TED2015
David Eagleman: Can we create new senses for humans?
David Eagleman: Kan vi lave nye sanser for mennesker?
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Som mennesker, vi kan opfatte mindre end en ti-trilliardendedel af alle lysbølger. "Vores oplevelse af virkeligheden", siger neuroforskeren David Eagleman, "er begrænset af vores biologi". Han ønsker at ændre dette. Hans forskning i vores hjerneprocesser har fået ham til at skabe nye grænseflader - som en følevest - for at modtage før usynlige informationer om verden omkring os.
David Eagleman - Neuroscientist
David Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human. Full bio
David Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We are built out of very small stuff,
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Vi er lavet af meget små byggesten
00:17
and we are embedded in
a very large cosmos,
a very large cosmos,
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og vi er indlejret i et
meget stort kosmos
meget stort kosmos
00:20
and the fact is that we are not
very good at understanding reality
very good at understanding reality
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og faktisk er vi er ikke gode
til at forstå virkeligheden
til at forstå virkeligheden
00:24
at either of those scales,
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ud fra disse to niveauer
00:26
and that's because our brains
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og det er fordi vores hjerner
00:27
haven't evolved to understand
the world at that scale.
the world at that scale.
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ikke har udviklet sig til at forstå
verden på disse niveauer.
verden på disse niveauer.
00:32
Instead, we're trapped on this
very thin slice of perception
very thin slice of perception
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Istedet er vi fanget på en meget tynd
skive af opfattelse
skive af opfattelse
00:36
right in the middle.
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lige i midten.
00:38
But it gets strange, because even at
that slice of reality that we call home,
that slice of reality that we call home,
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Men det mærkelige er, at selv på denne
skive af virkelighed som vi kender
skive af virkelighed som vi kender
00:43
we're not seeing most
of the action that's going on.
of the action that's going on.
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ser vi ikke det meste af det som foregår.
00:46
So take the colors of our world.
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Tag f.eks. farverne
i vores verden.
i vores verden.
00:49
This is light waves, electromagnetic
radiation that bounces off objects
radiation that bounces off objects
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De er lysbølger, elektromagnetisk stråling
som tilbagekastes fra objekter
som tilbagekastes fra objekter
00:54
and it hits specialized receptors
in the back of our eyes.
in the back of our eyes.
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og som rammer special-receptorer
bagerst i vore øjne.
bagerst i vore øjne.
00:57
But we're not seeing
all the waves out there.
all the waves out there.
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Men vi ser ikke alle bølgerne
der er derude.
der er derude.
01:01
In fact, what we see
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Faktisk opfanger vi
01:03
is less than a 10 trillionth
of what's out there.
of what's out there.
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mindre end en 10 trilliondel
af hvad der findes derude.
af hvad der findes derude.
01:07
So you have radio waves and microwaves
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Så du har radiobølger, mikrobølger
01:10
and X-rays and gamma rays
passing through your body right now
passing through your body right now
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røntgenstråler og gammastråler
flyvende gennem din krop lige nu
flyvende gennem din krop lige nu
01:13
and you're completely unaware of it,
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og du er slet ikke klar over det
01:16
because you don't come with
the proper biological receptors
the proper biological receptors
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fordi du blev ikke født med de
biologiske receptorer
biologiske receptorer
01:19
for picking it up.
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som kan opfange dem.
01:21
There are thousands
of cell phone conversations
of cell phone conversations
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Der er tusindvis af
mobiltelefonsamtaler
mobiltelefonsamtaler
01:24
passing through you right now,
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der fyger gennem dig lige nu
01:25
and you're utterly blind to it.
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og du kan slet ikke mærke dem.
01:28
Now, it's not that these things
are inherently unseeable.
are inherently unseeable.
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Det er ikke fordi at disse stråler af
sagens natur er umærkbare.
sagens natur er umærkbare.
01:31
Snakes include some infrared
in their reality,
in their reality,
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Slangers verden er til dels
præget af infrarødt lys
præget af infrarødt lys
01:36
and honeybees include ultraviolet
in their view of the world,
in their view of the world,
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og honningbiers verden
inkluderer ultraviolet lys
inkluderer ultraviolet lys
01:40
and of course we build machines
in the dashboards of our cars
in the dashboards of our cars
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og på instrumentbrættet i vore biler
har vi bygget maskiner
har vi bygget maskiner
01:43
to pick up on signals
in the radio frequency range,
in the radio frequency range,
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der kan opfange signaler fra
radiofrekvens-området
radiofrekvens-området
01:46
and we built machines in hospitals
to pick up on the X-ray range.
to pick up on the X-ray range.
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og på hospitaler har vi maskiner
der kan opfange røntgenstråler.
der kan opfange røntgenstråler.
01:50
But you can't sense
any of those by yourself,
any of those by yourself,
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Men du kan ikke mærke nogen af
disse af dig selv
disse af dig selv
01:53
at least not yet,
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ihvertfald ikke endnu
01:55
because you don't come equipped
with the proper sensors.
with the proper sensors.
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fordi du er ikke udstyret
med de rigtige sensorer.
med de rigtige sensorer.
01:59
Now, what this means is that
our experience of reality
our experience of reality
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Hvad dette betyder er, at vores
oplevelse af virkeligheden
oplevelse af virkeligheden
02:03
is constrained by our biology,
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er afgrænset af vores biologi
02:07
and that goes against
the common sense notion
the common sense notion
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og det går imod den gængse opfattelse
02:09
that our eyes and our ears
and our fingertips
and our fingertips
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at vore øjne, ører og fingerspidser
02:12
are just picking up
the objective reality that's out there.
the objective reality that's out there.
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kun opfanger den
objektive virkelighed der er.
objektive virkelighed der er.
02:16
Instead, our brains are sampling
just a little bit of the world.
just a little bit of the world.
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Istedet opfanger vore hjerner
kun en meget lille del af verden.
kun en meget lille del af verden.
02:22
Now, across the animal kingdom,
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Overalt i dyreriget er der
02:24
different animals pick up
on different parts of reality.
on different parts of reality.
