TED2015
David Eagleman: Can we create new senses for humans?
David Eagleman: Možemo li stvoriti nova osjetila za ljude?
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Kao ljudi, možemo percipirati manje od desetine trilijuna od svih svjetlosnih valova. ˝Naš doživljaj stvarnost˝, kaže neuroznanstvenik Davi Eagleman, ˝predodređen je našom biologijom˝ On to želi promijeniti. Njegova istraživanja o moždanim procesima dovela su ga do stvaranja novih sučelja — poput osjetne veste — koja obrađuje dosad neviđene informacije o svijetu koji nas okružuje.
David Eagleman - Neuroscientist
David Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human. Full bio
David Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We are built out of very small stuff,
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Sačinjeni smo od vrlo malih dijelova,
00:17
and we are embedded in
a very large cosmos,
a very large cosmos,
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a nalazimo se u veoma velikom svemiru,
00:20
and the fact is that we are not
very good at understanding reality
very good at understanding reality
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a činjenica je da nam ne ide
dobro razumijevanje stvarnosti
dobro razumijevanje stvarnosti
00:24
at either of those scales,
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ni na jednoj od tih skala,
00:26
and that's because our brains
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i to zato što naš mozak
00:27
haven't evolved to understand
the world at that scale.
the world at that scale.
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nije evoluirao u razumijevanju
svijeta u tim skalama.
svijeta u tim skalama.
00:32
Instead, we're trapped on this
very thin slice of perception
very thin slice of perception
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Umjesto toga, zarobljeni smo
u ovom vrlo uskom dijelu percepcije
u ovom vrlo uskom dijelu percepcije
00:36
right in the middle.
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točno u sredini.
00:38
But it gets strange, because even at
that slice of reality that we call home,
that slice of reality that we call home,
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Ali još čudnije, čak ni u tom
dijelu stvarnosti koji nazivamo dom,
dijelu stvarnosti koji nazivamo dom,
00:43
we're not seeing most
of the action that's going on.
of the action that's going on.
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ne vidimo većinu
radnji koje se dešavaju.
radnji koje se dešavaju.
00:46
So take the colors of our world.
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Uzmite boje za primjer.
00:49
This is light waves, electromagnetic
radiation that bounces off objects
radiation that bounces off objects
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Ovo je svjetlosni val, elektromagnetsko
zračenje koje odskače od objekata
zračenje koje odskače od objekata
00:54
and it hits specialized receptors
in the back of our eyes.
in the back of our eyes.
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i pogađa specijalizirane receptore
u pozadini našeg oka.
u pozadini našeg oka.
00:57
But we're not seeing
all the waves out there.
all the waves out there.
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Ali ne vidimo sve valove
koji postoje.
koji postoje.
01:01
In fact, what we see
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Zapravo, ono što vidimo
01:03
is less than a 10 trillionth
of what's out there.
of what's out there.
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je manje od 10 trilijuntinki
od onoga što postoji.
od onoga što postoji.
01:07
So you have radio waves and microwaves
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Postoje radio valovi i mikrovalovi,
01:10
and X-rays and gamma rays
passing through your body right now
passing through your body right now
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i x-zrake, i gama zrake
koje trenutno prolaze kroz vaše tijelo
koje trenutno prolaze kroz vaše tijelo
01:13
and you're completely unaware of it,
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i niste nimalo svjesni toga,
01:16
because you don't come with
the proper biological receptors
the proper biological receptors
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jer nemate prikladne biološke receptore za
01:19
for picking it up.
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opažanje tih signala.
01:21
There are thousands
of cell phone conversations
of cell phone conversations
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Vodi se tisuće razgovora
mobilnim telefonom
mobilnim telefonom
01:24
passing through you right now,
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koji trenutno prolaze kroz vas,
01:25
and you're utterly blind to it.
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i krajnje ste slijepi za njih.
01:28
Now, it's not that these things
are inherently unseeable.
are inherently unseeable.
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Ove stvari nisu inherentno nevidljive.
