David Eagleman: Can we create new senses for humans?
دیوید ایگلمن: آیا میتوانیم حواس جدیدی برای انسان خلق کنیم؟
David Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human. Full bio
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a very large cosmos,
very good at understanding reality
واقعیت تبحر نداریم،
the world at that scale.
است که جهان را درک کند.
very thin slice of perception
کوچک فهم گیر افتاده ایم،
that slice of reality that we call home,
کوچکی که ما خانه آن را می نامیم
of the action that's going on.
حال اتفاقند را نمی بینیم.
radiation that bounces off objects
الکترومغناطیسی که اشیا را حرکت میدهند
in the back of our eyes.
all the waves out there.
of what's out there.
passing through your body right now
the proper biological receptors
of cell phone conversations
are inherently unseeable.
in their reality,
in their view of the world,
in the dashboards of our cars
in the radio frequency range,
to pick up on the X-ray range.
any of those by yourself,
with the proper sensors.
our experience of reality
the common sense notion
and our fingertips
the objective reality that's out there.
just a little bit of the world.
on different parts of reality.
and deaf world of the tick,
are temperature and butyric acid;
by electrical fields;
out of air compression waves.
از امواج فشرده سازی هوا است.
that they can pick up on,
که میتوانند آن را انتخاب کنند،
for the surrounding world.
objective reality out there,
what we can sense.
is we accept reality
قبول واقعیتی است
200 million scent receptors in it,
that attract and trap scent molecules,
جذب کرده و به دام می اندازند،
so you can take big nosefuls of air.
شما حتی می تواند هوای زیادی در آن نگه دارد.
with a revelation.
and you think,
impoverished nose of a human?
a feeble little noseful of air?
a cat 100 yards away,
this very spot six hours ago?"
that world of smell,
into our umwelt.
do we have to be stuck there?
آیا ما باید به همین امولت خودمان بچسبیم؟
in the way that technology
علاقمند به راهی ممکن هستم که
the experience of being human.
our technology to our biology,
of people walking around
and artificial vision.
a microphone and you digitize the signal,
میگیری و سیگنالها را تنظیم می کنی،
directly into the inner ear.
you take a camera
یک دوربین را میگیری
and then you plug an electrode grid
these technologies wouldn't work.
تکنولوژی در این خصوص کار نمی کند.
speak the language of Silicon Valley,
as our natural biological sense organs.
how to use the signals just fine.
or seeing any of this.
and darkness inside your skull.
داخل جمجمه تان قفل شده.
electrochemical signals
and nothing more.
at taking in these signals
and assigning meaning,
و آنها را معنا می کند،
and puts together a story
در کنار هم قرار میدهد،
and it doesn't care,
it just figures out what to do with it.
او می داند که با آن چکار بکند.
kind of machine.
computing device,
دستگاه محاسبه است،
what it's going to do with it,
sorts of input channels.
model of evolution,
مدل تکامل میگویم،
too technical here,
that all these sensors
and our ears and our fingertips,
مانند چشمها، گوشها و حس نوک انگشتانمان،
plug-and-play devices:
with the data that comes in.
the animal kingdom,
with which to detect infrared,
electroreceptors,
a 3D model of the world,
so they can orient
nature doesn't have to continually
of brain operation established,
is designing new peripherals.
دستگاهی جدید وابسته به محیط باشند.
really special or fundamental
come to the table with.
sensory substitution.
information into the brain
what to do with it.
published in the journal Nature in 1969.
in a modified dental chair,
شکل یافته دندانپزشکی نشاند،
in front of the camera,
with a grid of solenoids.
in front of the camera,
got pretty good
خیلی خوب قادر بودند که تشخیص دهند
what was in front of the camera
in the small of their back.
modern incarnations of this.
right in front of you
and get closer and farther,
دورتر و نزدیکتر می شود،
start getting pretty good
در درک اینکه چه چیزی
through the ears:
on the forehead,
you're feeling it on your forehead.
شما بر روی پیشانیتان آن را حس میکنید.
using it for much else.
is called the brainport,
that sits on your tongue,
که بر روی زبان شما قرار میگیرد،
these little electrotactile signals,
that they can throw a ball into a basket,
که میتوانند توپ را در تور پرتاب کنند،
complex obstacle courses.
coursing around in your brain.
where the signals come from.
is sensory substitution for the deaf,
جانشینی حسی برای اشخاص ناشنوا است،
in my lab, Scott Novich,
sound from the world gets converted
can understand what is being said.
and ubiquity of portable computing,
حضور محاسبات قابل حمل انجام دهیم.
would run on cell phones and tablets,
با تلفن همراه یا تبلت نیز کار کند،
to make this a wearable,
under your clothing.
is getting captured by the tablet,
توسط تبلت گرفته میشود،
that's covered in vibratory motors,
که آن را موتور ارتعاشی تبدیل میکند،
to a pattern of vibration on the vest.
and I'm wearing the vest right now.
و من الان جلیقه را پوشیدهام.
into dynamic patterns of vibration.
with deaf people now,
just a little bit of time,
they can start understanding
و میتوانند زبان جلیقه را
He has a master's degree.