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forskellige dyr som opfanger
forskellige dele af virkeligheden.
forskellige dele af virkeligheden.
02:27
So in the blind
and deaf world of the tick,
and deaf world of the tick,
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I en tæges blinde og døve verden
02:30
the important signals
are temperature and butyric acid;
are temperature and butyric acid;
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er de vigtige signaler
temperatur og smørsyre
temperatur og smørsyre
02:34
in the world of the black ghost knifefish,
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hos en spøgelses-knivfisk
02:37
its sensory world is lavishly colored
by electrical fields;
by electrical fields;
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er verden overdådigt præget
af elektriske impulser
af elektriske impulser
02:42
and for the echolocating bat,
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og for den ekko-lokaliserende flagermus
02:45
its reality is constructed
out of air compression waves.
out of air compression waves.
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er verden konstrueret
af luft-trykbølger.
af luft-trykbølger.
02:49
That's the slice of their ecosystem
that they can pick up on,
that they can pick up on,
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Disse dyr opfanger dét stykke af
deres økosystem
deres økosystem
02:53
and we have a word for this in science.
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og videnskaben har et ord
for dette.
for dette.
02:55
It's called the umwelt,
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Det kaldes for umwelt,
02:56
which is the German word
for the surrounding world.
for the surrounding world.
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som er det tyske ord for
den omgivende verden.
den omgivende verden.
03:00
Now, presumably, every animal assumes
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Formentlig antager ethvert dyr
03:03
that its umwelt is the entire
objective reality out there,
objective reality out there,
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at dets umwelt udgør hele den
objektive virkelighed der findes derude
objektive virkelighed der findes derude
03:07
because why would you ever stop to imagine
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fordi hvorfor ville man nogensinde
forestille sig
forestille sig
03:10
that there's something beyond
what we can sense.
what we can sense.
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at der findes noget udover
hvad man kan sanse.
hvad man kan sanse.
03:13
Instead, what we all do
is we accept reality
is we accept reality
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Istedet, hvad vi alle gør er
at acceptere virkeligheden
at acceptere virkeligheden
03:16
as it's presented to us.
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som den bliver præsenteret for os.
03:19
Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this.
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Lad os lave et bevidstheds-løft
omkring dette.
omkring dette.
03:21
Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog.
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Forestil dig, at du er en blodhund.
03:24
Your whole world is about smelling.
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Hele din verden handler om lugt.
03:27
You've got a long snout that has
200 million scent receptors in it,
200 million scent receptors in it,
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Du har en lang snude, indbygget med
200 mio. lugt-receptorer
200 mio. lugt-receptorer
03:31
and you have wet nostrils
that attract and trap scent molecules,
that attract and trap scent molecules,
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du har våde næsebor som
tiltrækker og opfanger lugtmolekyler
tiltrækker og opfanger lugtmolekyler
03:36
and your nostrils even have slits
so you can take big nosefuls of air.
so you can take big nosefuls of air.
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og dine næsebor har endda slidser,
så du kan indånde ekstra meget luft.
så du kan indånde ekstra meget luft.
03:40
Everything is about smell for you.
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Alt handler om lugt for dig.
03:43
So one day, you stop in your tracks
with a revelation.
with a revelation.
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Så en dag bliver du ramt af en
åbenbaring.
åbenbaring.
03:47
You look at your human owner
and you think,
and you think,
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Du kigger på din menneskelige ejer,
og tænker:
og tænker:
03:50
"What is it like to have the pitiful,
impoverished nose of a human?
impoverished nose of a human?
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"Hvordan er det at have den
ynkelige, forarmede menneskelige næse?
ynkelige, forarmede menneskelige næse?
03:55
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
03:57
What is it like when you take
a feeble little noseful of air?
a feeble little noseful of air?
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Hvordan er det at indånde
en svag lille næsefuld af luft?
en svag lille næsefuld af luft?
04:00
How can you not know that there's
a cat 100 yards away,
a cat 100 yards away,
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Hvordan kan du ikke vide,
at der er en kat 100 meter borte
at der er en kat 100 meter borte
04:04
or that your neighbor was on
this very spot six hours ago?"
this very spot six hours ago?"
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eller at din nabo stod lige præcis her
for seks timer siden?"
for seks timer siden?"
04:07
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:10
So because we're humans,
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Så fordi vi er mennesker
04:12
we've never experienced
that world of smell,
that world of smell,
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har vi aldrig oplevet den verden af lugt
04:15
so we don't miss it,
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så vi savner den ikke
04:18
because we are firmly settled
into our umwelt.
into our umwelt.
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for vi er fast indgroet i vores
egen umwelt.
egen umwelt.
04:22
But the question is,
do we have to be stuck there?
do we have to be stuck there?
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Men spørgsmålet er, behøver vi
at blive der?
at blive der?
04:26
So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested
in the way that technology
in the way that technology
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Som neurolog er jeg interesseret i
måden vores teknologi
måden vores teknologi
04:30
might expand our umwelt,
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kan udvide vores umwelt
04:33
and how that's going to change
the experience of being human.
the experience of being human.
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og hvordan den kan forandre
den menneskelige oplevelse.
den menneskelige oplevelse.
04:38
So we already know that we can marry
our technology to our biology,
our technology to our biology,
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Vi ved allerede, at vi kan sammenføje
teknologien med vor biologi
teknologien med vor biologi
04:41
because there are hundreds of thousands
of people walking around
of people walking around
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for der er hundrede-tusindvis
af mennesker, der lever
af mennesker, der lever
04:45
with artificial hearing
and artificial vision.
and artificial vision.
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med kunstig hørelse og kunstig vision.
04:49
So the way this works is, you take
a microphone and you digitize the signal,
a microphone and you digitize the signal,
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Måden det fungerer på, er at man tager
en mikrofon og digitaliserer signalet
en mikrofon og digitaliserer signalet
04:53
and you put an electrode strip
directly into the inner ear.
directly into the inner ear.
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og man putter en elektrode strimmel
direkte ind i det inderste øre.
direkte ind i det inderste øre.