01:31
Snakes include some infrared
in their reality,
in their reality,
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Zmije vide dio infracrvenog spektra
u svojoj stvarnosti,
u svojoj stvarnosti,
01:36
and honeybees include ultraviolet
in their view of the world,
in their view of the world,
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a pčele uključuju ultraljubičasto
u svoj pogled na svijet,
u svoj pogled na svijet,
01:40
and of course we build machines
in the dashboards of our cars
in the dashboards of our cars
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i naravno, mi ugrađujemo uređaje
u naše automobile
u naše automobile
01:43
to pick up on signals
in the radio frequency range,
in the radio frequency range,
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koji primaju signale
u rasponu radijske frekvencije,
u rasponu radijske frekvencije,
01:46
and we built machines in hospitals
to pick up on the X-ray range.
to pick up on the X-ray range.
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i izumili smo uređaje u bolnicama
koji detektiraju raspon x-zraka.
koji detektiraju raspon x-zraka.
01:50
But you can't sense
any of those by yourself,
any of those by yourself,
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Ali ne možete osjetiti
ništa od toga sami,
ništa od toga sami,
01:53
at least not yet,
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bar ne još,
01:55
because you don't come equipped
with the proper sensors.
with the proper sensors.
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jer ne dolazite opremljeni
s pravim senzorima.
s pravim senzorima.
01:59
Now, what this means is that
our experience of reality
our experience of reality
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Sad, što to znači je da
je naš doživljaj stvarnosti
je naš doživljaj stvarnosti
02:03
is constrained by our biology,
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ograničen našom biologijom,
02:07
and that goes against
the common sense notion
the common sense notion
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a to govori protiv
opće prihvaćene ideje
opće prihvaćene ideje
02:09
that our eyes and our ears
and our fingertips
and our fingertips
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da naše oči i naše uši,
i naši prsti
i naši prsti
02:12
are just picking up
the objective reality that's out there.
the objective reality that's out there.
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osjete objektivnu stvarnost
koja je vani.
koja je vani.
02:16
Instead, our brains are sampling
just a little bit of the world.
just a little bit of the world.
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Umjesto toga, naš mozak vidi
samo mali dio svijeta.
samo mali dio svijeta.
02:22
Now, across the animal kingdom,
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Sad, u životinjskom carstvu,
02:24
different animals pick up
on different parts of reality.
on different parts of reality.
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različite životinje detektiraju
različite dijelove stvarnosti.
različite dijelove stvarnosti.
02:27
So in the blind
and deaf world of the tick,
and deaf world of the tick,
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U slijepom i gluhom
svijetu krpelja,
svijetu krpelja,
02:30
the important signals
are temperature and butyric acid;
are temperature and butyric acid;
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važni signali su
temperatura i maslačna kiselina;
temperatura i maslačna kiselina;
02:34
in the world of the black ghost knifefish,
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u svijetu ribe duha
02:37
its sensory world is lavishly colored
by electrical fields;
by electrical fields;
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njezin osjetni svijet je obojan
električnim poljem;
električnim poljem;
02:42
and for the echolocating bat,
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a za šišmiša s eholokacijom,
02:45
its reality is constructed
out of air compression waves.
out of air compression waves.
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stvarnost je stvorena
pomoću valova stlačenog zraka.
pomoću valova stlačenog zraka.
02:49
That's the slice of their ecosystem
that they can pick up on,
that they can pick up on,
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To je dio njihovog ekosustava
koji mogu osjetiti,
koji mogu osjetiti,
02:53
and we have a word for this in science.
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i imamo znanstvenu riječ za to.
02:55
It's called the umwelt,
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To se zove umwelt,
02:56
which is the German word
for the surrounding world.
for the surrounding world.
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što je njemačka riječ
za svijet oko nas.
za svijet oko nas.