و فوق لیسانس دارد.
of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.
for four days, two hours a day,
و هر روز دو ساعت آموزش دادیم،
Jonathan feels it on the vest,
آن را از طریق جلیقه حس میکند،
this complicated pattern of vibrations
of what's being said.
because the patterns are too complicated,
زیرا الگوهای ارتعاشی بسیار پیچیده هستند،
the pattern that allows it to figure out
الگوهایی میکند که اجازه میدهند به او تا بفهمد
after wearing this for about three months,
بعد از پوشیدن این برای حدود سه ماه،
perceptual experience of hearing
passes a finger over braille,
انگشتانش را روی خط بریل می کشاند.
without any conscious intervention at all.
to be a game-changer,
که همه چیز را تغییر دهد،
for deafness is a cochlear implant,
than a cochlear implant,
even for the poorest countries.
حتی برای فقیرترین کشورها.
by our results with sensory substitution,
تشویق شدیم،
is sensory addition.
اضافه کردن حس هست.
to add a completely new kind of sense,
تا یک حس کاملا نو را
real-time data from the Internet
perceptual experience?
we're doing in the lab.
streaming feed from the Net of data
از شبکه داده
and he has to make a choice.
and he gets feedback after one second.
what all the patterns mean,
at figuring out which button to press.
دکمه را فشار دهد بهتر میشود.
whether he did the right thing or not.
can we expand the human umvelt
ایا می توانیم امولت انسان را گسترش دهیم
after several weeks,
of the economic movements of the planet.
دراین سیاره را داشته باشیم.
to see how well this goes.
we've been automatically scraping Twitter
ما بطور اتومانیک
an automated sentiment analysis,
words or negative words or neutral?
to the aggregate emotion
because now I can know
زیرا اکنون میدانم
and how much you're loving this.
و چقدر این را دوست دارید.
than a human can normally have.
انسان بطور طبیعی تجربه می کند هست.
nine different measures
and orientation and heading,
جهت گیری است را دریافت می کند
this pilot's ability to fly it.
توانایی خلبان برای پرواز وهدایت آن می شود.
his skin up there, far away.
پوست او تا کوادکوپتر می باشد.
a modern cockpit full of gauges
از دستگاهای اندازه گیری است
to read the whole thing, you feel it.
میتوانید آنها را احساس کنید.
between accessing big data
to the possibilities
being able to feel
of the International Space Station,
the invisible states of your own health,
سلامتی غیر قابل دیدن خودتان را بدانید،
and the state of your microbiome,
or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
اشعه های مادون قرمز یا ماوراء بنفش را ببینید.
As we move into the future,
همانطور که به آینده میرویم،
to choose our own peripheral devices.
دستگاه های جانبی خودمان را انتخاب کنیم.
for Mother Nature's sensory gifts
استعدادهای حسی که طبیعت به ما میدهد
she's given us the tools that we need
طبیعت ابزاری که برای
نیاز است را به ما داده .
and experience your universe?
DE: Yeah.
دیوید اینگلمن: آه بله.
I felt applause on the vest.
Twitter's going mad.
دیوانه خواهد شد.
that secures its funding forevermore,
پیدا کردن بودجه ا برای همیشه تضمین شود،
have to write to NIH anymore.
به موسسه ملی بهداشت بنویسم.
skeptical for a minute,
but isn't most of the evidence so far
اما این گواه ...
that sensory addition works?
blind person can see through their tongue
ready to process,
و آماده برای پردازش هستند،
We actually have no idea
ما درواقع هیچ ایده ای
kind of data the brain can take in.
is that it's extraordinarily flexible.
what we used to call their visual cortex
آنچه که ما کرتکس بینایی مغز می نامیم
by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.
the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.
که کرتکس مغز تنها تک فنی هست و فقط یک کار میکند.
of computations on things.
at things like braille, for example,
through bumps on their fingers.
روی نوک انگشتانشان حس میکنند.
to think there's a theoretical limit
فکر نمی کنم هیچ دلیلی
you're going to be deluged.
آیا قصد داری طوفان به پا کنی.
possible applications for this.
excited about, the direction it might go?
به کدام جهت آن را میخواهی ببری؟
a lot of applications here.
the things I started mentioning
چیزی که مطرح کردم
they spend a lot of their time
آنها وقت زیادی را برای
just get what's going on,
وقت زیادی را برای چیزهای دیگر صرف کنند،
is multidimensional data.
are good at detecting blobs and edges,
برای دیدن حباب و لبه ها خوب هست،
at what our world has become,
بسیار بد است،
with lots and lots of data.
with our attentional systems.
feeling the state of something,
of your body as you're standing around.
را به عنوان چیزی که وجود دارد می شناسید.
feeling the state of a factory,
حس موقعیت یک کارخانه،
it'll go right away.
mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
که عقل را از می پراند.
بسیار سپاسگزارم.
(Applause)
( تشویق تماشاگران)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Eagleman - NeuroscientistDavid Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human.
Why you should listen
As the creator of stacks of compelling research, books and now the 6-part PBS series The Brain, grey matter expert David Eagleman is our most visible evangelist for neuroscience. He has helmed ground-breaking studies on time perception, brain plasticity and neurolaw. His latest research explores technology that bypasses sensory impairment -- such as a smartphone-controlled vest that translates sound into patterns of vibration for the deaf.
Eagleman is also the author of Sum, an internationally bestselling short story collection speculating on life, death and what it means to be human. Translated into 28 languages, Sum has been turned into two separate operas at the Sydney Opera House and the Royal Opera House in London.
David Eagleman | Speaker | TED.com