04:57
Or, with the retinal implant,
you take a camera
you take a camera
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Med retina implantatet
tager man et kamera
tager man et kamera
04:59
and you digitize the signal,
and then you plug an electrode grid
and then you plug an electrode grid
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digitaliserer signalet,
og putter et elektrode gitter
og putter et elektrode gitter
05:02
directly into the optic nerve.
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direkte ind i den optiske nerve.
05:05
And as recently as 15 years ago,
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Så nyligt som for 15 år siden
05:09
there were a lot of scientists who thought
these technologies wouldn't work.
these technologies wouldn't work.
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var der mange videnskabsfolk som ikke
troede at disse teknologier virkede.
troede at disse teknologier virkede.
05:13
Why? It's because these technologies
speak the language of Silicon Valley,
speak the language of Silicon Valley,
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Hvorfor? Fordi de hører hjemme
i Silicon Valley
i Silicon Valley
05:18
and it's not exactly the same dialect
as our natural biological sense organs.
as our natural biological sense organs.
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og derfor er de ikke særlig kompatible med
vor naturlige biologiske sanseorganer.
vor naturlige biologiske sanseorganer.
05:24
But the fact is that it works;
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Men faktum er at de virker
05:26
the brain figures out
how to use the signals just fine.
how to use the signals just fine.
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hjernen finder ud af hvordan disse
signaler virker.
signaler virker.
05:31
Now, how do we understand that?
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Hvordan skal det forstås?
05:33
Well, here's the big secret:
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Her er den store hemmelighed:
05:35
Your brain is not hearing
or seeing any of this.
or seeing any of this.
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Din hjerne hverken hører eller ser
noget som helst af alt dette.
noget som helst af alt dette.
05:40
Your brain is locked in a vault of silence
and darkness inside your skull.
and darkness inside your skull.
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Din hjerne er indesluttet i en hvælving
af stilhed og mørke i dit kranie.
af stilhed og mørke i dit kranie.
05:47
All it ever sees are
electrochemical signals
electrochemical signals
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Alt, den nogensinde ser er
elektrokemiske signaler
elektrokemiske signaler
05:50
that come in along different data cables,
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som kommer ind ad forskellige datakabler
05:53
and this is all it has to work with,
and nothing more.
and nothing more.
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og det er alt som den nogensinde
har at arbejde med.
har at arbejde med.
05:58
Now, amazingly,
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Så utroligt nok
06:00
the brain is really good
at taking in these signals
at taking in these signals
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er hjernen rigtig god til at fange
disse signaler,
disse signaler,
06:03
and extracting patterns
and assigning meaning,
and assigning meaning,
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udvinde mønstre og
tildele dem mening
tildele dem mening
06:07
so that it takes this inner cosmos
and puts together a story
and puts together a story
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den tager dit indre kosmos
og laver en historie
og laver en historie
06:11
of this, your subjective world.
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af dette, din subjektive verden.
06:16
But here's the key point:
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Her er nøglen:
06:18
Your brain doesn't know,
and it doesn't care,
and it doesn't care,
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Din hjerne ved ikke - og er ligeglad med -
06:21
where it gets the data from.
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hvor disse data kommer fra.
06:24
Whatever information comes in,
it just figures out what to do with it.
it just figures out what to do with it.
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Ligemeget hvilke data kommer ind,
finder den ud af hvad den skal med dem.
finder den ud af hvad den skal med dem.
06:29
And this is a very efficient
kind of machine.
kind of machine.
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Hjernen er en meget effektiv maskine.
06:31
It's essentially a general purpose
computing device,
computing device,
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Den er egentlig en computerenhed til
al slags generelle formål
al slags generelle formål
06:36
and it just takes in everything
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og den indtager alt
06:38
and figures out
what it's going to do with it,
what it's going to do with it,
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og finder ud af hvad den skal
gøre med al data
gøre med al data
06:41
and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature
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og det frigør Moder Natur
06:44
to tinker around with different
sorts of input channels.
sorts of input channels.
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til at eksperimentere med
forskellige slags indgangskanaler.
forskellige slags indgangskanaler.
06:49
So I call this the P.H.
model of evolution,
model of evolution,
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Jeg kalder denne
evolutionsmodel for K.H.
evolutionsmodel for K.H.
06:52
and I don't want to get
too technical here,
too technical here,
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og jeg vil ikke være for teknisk her
06:54
but P.H. stands for Potato Head,
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men K.H. står for Kartoffel Hoved
06:57
and I use this name to emphasize
that all these sensors
that all these sensors
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og dette navn bruges til at
understrege at alle disse sensorer
understrege at alle disse sensorer
07:01
that we know and love, like our eyes
and our ears and our fingertips,
and our ears and our fingertips,
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som vi kender og elsker, øjne,
ører og fingerspidser
ører og fingerspidser
07:04
these are merely peripheral
plug-and-play devices:
plug-and-play devices:
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egentlig kun er perifere
plug-and-play enheder
plug-and-play enheder
07:08
You stick them in, and you're good to go.
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Man putter dem ind og så er man klar.
07:12
The brain figures out what to do
with the data that comes in.
with the data that comes in.
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Hjernen finder ud af hvad den skal
med alle data der indkommer.
med alle data der indkommer.
07:18
And when you look across
the animal kingdom,
the animal kingdom,
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Og når man kigger over hele dyreriget
07:20
you find lots of peripheral devices.
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finder man mange perifere enheder.
07:23
So snakes have heat pits
with which to detect infrared,
with which to detect infrared,
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Slanger har varme-gruber,
med hvilke de opfanger infrarødt lys
med hvilke de opfanger infrarødt lys
07:27
and the ghost knifefish has
electroreceptors,
electroreceptors,
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spøgelses-knivfisken har elektroreceptorer
07:30
and the star-nosed mole has this appendage
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stjernenæse-muldvarpen har en næse
07:33
with 22 fingers on it
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udstyret med 22 fingre
07:35
with which it feels around and constructs
a 3D model of the world,
a 3D model of the world,
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med hvilke den mærker og konstruerer
en 3D model af verden
en 3D model af verden
07:39
and many birds have magnetite
so they can orient
so they can orient
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mange fugle har indbygget
magnetit, så de kan orientere sig
magnetit, så de kan orientere sig
07:43
to the magnetic field of the planet.