03:00
Now, presumably, every animal assumes
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Sad, vjerojatno, svaka
životinja pretpostavlja
životinja pretpostavlja
03:03
that its umwelt is the entire
objective reality out there,
objective reality out there,
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da je njezin umwelt cijela
objektivna stvarnost koja postoji,
objektivna stvarnost koja postoji,
03:07
because why would you ever stop to imagine
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jer zašto bi ste ikada stali i zamislili
03:10
that there's something beyond
what we can sense.
what we can sense.
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da postoji nešto izvan
onoga što osjetimo.
onoga što osjetimo.
03:13
Instead, what we all do
is we accept reality
is we accept reality
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Umjesto toga, ono što svi radimo
je prihvaćamo stvarnost
je prihvaćamo stvarnost
03:16
as it's presented to us.
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kakva nam je prikazana.
03:19
Let's do a consciousness-raiser on this.
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Hajdemo podići svijest o ovome
03:21
Imagine that you are a bloodhound dog.
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Zamislite da ste pas tragač.
03:24
Your whole world is about smelling.
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Vaš cijeli život je mirisanje.
03:27
You've got a long snout that has
200 million scent receptors in it,
200 million scent receptors in it,
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Imate dugu njušku koja ima
200 milijuna mirisnih receptora u sebi,
200 milijuna mirisnih receptora u sebi,
03:31
and you have wet nostrils
that attract and trap scent molecules,
that attract and trap scent molecules,
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i imate mokre nosnice koje privlače
i hvataju mirisne molekule,
i hvataju mirisne molekule,
03:36
and your nostrils even have slits
so you can take big nosefuls of air.
so you can take big nosefuls of air.
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i vaše nosnice čak imaju otvore
tako da možete ispuniti nos zrakom.
tako da možete ispuniti nos zrakom.
03:40
Everything is about smell for you.
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Sve oko vas se vrti oko mirisa.
03:43
So one day, you stop in your tracks
with a revelation.
with a revelation.
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Jednog dana, zastanete
u svom traganju s otkrićem.
u svom traganju s otkrićem.
03:47
You look at your human owner
and you think,
and you think,
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Pogledate svog ljudskog vlasnika
i pomislite,
i pomislite,
03:50
"What is it like to have the pitiful,
impoverished nose of a human?
impoverished nose of a human?
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"Kako je to imati tako jadan,
osiromašen nos kao čovjek?
osiromašen nos kao čovjek?
03:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:57
What is it like when you take
a feeble little noseful of air?
a feeble little noseful of air?
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Kako je to udahnuti
mizerno male količine zraka?
mizerno male količine zraka?
04:00
How can you not know that there's
a cat 100 yards away,
a cat 100 yards away,
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Kako možete neznati da je
tamo mačka udaljena 100 metara,
tamo mačka udaljena 100 metara,
04:04
or that your neighbor was on
this very spot six hours ago?"
this very spot six hours ago?"
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ili da je vaš susjed bio na
upravo ovom mjestu prije šest sati?"
upravo ovom mjestu prije šest sati?"
04:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:10
So because we're humans,
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Zbog toga što smo ljudi,
04:12
we've never experienced
that world of smell,
that world of smell,
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nikada nismo doživjeli
taj svijet mirisa,
taj svijet mirisa,
04:15
so we don't miss it,
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pa nam ne nedostaje,
04:18
because we are firmly settled
into our umwelt.
into our umwelt.
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jer smo čvrsto postavljeni
u naš umwelt.
u naš umwelt.
04:22
But the question is,
do we have to be stuck there?
do we have to be stuck there?
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Pitanje je,
moramo li biti u njemu?
moramo li biti u njemu?
04:26
So as a neuroscientist, I'm interested
in the way that technology
in the way that technology
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Kao neuroznanstvenik, zainteresiran sam
na koje načine tehnologija
na koje načine tehnologija
04:30
might expand our umwelt,
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možda može proširiti naš umwelt,
04:33
and how that's going to change
the experience of being human.
the experience of being human.
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i kako će to promjeniti
iskustvo bivanja čovjekom.
iskustvo bivanja čovjekom.
