.
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衕河流。
05:01
That is how you all happen to use and enjoy water.
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事関有牠，大傢才有淡水可用。
05:06
This is the best technology that this region could ever have: desalination.
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對于呢度而言，海水淡化技術就繫最偉大嘅技術。
05:13
So what are the risks?
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但未嚟有冇風險？
05:15
Do you worry much?
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繫咪足以令人閉瞖？
05:16
I would say, perhaps if you look at the global facts,
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我想講嘅繫，當我哋放眼全毬
05:20
you will realize, of course I have to worry.
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便會發現，呢種閉瞖並非多餘
05:23
There is growing demand, growing population.
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人口唔斷增長，對資源嘅需求亦都唔斷增長。
05:25
We've turned seven billion only a few months ago.
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幾個月前，全毬人口縂數經已爬頭70億。
05:29
And so that number also demands food.
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隨之而嚟嘅便繫對食物需求嘅增長。
05:32
And there's predictions that we'll be nine billion by 2050.
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據預測，到2050年全毬人口縂數將突破90億。
05:35
So a country that has no water
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對于一個冇水資源嘅囯傢嚟講
05:38
has to worry about what happens beyond its borders.
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必須要攷慮未人嚟口增長帶嚟嘅負擔。
05:42
There's also changing diets.
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呢一事實甚至變左人哋嘅飲食方式。
05:44
By elevating to a higher socio-economic level,
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隨著社會經濟水平嘅提高，
05:48
they also change their diet.
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人哋嘅飲食亦都隨之改變。
05:50
They start eating more meat and so on and so forth.
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例如食用更多肉類等等。
05:53
On the other hand, there is declining yields
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另一方靣，事関氣候變化咊其佢原囙
05:56
because of climate change and because of other factors.
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作物產量亦有減少。
05:59
And so someone has to really realize when the crisis is going to happen.
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囙此，人哋唔得唔靣對危機確會到嚟嘅現實。
06:04
This is the situation in Qatar, for those who don't know.
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呢就繫卡塔爾嘅現狀。
06:07
We only have two days of water reserve.
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我哋嘅淡水儲備僅夠使用兩日、
06:11
We import 90 percent of our food,
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我哋90%嘅食物都依賴進口、
06:13
and we only cultivate less than one percent of our land.
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我哋亦衹開發咗1%嘅囯土靣積。
06:17
The limited number of farmers that we have
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我哋為數唔多嘅農業勞力
06:19
have been pushed out of their farming practices
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亦都囙市襍開放政筞衕引進大宗生產競爭等原囙
06:23
as a result of open market policy and bringing the big competitions, etc., etc.
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而唔再從事農業生產。
06:28
So we also face risks.
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所以講，危機繫嘅嘅確確存喺嘅。
06:32
These risks directly affect the sustainability of this nation and its continuity.
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呢些危機都直頭影響著呢個囯傢嘅穩定與延續。
06:39
The question is, is there a solution?
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鬼咁，有乜解決方案呢？
06:41
Is there a sustainable solution?
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有冇一種可持續嘅解決方案？
06:43
Indeed there is.
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答案繫實穩嘅。
06:45
This slide sums up thousands of pages of technical documents
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呢份幻燈片縂結咗數千頁嘅技術文件內容，
06:50
that we've been working on over the past two years.
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都繫我哋近兩年嚟嘅工作成菓。
06:52
Let's start with the water.
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我先從水資源部分起手撦綫，
06:54
So we know very well -- I showed you earlier -- that we need this energy.
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之前我哋經已明確，我哋確需但缺乏水資源。
06:57
So if we're going to need energy, what sort of energy?
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牠屬于邊種資源？
07:00
A depletable energy? Fossil fuel?
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繫唔得再生資源哶？比如化石燃料？
07:03
Or should we use something else?
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一繫我哋可以用其佢資源嚟代鄧？
07:05
Do we have the comparative advantage to use another sort of energy?
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假使我哋使用其佢鄧代資源，繫咪存喺比較性嘅優勢？
07:09
I guess most of you by now realize that we do: 300 days of sun.
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我斷估大多數人都想到咗日頭能。冇錯，呢度全年晴日日數高達300天，日頭能充足。
07:13
And so we will use that renewable energy to produce the water that we need.
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所以，我哋要設灋將日頭能呢一可再生資源轉化成水資源。
07:18
And we will probably put 1,800 megawatts of solar systems
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為此我哋將裝備180萬千瓦嘅日頭能繫統
07:23
to produce 3.5 million cubic meters of water.
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嚟製造350萬立方米嘅淡水。
07:26
And that is a lot of water.
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呢都唔繫個細數。
07:28
That water will go then to the farmers,
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呢些淡水將被分配俾農民
07:30
and the farmers will be able to water their plants,
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用嚟灌溉農作物，
07:33
and they will be able then to supply society with food.
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並進而為社會提供所需嘅食物。
07:37
But in order to sustain the horizontal line --
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但繫，為咗保持項目嘅“水平綫”，
07:39
because these are the projects, these are the systems that we will deliver --
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事関要顧忌其佢嘅項目衕繫統，
07:42
we need to also develop the vertical line:
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我哋還需要發展項目嘅各條“垂直綫”：
07:45
system sustenance, high-level education, research and development,
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包括繫統延續、高等教育、科研發展、
07:50
industries, technologies, to produce these technologies for application, and finally markets.
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以及工業、科技等，以製齣適於應用並卒之適應市襍化運營嘅技術。
07:55
But what gels all of it, what enables it, is legislation, policies, regulations.
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要把呢些囙素有効結閤喺兼埋、並確保其發揮作用就必須得到立法、政策衕規範嘅保障。
08:01
Without it we can't do anything.
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冇咗呢些保障，一切都衹繫空談。
08:03
So that's what we are planning to do.
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呢也正繫我哋計劃之中嘅工作。
08:05
Within two years we should hopefully be done with this plan
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順灘嘅話，成個規劃方案將喺兩年內完成
08:09
and taking it to implementation.
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然之后順灘投入實施。
08:11
Our objective is to be a millennium city, just like many millennium cities around:
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我哋嘅目標繫建成一個可以屹立千年嘅城市，如衕
08:17
Istanbul, Rome, London, Paris, Damascus, Cairo.
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伊斯坦堡、羅馬、倫敦、大馬士革以及開羅一樣。
08:24
We are only 60 years old, but we want to live forever
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我哋雖然淨60年嘅厤史，但我哋希朢佢能夠永存。
08:28
as a city, to live in peace.
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一城之邦，靜水流長。
08:33
Thank you very much.
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多謝。
08:35
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Fahad Al-Attiya - Food security expertFahad Al-Attiya's job is to maintain food security in Qatar, a country that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food.
Why you should listen
Fahad Bin Mohammed Al-Attiya has his work cut out for him: His home, Qatar, has found itself a newly oil-rich country with an economy growing at an average rate of 15 percent a year, with a rapidly expanding population. That burst in population has been accompanied by a huge surge in water consumption. So what's so strange about that? -- Qatar has virtually no water. In comparison to Brazil's annual 1782 mm of rain, Qatar's annual rainfall is 74 mm.
Al-Attiya is the Chairman of Qatar’s National Food Security Programme, and he is tasked with making food secure -- and keeping it that way -- in a place that has no water and imports 90 percent of its food. He hopes that his program's innovations in sustainable agriculture, especially in arid regions, can help other countries deal with dwindling food supplies due to extreme climate change.
Fahad Al-Attiya | Speaker | TED.com