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til planetens magnetiske felt.
07:45
So what this means is that
nature doesn't have to continually
nature doesn't have to continually
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Hvad dette betyder er,
at naturen behøver ikke konstant
at naturen behøver ikke konstant
07:49
redesign the brain.
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at ombygge hjernen.
07:52
Instead, with the principles
of brain operation established,
of brain operation established,
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Istedet, nu da de principielle
hjernefunktioner er afklaret,
hjernefunktioner er afklaret,
07:56
all nature has to worry about
is designing new peripherals.
is designing new peripherals.
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behøver naturen kun at bygge nye
perifere enheder.
perifere enheder.
08:01
Okay. So what this means is this:
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Så hvad dét betyder er dette:
08:04
The lesson that surfaces
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Lektien, som vi har at lære
08:06
is that there's nothing
really special or fundamental
really special or fundamental
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er, at der er intet rigtig specielt
eller fundamentalt
eller fundamentalt
08:09
about the biology that we
come to the table with.
come to the table with.
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omkring biologien som vi har idag.
08:12
It's just what we have inherited
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Den er kun, hvad vi har arvet
08:14
from a complex road of evolution.
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efter en kompleks rejse af evolution.
08:18
But it's not what we have to stick with,
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Men vi behøver ikke kun at
holde os til den
holde os til den
08:21
and our best proof of principle of this
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og vor bedste bevis omkring det
08:23
comes from what's called
sensory substitution.
sensory substitution.
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kommer fra, hvad kaldes
sensorisk substitution.
sensorisk substitution.
08:26
And that refers to feeding
information into the brain
information into the brain
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Begrebet referer til at give
input til hjernen
input til hjernen
08:29
via unusual sensory channels,
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ad usædvanlige sensoriske kanaler
08:32
and the brain just figures out
what to do with it.
what to do with it.
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hvor hjernen blot finder ud af,
hvad den skal.
hvad den skal.
08:35
Now, that might sound speculative,
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Det lyder måske spekulativt
08:37
but the first paper demonstrating this was
published in the journal Nature in 1969.
published in the journal Nature in 1969.
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men den første afhandling om det
blev udgivet i Nature i 1969.
blev udgivet i Nature i 1969.
08:43
So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita
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En videnskabsmand
ved navn Paul Bach-y-Rita
ved navn Paul Bach-y-Rita
08:46
put blind people
in a modified dental chair,
in a modified dental chair,
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satte blinde mennesker
i en modificeret tandlægestol
i en modificeret tandlægestol
08:49
and he set up a video feed,
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opsatte et videokamera
08:51
and he put something
in front of the camera,
in front of the camera,
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og når et objekt blev sat foran kameraet
08:54
and then you would feel that
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kunne personen i stolen mærke objektet
08:56
poked into your back
with a grid of solenoids.
with a grid of solenoids.
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puffe sig i ryggen via
et gitter af magnetventiler.
et gitter af magnetventiler.
08:59
So if you wiggle a coffee cup
in front of the camera,
in front of the camera,
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Hvis du bevæger
en kaffekop foran kameraet
en kaffekop foran kameraet
09:02
you're feeling that in your back,
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kan du mærke den i ryggen
09:04
and amazingly, blind people
got pretty good
got pretty good
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og utroligt nok blev
blinde mennesker ret gode
blinde mennesker ret gode
09:07
at being able to determine
what was in front of the camera
what was in front of the camera
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til at fastslå hvad der var foran kameraet
09:11
just by feeling it
in the small of their back.
in the small of their back.
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kun ved at mærke objektet i lænden.
09:14
Now, there have been many
modern incarnations of this.
modern incarnations of this.
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Der er flere moderne
inkarnationer af dette forsøg.
inkarnationer af dette forsøg.
09:18
The sonic glasses take a video feed
right in front of you
right in front of you
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Soniske briller optager en
videofilm lige foran dig
videofilm lige foran dig
09:21
and turn that into a sonic landscape,
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laver den om til et sonisk landskab
09:24
so as things move around,
and get closer and farther,
and get closer and farther,
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så når ting kommer
nærmere eller fjerner sig
nærmere eller fjerner sig
09:26
it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz."
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lyder det sådan "Bzz, bzz, bzz."
09:29
It sounds like a cacophony,
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Det lyder som en kakofoni
09:31
but after several weeks, blind people
start getting pretty good
start getting pretty good
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men efter flere uger
bliver blinde mennesker ret gode
bliver blinde mennesker ret gode
09:34
at understanding what's in front of them
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til at forstå hvad der er foran dem
09:37
just based on what they're hearing.
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kun baseret på deres hørelse.
09:39
And it doesn't have to be
through the ears:
through the ears:
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Det behøver ikke at foregå via ørerne
09:41
this system uses an electrotactile grid
on the forehead,
on the forehead,
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systemet bruger et
elektrotaktilsk gitter på panden
elektrotaktilsk gitter på panden
09:45
so whatever's in front of the video feed,
you're feeling it on your forehead.
you're feeling it on your forehead.
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hvad der er foran kameraet
mærkes på panden.
mærkes på panden.
09:49
Why the forehead? Because you're not
using it for much else.
using it for much else.
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Hvorfor panden? For
du bruger den ikke til noget.
du bruger den ikke til noget.
09:51
The most modern incarnation
is called the brainport,
is called the brainport,
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Den mest moderne
inkarnation kaldes hjerneporten,
inkarnation kaldes hjerneporten,
09:56
and this is a little electrogrid
that sits on your tongue,
that sits on your tongue,
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et lille elektrodegitter på tungen
09:59
and the video feed gets turned into
these little electrotactile signals,
these little electrotactile signals,
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hvor filmen ændres til
små elektrotaktilske signaler.
små elektrotaktilske signaler.