04:38
So we already know that we can marry
our technology to our biology,
our technology to our biology,
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Već znamo da možemo spojiti
našu tehnologiju s biologijom,
našu tehnologiju s biologijom,
04:41
because there are hundreds of thousands
of people walking around
of people walking around
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jer postoje stotine tisuća ljudi
koji hodaju uokolo
koji hodaju uokolo
04:45
with artificial hearing
and artificial vision.
and artificial vision.
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s umjetnim sluhom
i umjetnim vidom.
i umjetnim vidom.
04:49
So the way this works is, you take
a microphone and you digitize the signal,
a microphone and you digitize the signal,
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Način na koji to radi je, uzmete
mikrofon i digitalizirate signal,
mikrofon i digitalizirate signal,
04:53
and you put an electrode strip
directly into the inner ear.
directly into the inner ear.
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i postavite jedan kraj elektrode
direktno u unutarnje uho.
direktno u unutarnje uho.
04:57
Or, with the retinal implant,
you take a camera
you take a camera
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Ili ako se radi o implantatima retine,
uzmete kameru
uzmete kameru
04:59
and you digitize the signal,
and then you plug an electrode grid
and then you plug an electrode grid
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i digitalizirate signal,
i zatim stavite ploču elektroda
i zatim stavite ploču elektroda
05:02
directly into the optic nerve.
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direktno u optički živac.
05:05
And as recently as 15 years ago,
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A čak prije 15 godina
05:09
there were a lot of scientists who thought
these technologies wouldn't work.
these technologies wouldn't work.
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postojalo je mnogo znanstvenika koji su
mislili da ovakva tehnologija neće raditi.
mislili da ovakva tehnologija neće raditi.
05:13
Why? It's because these technologies
speak the language of Silicon Valley,
speak the language of Silicon Valley,
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Zašto? Jer ova tehnologija priča
jezikom Silicijske doline,
jezikom Silicijske doline,
05:18
and it's not exactly the same dialect
as our natural biological sense organs.
as our natural biological sense organs.
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a to nije ni sličan dijalekt poput naših
prirodnih bioloških osjetnih organa.
prirodnih bioloških osjetnih organa.
05:24
But the fact is that it works;
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Ali činjenica je da radi;
05:26
the brain figures out
how to use the signals just fine.
how to use the signals just fine.
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mozak je vrlo uspješno
shvatio signale.
shvatio signale.
05:31
Now, how do we understand that?
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Kako da ovo shvatimo?
05:33
Well, here's the big secret:
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Ovo je velika tajna:
05:35
Your brain is not hearing
or seeing any of this.
or seeing any of this.
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vaš mozak ne čuje ili vidi
ništa od ovoga.
ništa od ovoga.
05:40
Your brain is locked in a vault of silence
and darkness inside your skull.
and darkness inside your skull.
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Vaš mozak je zaključan u trezoru tišine
i mraka unutar vaše lubanje.
i mraka unutar vaše lubanje.
05:47
All it ever sees are
electrochemical signals
electrochemical signals
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Sve što ikada vidi su
elektrokemijski signali
elektrokemijski signali
05:50
that come in along different data cables,
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koji dolaze različitim žicama za podatke
05:53
and this is all it has to work with,
and nothing more.
and nothing more.
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i jedino to obrađuje,
ništa više.
ništa više.
05:58
Now, amazingly,
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Sad, nevjerojatno,
06:00
the brain is really good
at taking in these signals
at taking in these signals
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mozak je vrlo sposoban
u primanju ovih signala
u primanju ovih signala
06:03
and extracting patterns
and assigning meaning,
and assigning meaning,
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i razlučivanju obrazaca,
i pridavajući im značenja,
i pridavajući im značenja,
06:07
so that it takes this inner cosmos
and puts together a story
and puts together a story
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što uzima ovaj unutarnji svemir
i od toga sastavlja priču
i od toga sastavlja priču
06:11
of this, your subjective world.
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ovoga, vašeg subjektivnog svijeta.
06:16
But here's the key point:
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Ovo je ključna stvar:
06:18
Your brain doesn't know,
and it doesn't care,
and it doesn't care,
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Vaš mozak ne zna
i ne zanima ga
i ne zanima ga
06:21
where it gets the data from.
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odakle prima podatke.
06:24
Whatever information comes in,
it just figures out what to do with it.
it just figures out what to do with it.
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Koja god informacija dolazi,
on prepozna što treba raditi s njom.
on prepozna što treba raditi s njom.
06:29
And this is a very efficient
kind of machine.
kind of machine.
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I to je vrlo efikasan uređaj.
06:31
It's essentially a general purpose
computing device,
computing device,
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To je računalo za generalnu upotrebu,
06:36
and it just takes in everything
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uzima sve unutra
06:38
and figures out
what it's going to do with it,
what it's going to do with it,
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i prepoznaje što treba
raditi s time,
raditi s time,
06:41
and that, I think, frees up Mother Nature
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i to, mislim, oslobađa Majku prirodu
06:44
to tinker around with different
sorts of input channels.
sorts of input channels.
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da isprobava s različitim
metodama ulaza.
metodama ulaza.
06:49
So I call this the P.H.
model of evolution,
model of evolution,
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Ovo zovem P.H.
model evolucije,
model evolucije,
06:52
and I don't want to get
too technical here,
too technical here,
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i ne bi govorio previše
o tehnikalijama,
o tehnikalijama,
06:54
but P.H. stands for Potato Head,
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ali P.H znači Potato Head [Krumpirova Glava],
06:57
and I use this name to emphasize
that all these sensors
that all these sensors
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koristim to ime kako bih naglasio
sve ove senzore
sve ove senzore
07:01
that we know and love, like our eyes
and our ears and our fingertips,
and our ears and our fingertips,
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koje znamo i volimo, poput naših očiju
i naših ušiju i naših prstiju,
i naših ušiju i naših prstiju,
07:04
these are merely peripheral
plug-and-play devices:
plug-and-play devices:
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svi su oni periferni
plug-and-play uređaji:
plug-and-play uređaji:
07:08
You stick them in, and you're good to go.
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priključite ih i možete se igrati.
07:12
The brain figures out what to do
with the data that comes in.
with the data that comes in.
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Mozak odlučuje što će napraviti
s podacima koji ulaze.
s podacima koji ulaze.
07:18
And when you look across
the animal kingdom,
the animal kingdom,
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I kada pogledate
životinjsko carstvo,
životinjsko carstvo,
07:20
you find lots of peripheral devices.
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vidite mnogo perifernih uređaja.
07:23
So snakes have heat pits
with which to detect infrared,
with which to detect infrared,
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Zmije imaju svoje toplinske jamice
pomoću kojih detektiraju infracrveno,
pomoću kojih detektiraju infracrveno,
07:27
and the ghost knifefish has
electroreceptors,
electroreceptors,
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riba duh ima elektroreceptore,
07:30
and the star-nosed mole has this appendage
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a zvjezdasta krtica ima ovaj nastavak
07:33
with 22 fingers on it
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s 22 prsta na njemu
07:35
with which it feels around and constructs
a 3D model of the world,
a 3D model of the world,
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kojim osjeti okolinu i stvara
3D model svijeta,
3D model svijeta,
07:39
and many birds have magnetite
so they can orient
so they can orient
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i mnoge ptice imaju magnetit
pa se mogu orijentirati
pa se mogu orijentirati
07:43
to the magnetic field of the planet.
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prema magnetskom polju planeta
07:45
So what this means is that
nature doesn't have to continually
nature doesn't have to continually
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To znači da priroda
ne mora konstantno
ne mora konstantno
07:49
redesign the brain.
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redizajnirati mozak.
07:52
Instead, with the principles
of brain operation established,
of brain operation established,
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Umjesto toga, s postavljenim osnovama
funkcioniranja mozga,
funkcioniranja mozga,
07:56
all nature has to worry about
is designing new peripherals.
is designing new peripherals.