10:03
and blind people get so good at using this
that they can throw a ball into a basket,
that they can throw a ball into a basket,
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Blinde mennesker bliver så gode til at
bruge det at de kan kaste en bold i mål
bruge det at de kan kaste en bold i mål
10:10
or they can navigate
complex obstacle courses.
complex obstacle courses.
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eller kan navigere gennem
indviklede forhindringsbaner.
indviklede forhindringsbaner.
10:15
They can come to see through their tongue.
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4214
De kan komme til at se gennem deres tunge.
10:19
Now, that sounds completely insane, right?
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Det lyder ret vanvittigt, ikke?
10:21
But remember, all vision ever is
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Husk, at vision kun er
10:24
is electrochemical signals
coursing around in your brain.
coursing around in your brain.
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elektrokemiske signaler,
der flyver rundt i din hjerne.
der flyver rundt i din hjerne.
10:28
Your brain doesn't know
where the signals come from.
where the signals come from.
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Din hjerne ved ikke
hvorfra signalerne kommer.
hvorfra signalerne kommer.
10:31
It just figures out what to do with them.
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Den finder blot ud af,
hvad den skal med dem.
hvad den skal med dem.
10:34
So my interest in my lab
is sensory substitution for the deaf,
is sensory substitution for the deaf,
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Hovedinteressen i mit laboratorie
er sensorisk substitution for døve
er sensorisk substitution for døve
10:40
and this is a project I've undertaken
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2739
hvilket er et projekt jeg er begyndt på
10:43
with a graduate student
in my lab, Scott Novich,
in my lab, Scott Novich,
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med en kandidatstuderende
i laboratoriet, Scott Novich
i laboratoriet, Scott Novich
10:46
who is spearheading this for his thesis.
189
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2299
som banebryder for
området med sin afhandling.
området med sin afhandling.
10:48
And here is what we wanted to do:
190
636526
1996
Her er, hvad vi ønsker at gøre:
10:50
we wanted to make it so that
sound from the world gets converted
sound from the world gets converted
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3994
vi ønsker at gøre det muligt
at konvertere lyd fra verden
at konvertere lyd fra verden
10:54
in some way so that a deaf person
can understand what is being said.
can understand what is being said.
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så den døve kan forstå,
hvad der bliver sagt.
hvad der bliver sagt.
10:59
And we wanted to do this, given the power
and ubiquity of portable computing,
and ubiquity of portable computing,
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Igennem de allestedsnærværende
computere ville vi
computere ville vi
11:03
we wanted to make sure that this
would run on cell phones and tablets,
would run on cell phones and tablets,
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651920
4876
udvikle teknologi til
mobiltelefoner og -tavler
mobiltelefoner og -tavler
11:08
and also we wanted
to make this a wearable,
to make this a wearable,
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samt at sikre at man kunne
have den på sig altid,
have den på sig altid,
11:11
something that you could wear
under your clothing.
under your clothing.
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3042
at gøre den bærbar under tøjet.
11:14
So here's the concept.
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Her er idéen.
11:17
So as I'm speaking, my sound
is getting captured by the tablet,
is getting captured by the tablet,
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5076
Talen bliver optaget af en tavle
11:22
and then it's getting mapped onto a vest
that's covered in vibratory motors,
that's covered in vibratory motors,
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5758
og bliver kortlagt på en vest,
dækket med vibrerende motorer
dækket med vibrerende motorer
11:28
just like the motors in your cell phone.
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3437
præcis som motorerne i din mobiltelefon.
11:31
So as I'm speaking,
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Så mens jeg taler,
11:33
the sound is getting translated
to a pattern of vibration on the vest.
to a pattern of vibration on the vest.
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6339
bliver lyden omdannet til
vibrationer på vesten.
vibrationer på vesten.
11:40
Now, this is not just conceptual:
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1579
Det er ikke teori: tavlen sender Bluetooth
11:41
this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth,
and I'm wearing the vest right now.
and I'm wearing the vest right now.
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5108
og jeg er iført vesten.
11:47
So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) --
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Mens jeg taler -- (Bifald) --
11:50
the sound is getting translated
into dynamic patterns of vibration.
into dynamic patterns of vibration.
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bliver lyden omdannet til mønstre
af vibrationer.
af vibrationer.
11:55
I'm feeling the sonic world around me.
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5374
Jeg mærker den
soniske verden omkring mig.
soniske verden omkring mig.
12:01
So, we've been testing this
with deaf people now,
with deaf people now,
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Vi har testet det med
døve mennesker nu
døve mennesker nu
12:05
and it turns out that after
just a little bit of time,
just a little bit of time,
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3506
og det viser sig at efter kun
et lille stykke tid
et lille stykke tid
12:08
people can start feeling,
they can start understanding
they can start understanding
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3390
kan mennesker mærke
og begynde at forstå
og begynde at forstå
12:12
the language of the vest.
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sproget, vesten taler.
12:14
So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old.
He has a master's degree.
He has a master's degree.
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Her er Jonathan, 37 år.
Han er uddannet kandidat.
Han er uddannet kandidat.
12:19
He was born profoundly deaf,
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2345
Han blev født helt døv
12:22
which means that there's a part
of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.
of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.
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4110
så en del af hans umwelt
er utilgængelig for ham.
er utilgængelig for ham.
12:26
So we had Jonathan train with the vest
for four days, two hours a day,
for four days, two hours a day,
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Jonathan øvede med vesten
to timer i fire dage
to timer i fire dage
12:30
and here he is on the fifth day.
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og her er han den femte dag.
12:33
Scott Novich: You.
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Scott Novich: Du.
12:36
David Eagleman: So Scott says a word,
Jonathan feels it on the vest,
Jonathan feels it on the vest,
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3214
David Eagleman: Scott siger et ord,
Jonathan mærker det i vesten
Jonathan mærker det i vesten
12:39
and he writes it on the board.
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3056
og han skriver det på tavlen.
12:42
SN: Where. Where.
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SN: Hvor. Hvor.