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sve o čemu se priroda mora brinuti je
dizajniranje novih periferija.
dizajniranje novih periferija.
08:01
Okay. So what this means is this:
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Dobro. To znači ovo:
08:04
The lesson that surfaces
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Ono što proizlazi iz svega
08:06
is that there's nothing
really special or fundamental
really special or fundamental
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je da ne postoji ništa
stvarno specijalno ili fundamentalno
stvarno specijalno ili fundamentalno
08:09
about the biology that we
come to the table with.
come to the table with.
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oko biologije s kojom
dolazimo na ovaj svijet.
dolazimo na ovaj svijet.
08:12
It's just what we have inherited
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To je samo ono što smo naslijedili
08:14
from a complex road of evolution.
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iz kompleksnog puta evolucije.
08:18
But it's not what we have to stick with,
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Ali ne moramo se toga pridržavati,
08:21
and our best proof of principle of this
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naš najbolji dokaz toga načela
08:23
comes from what's called
sensory substitution.
sensory substitution.
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dolazi iz nečega što se zove
osjetna supstitucija.
osjetna supstitucija.
08:26
And that refers to feeding
information into the brain
information into the brain
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A ona se odnosi na unošenje
informacija u mozak
informacija u mozak
08:29
via unusual sensory channels,
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kroz neobične osjetne puteve,
08:32
and the brain just figures out
what to do with it.
what to do with it.
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a mozak prepoznaje što raditi s njima.
08:35
Now, that might sound speculative,
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Sad, ovo možda zvuči spekulativno
08:37
but the first paper demonstrating this was
published in the journal Nature in 1969.
published in the journal Nature in 1969.
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ali prvi članak koji prikazuje ovo je
objavljen u časopisu Nature 1969.
objavljen u časopisu Nature 1969.
08:43
So a scientist named Paul Bach-y-Rita
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Znanstvenik, koji se zvao Paul Bach-y-Rita,
08:46
put blind people
in a modified dental chair,
in a modified dental chair,
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stavio je slijepe ljude
u prerađenu zubarsku stolicu
u prerađenu zubarsku stolicu
08:49
and he set up a video feed,
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i postavio je video kameru,
08:51
and he put something
in front of the camera,
in front of the camera,
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i stavio je nešto ispred kamere,
08:54
and then you would feel that
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i tada bi ste to osjetili
08:56
poked into your back
with a grid of solenoids.
with a grid of solenoids.
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kako vas bode u leđa
uz pomoć ploče uzvojnica.
uz pomoć ploče uzvojnica.
08:59
So if you wiggle a coffee cup
in front of the camera,
in front of the camera,
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Ako postavite šalicu kave
ispred kamere,
ispred kamere,
09:02
you're feeling that in your back,
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osjetit ćete to na svojim leđima,
09:04
and amazingly, blind people
got pretty good
got pretty good
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i nevjerojatno, slijepi ljudi
su vrlo dobro
su vrlo dobro
09:07
at being able to determine
what was in front of the camera
what was in front of the camera
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mogli odrediti
što je ispred kamere
što je ispred kamere
09:11
just by feeling it
in the small of their back.
in the small of their back.
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jednostavno osjetivši
to u dijelu njihovih leđa.
to u dijelu njihovih leđa.
09:14
Now, there have been many
modern incarnations of this.
modern incarnations of this.
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Sad, postoje razni moderni
modeli ovoga.
modeli ovoga.
09:18
The sonic glasses take a video feed
right in front of you
right in front of you
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Zvučne naočale snimaju video
onoga što je ispred vas
onoga što je ispred vas
09:21
and turn that into a sonic landscape,
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i pretvaraju to u zvučni pejzaž,
09:24
so as things move around,
and get closer and farther,
and get closer and farther,
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kako se stvari pomjeraju,
postaju bliže i dalje,
postaju bliže i dalje,
09:26
it sounds like "Bzz, bzz, bzz."
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to zvuči poput "Bzz, bzz, bzz."
09:29
It sounds like a cacophony,
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Zvuči kao kakofonija,
09:31
but after several weeks, blind people
start getting pretty good
start getting pretty good
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ali nakon nekoliko tjedana, slijepi ljudi
postaju vrlo dobri
postaju vrlo dobri
09:34
at understanding what's in front of them
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u razlikovanju što je ispred njih
09:37
just based on what they're hearing.
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samo bazirano na tome što čuju.
09:39
And it doesn't have to be
through the ears:
through the ears:
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i to ne mora biti kroz uši:
09:41
this system uses an electrotactile grid
on the forehead,
on the forehead,
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ovaj sustav koristi
elektrotaktilnu ploču na čelu,
elektrotaktilnu ploču na čelu,
09:45
so whatever's in front of the video feed,
you're feeling it on your forehead.
you're feeling it on your forehead.
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štogod se nalazi ispred kamere,
to osjetite na vašem čelu.
to osjetite na vašem čelu.
09:49
Why the forehead? Because you're not
using it for much else.
using it for much else.
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Zašto čelo? jer ga ne koristite
previše za nešto drugo.
previše za nešto drugo.
09:51
The most modern incarnation
is called the brainport,
is called the brainport,
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Najbolji moderni model
se zove brainport,
se zove brainport,
09:56
and this is a little electrogrid
that sits on your tongue,
that sits on your tongue,
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a to je mala elektroploča
koja se nalazi na vašem jeziku,
koja se nalazi na vašem jeziku,
09:59
and the video feed gets turned into
these little electrotactile signals,
these little electrotactile signals,
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a video signal se pretvara
u male elektrotaktilne signale
u male elektrotaktilne signale
10:03
and blind people get so good at using this
that they can throw a ball into a basket,
that they can throw a ball into a basket,
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i slijepi ljudi postanu dobri u korištenju
ovoga da uspiju ubaciti loptu u koš
ovoga da uspiju ubaciti loptu u koš
10:10
or they can navigate
complex obstacle courses.
complex obstacle courses.
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ili mogu prolaziti kroz složen
poligon s preprekama.
poligon s preprekama.
10:15
They can come to see through their tongue.
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Mogu vidjeti kroz svoj jezik.
10:19
Now, that sounds completely insane, right?
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To zvuči potpuno ludo, zar ne?
10:21
But remember, all vision ever is
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Zapamtite, vid je samo
10:24
is electrochemical signals
coursing around in your brain.
coursing around in your brain.
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elektrokemijski signal
koji putuje kroz vaš mozak.
koji putuje kroz vaš mozak.
10:28
Your brain doesn't know
where the signals come from.
where the signals come from.
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Vaš mozak ne zna odakle je signal došao.
10:31
It just figures out what to do with them.
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Samo prepoznaje što raditi s njim.
10:34
So my interest in my lab
is sensory substitution for the deaf,
is sensory substitution for the deaf,
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Ono što radim u laboratoriju je
zamjena osjetila za gluhe,
zamjena osjetila za gluhe,
10:40
and this is a project I've undertaken
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i ovo je projekt koji sam započeo
10:43
with a graduate student
in my lab, Scott Novich,
in my lab, Scott Novich,
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sa svojim studentom u labosu, Scott Novich
10:46
who is spearheading this for his thesis.
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koji ovo obrađuje u svom diplomskom.
10:48
And here is what we wanted to do:
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Ovo je ono što smo htjeli učiniti:
10:50
we wanted to make it so that
sound from the world gets converted
sound from the world gets converted
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htjeli smo da se zvuk iz svijeta prevede
10:54
in some way so that a deaf person
can understand what is being said.
can understand what is being said.
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u neki oblik kako bi gluha osoba
razumjela što je rečeno.
razumjela što je rečeno.