12:46
DE: Jonathan is able to translate
this complicated pattern of vibrations
this complicated pattern of vibrations
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DE: Jonathan er i stand til at tolke
de indviklede vibrationer
de indviklede vibrationer
12:49
into an understanding
of what's being said.
of what's being said.
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til at forstå hvad der bliver sagt.
12:52
SN: Touch. Touch.
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SN: Kærtegn. Kærtegn.
12:56
DE: Now, he's not doing this --
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DN: Nuvel, han gør dette ikke --
13:00
(Applause) --
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(Bifald) --
13:07
Jonathan is not doing this consciously,
because the patterns are too complicated,
because the patterns are too complicated,
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Jonathan er ikke bevidst om hvad han gør,
for mønstret er indviklet
for mønstret er indviklet
13:12
but his brain is starting to unlock
the pattern that allows it to figure out
the pattern that allows it to figure out
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men hans hjerne begynder at afkode
mønstret, og begynder at forstå
mønstret, og begynder at forstå
13:17
what the data mean,
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hvad informationen betyder
13:19
and our expectation is that,
after wearing this for about three months,
after wearing this for about three months,
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og vor forventning er at efter
han har båret vesten i tre måneder
han har båret vesten i tre måneder
13:23
he will have a direct
perceptual experience of hearing
perceptual experience of hearing
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vil han opleve en direkte
perceptuel hørelse
perceptuel hørelse
13:28
in the same way that when a blind person
passes a finger over braille,
passes a finger over braille,
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på samme måde som når en
blind person læser med fingrene
blind person læser med fingrene
13:32
the meaning comes directly off the page
without any conscious intervention at all.
without any conscious intervention at all.
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meningen mærkes på siden
uden nogen bevidst indblanding.
uden nogen bevidst indblanding.
13:38
Now, this technology has the potential
to be a game-changer,
to be a game-changer,
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Denne teknologi har potentialet
for at være bane-brydende
for at være bane-brydende
13:42
because the only other solution
for deafness is a cochlear implant,
for deafness is a cochlear implant,
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3784
for den eneste løsning for døvhed
er et cochlear implantat
er et cochlear implantat
13:46
and that requires an invasive surgery.
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2903
hvilket kræver en omfattende operation.
13:49
And this can be built for 40 times cheaper
than a cochlear implant,
than a cochlear implant,
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5154
Og vesten kan fremstilles 40 gange
billigere end et implantat
billigere end et implantat
13:54
which opens up this technology globally,
even for the poorest countries.
even for the poorest countries.
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som giver globale muligheder,
selv for de fattigste lande.
selv for de fattigste lande.
14:00
Now, we've been very encouraged
by our results with sensory substitution,
by our results with sensory substitution,
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Vi ser meget positive resultater
med sensorisk substitution
med sensorisk substitution
14:05
but what we've been thinking a lot about
is sensory addition.
is sensory addition.
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4203
men vi har tænkt meget på
sensoriske tilføjelser.
sensoriske tilføjelser.
14:09
How could we use a technology like this
to add a completely new kind of sense,
to add a completely new kind of sense,
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Hvordan kan man bruge denne teknologi til
at tilføje en helt ny slags sans
at tilføje en helt ny slags sans
14:14
to expand the human umvelt?
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3134
til at ekspandere vor egen umwelt?
14:17
For example, could we feed
real-time data from the Internet
real-time data from the Internet
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4249
F.eks. kan vi fodre real-time
data fra nettet
data fra nettet
14:22
directly into somebody's brain,
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direkte ind i en persons hjerne
14:24
and can they develop a direct
perceptual experience?
perceptual experience?
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3878
hvorefter de kan udvikle en direkte
perceptuel oplevelse?
perceptuel oplevelse?
14:27
So here's an experiment
we're doing in the lab.
we're doing in the lab.
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Et eksperiment vi laver
i laboratoriet:
i laboratoriet:
14:30
A subject is feeling a real-time
streaming feed from the Net of data
streaming feed from the Net of data
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Personen føler real-time data
fra nettet
fra nettet
14:34
for five seconds.
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1811
i vesten i fem sekunder.
14:36
Then, two buttons appear,
and he has to make a choice.
and he has to make a choice.
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3269
Der dukker to knapper op,
14:39
He doesn't know what's going on.
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og han må foretage et valg.
14:41
He makes a choice,
and he gets feedback after one second.
and he gets feedback after one second.
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Han vælger og
får svar efter et sekund.
får svar efter et sekund.
14:43
Now, here's the thing:
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Det interessante er,
14:45
The subject has no idea
what all the patterns mean,
what all the patterns mean,
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2644
han ved ikke
hvad mønstrene betyder
hvad mønstrene betyder
14:47
but we're seeing if he gets better
at figuring out which button to press.
at figuring out which button to press.
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3671
men vi undersøger om han med tiden
gør de rigtige valg.
gør de rigtige valg.
14:51
He doesn't know that what we're feeding
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2067
Han ved ikke at mønstrene
14:53
is real-time data from the stock market,
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3181
er real-time data fra aktiemarkedet
14:56
and he's making buy and sell decisions.
256
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2507
og han vælger køb eller salg.
14:59
(Laughter)
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1754
(Latter)
15:01
And the feedback is telling him
whether he did the right thing or not.
whether he did the right thing or not.
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3302
Feedback fortæller ham om han gjorde
det rigtige valg.
det rigtige valg.
15:04
And what we're seeing is,
can we expand the human umvelt
can we expand the human umvelt
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Kan vi udvide den menneskelige umwelt
15:07
so that he comes to have,
after several weeks,
after several weeks,
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2995
så at han efter flere uger kan have
15:10
a direct perceptual experience
of the economic movements of the planet.
of the economic movements of the planet.
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6107
en sanselig oplevelse af planetens
økonomiske bevægelser.
økonomiske bevægelser.
15:16
So we'll report on that later
to see how well this goes.
to see how well this goes.
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Vi lader høre fra os om hvordan det går.
15:20
(Laughter)
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1821
(Latter)
15:22
Here's another thing we're doing:
264
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2090
Her er et andet forsøg vi er i gang med:
15:24
During the talks this morning,
we've been automatically scraping Twitter
we've been automatically scraping Twitter
265
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4597
Under foredragene i dag har vi
undersøgt Twitter
undersøgt Twitter
15:29
for the TED2015 hashtag,
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2438
for TED2015 hashtag´et
15:31
and we've been doing
an automated sentiment analysis,
an automated sentiment analysis,
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2693
og vi lavet en automatisk
følelsesanalyse
følelsesanalyse
15:34
which means, are people using positive
words or negative words or neutral?
words or negative words or neutral?
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4575
dvs. bruger folk positive, negative
eller neutrale ord?
eller neutrale ord?
15:39
And while this has been going on,
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2444
Mens dette er sket
15:41
I have been feeling this,
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2995
har jeg mærket det
15:44
and so I am plugged in
to the aggregate emotion
to the aggregate emotion
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jeg er tilsluttet real-time følelserne
15:48
of thousands of people in real time,
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hos tusindvis af mennesker
15:52
and that's a new kind of human experience,
because now I can know
because now I can know
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og det er en ny menneskelig oplevelse,
for nu kan jeg mærke
for nu kan jeg mærke
15:56
how everyone's doing
and how much you're loving this.
and how much you're loving this.
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hvordan alle har det og hvor meget
I kan lide det her.
I kan lide det her.
16:00
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Latter) (Bifald)
16:06
It's a bigger experience
than a human can normally have.
than a human can normally have.
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Det er en større oplevelse end et
menneske normalt kan have.
menneske normalt kan have.
16:11
We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots.
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Vi udvider også umwelt for piloter.
16:14
So in this case, the vest is streaming
nine different measures
nine different measures
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Vesten streamer ni forskellige målinger
16:18
from this quadcopter,
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fra en Quadrokopter
16:20
so pitch and yaw and roll
and orientation and heading,
and orientation and heading,
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såsom stejlhed, orientering og retning
16:23
and that improves
this pilot's ability to fly it.
this pilot's ability to fly it.
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hvilket forbedrer pilotens ydeevne.
16:27
It's essentially like he's extending
his skin up there, far away.
his skin up there, far away.
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Han mærker alt det på sin hud.
16:32
And that's just the beginning.
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Og det er kun begyndelsen.
16:34
What we're envisioning is taking
a modern cockpit full of gauges
a modern cockpit full of gauges
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Visionen er at tage et moderne cockpit
16:40
and instead of trying
to read the whole thing, you feel it.
to read the whole thing, you feel it.
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og mærke det istedet for at læse det.
16:44
We live in a world of information now,
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Vi lever i informationstiden nu
16:47
and there is a difference
between accessing big data
between accessing big data
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og der er forskel på at have
adgang til massive data
adgang til massive data
16:51
and experiencing it.
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og opleve dem.
16:54
So I think there's really no end
to the possibilities
to the possibilities
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Der er utallige muligheder
16:58
on the horizon for human expansion.
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i fremtiden for menneskelig ekspansion.
17:00
Just imagine an astronaut
being able to feel
being able to feel
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En astronaut kunne f.eks. mærke tilstanden
17:05
the overall health
of the International Space Station,
of the International Space Station,
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hos den internationale rumstation
17:08
or, for that matter, having you feel
the invisible states of your own health,
the invisible states of your own health,
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4876
eller du kunne mærke din
egen sundhedstilstand
egen sundhedstilstand
17:13
like your blood sugar
and the state of your microbiome,
and the state of your microbiome,
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1021555
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såsom blodsukker og
mikrobiologisk tilstand
mikrobiologisk tilstand
17:17
or having 360-degree vision
or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
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eller kunne se 360 grader, eller
infrarødt og ultraviolet.
infrarødt og ultraviolet.
17:23
So the key is this:
As we move into the future,
As we move into the future,
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Kernen af sagen er: I fremtiden
17:26
we're going to increasingly be able
to choose our own peripheral devices.
to choose our own peripheral devices.
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4899
vil vi være mere og mere i stand til
at vælge perifere enheder.
at vælge perifere enheder.
17:31
We no longer have to wait
for Mother Nature's sensory gifts
for Mother Nature's sensory gifts
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Det vil ikke være nødvendigt at vente
på Moder Naturs sensoriske gaver
på Moder Naturs sensoriske gaver
17:35
on her timescales,
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efter hendes tidsskala
17:37
but instead, like any good parent,
she's given us the tools that we need
she's given us the tools that we need
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istedet har hun, som enhver god forælder,
givet os værktøjet til
givet os værktøjet til
17:41
to go out and define our own trajectory.
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4133
at gå ud og definere vores egen retning.
17:45
So the question now is,
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Så spørgsmålet er nu
17:47
how do you want to go out
and experience your universe?
and experience your universe?
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hvordan vil du gå ud og
opleve dit univers?
opleve dit univers?
17:52
Thank you.
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1060598
2043
Tak.
17:54
(Applause)
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8336
(Bifald)
18:11
Chris Anderson: Can you feel it?
DE: Yeah.
DE: Yeah.
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Chris Anderson: Kan du mærke det?
DE: Ja.
DE: Ja.
18:13
Actually, this was the first time
I felt applause on the vest.
I felt applause on the vest.
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Det er første bifald jeg
mærker i vesten.
mærker i vesten.
18:16
It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)
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2159
Dejligt, som en massage. (Latter)
18:19
CA: Twitter's going crazy.
Twitter's going mad.
Twitter's going mad.
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CA: Twitter flipper helt ud.
18:22
So that stock market experiment.
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Aktiemarkeds-eksperimentet
18:25
This could be the first experiment
that secures its funding forevermore,
that secures its funding forevermore,
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4528
kan være første som evigt garanterer
18:29
right, if successful?
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1995
sin egen bevilling, ikke?
18:31
DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't
have to write to NIH anymore.
have to write to NIH anymore.
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DE: Ja. Jeg ville ikke behøve
at skrive NIH mere.
at skrive NIH mere.
18:34
CA: Well look, just to be
skeptical for a minute,
skeptical for a minute,
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CA: For at være en smule skeptisk
18:37
I mean, this is amazing,
but isn't most of the evidence so far
but isn't most of the evidence so far
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3170
det er utroligt, men er
beviserne hidtil ikke
beviserne hidtil ikke
18:40
that sensory substitution works,
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2347
at sensorisk substitution virker
18:43
not necessarily
that sensory addition works?
that sensory addition works?
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1111049
2107
men sensorisk udvidelse virker
teoretisk set?
teoretisk set?
18:45
I mean, isn't it possible that the
blind person can see through their tongue
blind person can see through their tongue
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1113156
3637
Er det ikke muligt at den blinde person
kan se gennem tungen
kan se gennem tungen
18:48
because the visual cortex is still there,
ready to process,
ready to process,
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5178
fordi det visuelle cortex er der,
klar til at processere
klar til at processere
18:53
and that that is needed as part of it?
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og det er fordi det virker?
18:55
DE: That's a great question.
We actually have no idea
We actually have no idea
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2644
DE: Godt spørgsmål.
Vi aner faktiskt ikke
Vi aner faktiskt ikke
18:58
what the theoretical limits are of what
kind of data the brain can take in.
kind of data the brain can take in.
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hvad for teoretiske grænser
hjernen har til at modtage data.
hjernen har til at modtage data.
19:02
The general story, though,
is that it's extraordinarily flexible.
is that it's extraordinarily flexible.
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Men generelt er den dog
særdeles fleksibel.
særdeles fleksibel.
19:05
So when a person goes blind,
what we used to call their visual cortex
what we used to call their visual cortex
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Når vi blindes vil visuelle cortex
19:09
gets taken over by other things,
by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.
by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.
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1137207
5058
overtages af andre sanser:
hørelse, ord, følesans.
hørelse, ord, følesans.
19:14
So what that tells us is that
the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.
the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.
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4062
Cortex er derfor en slags et-trick pony.
19:18
It just runs certain kinds
of computations on things.
of computations on things.
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2648
Den har bestemte fremgangsmåder
at processere ting på.
at processere ting på.
19:20
And when we look around
at things like braille, for example,
at things like braille, for example,
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3101
Hvis man f.eks. tager blindskrift
19:24
people are getting information
through bumps on their fingers.
through bumps on their fingers.
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3089
får folk informationer gennem fingrene.
19:27
So I don't thing we have any reason
to think there's a theoretical limit
to think there's a theoretical limit
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3655
Så jeg tror ikke at vi har grund til
at tænke på teoretiske grænser
at tænke på teoretiske grænser
19:30
that we know the edge of.
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for hvad vi kan opnå.
19:33
CA: If this checks out,
you're going to be deluged.
you're going to be deluged.
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CA: Hvis dette holder, kommer
I til at blive oversvømmet.
I til at blive oversvømmet.
19:36
There are so many
possible applications for this.
possible applications for this.
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Der er så mange måder det kan anvendes på.
19:39
Are you ready for this? What are you most
excited about, the direction it might go?
excited about, the direction it might go?
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1167759
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Er I klar til det? Hvad for en retning er
I mest spændt på det kan tage?
I mest spændt på det kan tage?
19:43
DE: I mean, I think there's
a lot of applications here.
a lot of applications here.
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DE: Der er mange anvendelser.
19:46
In terms of beyond sensory substitution,
the things I started mentioning
the things I started mentioning
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3448
F.eks. med rumstationen, i forhold til
sensorisk substitution
sensorisk substitution
19:49
about astronauts on the space station,
they spend a lot of their time
they spend a lot of their time
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1177715
4370
bruger astronauter meget tid på at
19:54
monitoring things, and they could instead
just get what's going on,
just get what's going on,
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3219
holde øje med status, når de bare
kunne mærke den,
kunne mærke den,
19:57
because what this is really good for
is multidimensional data.
is multidimensional data.
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det er godt for multidimensionale data.
20:00
The key is this: Our visual systems
are good at detecting blobs and edges,
are good at detecting blobs and edges,
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1188764
4783
Vor visualsystem kan se klatter og kanter
20:05
but they're really bad
at what our world has become,
at what our world has become,
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2448
men kan ikke døje hvad hvor verden er idag,
20:07
which is screens
with lots and lots of data.
with lots and lots of data.
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2187
som skærme og masser af data.
20:10
We have to crawl that
with our attentional systems.
with our attentional systems.
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2403
Vi må bevidst give dem vor opmærksomhed.
20:12
So this is a way of just
feeling the state of something,
feeling the state of something,
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2670
Her er en måde at mærke status af noget
20:15
just like the way you know the state
of your body as you're standing around.
of your body as you're standing around.
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1203255
3594
ligesom du mærker din krops status
kun ved at være.
kun ved at være.
20:18
So I think heavy machinery, safety,
feeling the state of a factory,
feeling the state of a factory,
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1206849
3179
Først og fremmest vil det
anvendes industrielt
anvendes industrielt
20:22
of your equipment, that's one place
it'll go right away.
it'll go right away.
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1210028
3064
til sikkerhed, at mærke
status i værktøj osv.
status i værktøj osv.
20:25
CA: David Eagleman, that was one
mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
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1213092
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CA: David Eagleman, et utroligt foredrag.
Mange tak.
Mange tak.
20:28
DE: Thank you, Chris.
(Applause)
(Applause)
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DE: Tak, Chris.
(Bifald)
(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Eagleman - NeuroscientistDavid Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human.
Why you should listen
As the creator of stacks of compelling research, books and now the 6-part PBS series The Brain, grey matter expert David Eagleman is our most visible evangelist for neuroscience. He has helmed ground-breaking studies on time perception, brain plasticity and neurolaw. His latest research explores technology that bypasses sensory impairment -- such as a smartphone-controlled vest that translates sound into patterns of vibration for the deaf.
Eagleman is also the author of Sum, an internationally bestselling short story collection speculating on life, death and what it means to be human. Translated into 28 languages, Sum has been turned into two separate operas at the Sydney Opera House and the Royal Opera House in London.
David Eagleman | Speaker | TED.com