10:59
And we wanted to do this, given the power
and ubiquity of portable computing,
and ubiquity of portable computing,
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Htjeli smo to napraviti, jer zbog
sveprisutnost prijenosnih računala
sveprisutnost prijenosnih računala
11:03
we wanted to make sure that this
would run on cell phones and tablets,
would run on cell phones and tablets,
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htjeli smo biti sigurni da ovo djeluje
putem mobitela ili tableta,
putem mobitela ili tableta,
11:08
and also we wanted
to make this a wearable,
to make this a wearable,
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također htjeli smo omogućiti nošenje,
11:11
something that you could wear
under your clothing.
under your clothing.
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nešto što možete nositi ispod odjeće.
11:14
So here's the concept.
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Ovo je koncept.
11:17
So as I'm speaking, my sound
is getting captured by the tablet,
is getting captured by the tablet,
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Dok pričam, moj zvuk se snima
uz pomoć tableta,
uz pomoć tableta,
11:22
and then it's getting mapped onto a vest
that's covered in vibratory motors,
that's covered in vibratory motors,
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a zatim se mapira na prsluku koji je
pokriven s vibrirajućim motorima,
pokriven s vibrirajućim motorima,
11:28
just like the motors in your cell phone.
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poput motora u vašem mobitelu.
11:31
So as I'm speaking,
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Dok ja govorim,
11:33
the sound is getting translated
to a pattern of vibration on the vest.
to a pattern of vibration on the vest.
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zvuk se prevodi
u obrazac vibracija na vesti.
u obrazac vibracija na vesti.
11:40
Now, this is not just conceptual:
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Sad, ovo nije samo koncept:
11:41
this tablet is transmitting Bluetooth,
and I'm wearing the vest right now.
and I'm wearing the vest right now.
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ovaj tablet odašilje Bluetooth,
a ja trenutno koristim prsluk.
a ja trenutno koristim prsluk.
11:47
So as I'm speaking -- (Applause) --
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Pa, dok ja govorim -- (Pljesak) --
11:50
the sound is getting translated
into dynamic patterns of vibration.
into dynamic patterns of vibration.
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zvuk se prevodi
u dinamički obrazac vibracija.
u dinamički obrazac vibracija.
11:55
I'm feeling the sonic world around me.
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Osjetim svijet zvuka oko mene.
12:01
So, we've been testing this
with deaf people now,
with deaf people now,
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Testirali smo ovo s gluhim ljudima,
12:05
and it turns out that after
just a little bit of time,
just a little bit of time,
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i ispalo je da nakon samo malo vremena,
12:08
people can start feeling,
they can start understanding
they can start understanding
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ljudi počinju osjećati, počinju razumijeti
12:12
the language of the vest.
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jezik prsluka.
12:14
So this is Jonathan. He's 37 years old.
He has a master's degree.
He has a master's degree.
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Ovo je Jonathan. On je star 37 godina.
Diplomirao je.
Diplomirao je.
12:19
He was born profoundly deaf,
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Rođen je posve gluh,
12:22
which means that there's a part
of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.
of his umwelt that's unavailable to him.
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što znači da postoji dio njegovog
umwelta koji mu je nedostupan.
umwelta koji mu je nedostupan.
12:26
So we had Jonathan train with the vest
for four days, two hours a day,
for four days, two hours a day,
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Jonathan je vježbao s prslukom
četiri dana, dva sata po danu,
četiri dana, dva sata po danu,
12:30
and here he is on the fifth day.
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i evo ga petog dana.
12:33
Scott Novich: You.
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Scott Novich: Vi.
12:36
David Eagleman: So Scott says a word,
Jonathan feels it on the vest,
Jonathan feels it on the vest,
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David Eagleman: Scott kaže riječ,
Jonathan ju osjeti na vesti,
Jonathan ju osjeti na vesti,
12:39
and he writes it on the board.
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i zapiše na ploču.
12:42
SN: Where. Where.
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SN: Gdje. Gdje.
12:46
DE: Jonathan is able to translate
this complicated pattern of vibrations
this complicated pattern of vibrations
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DE: Jonathan je sposoban prevesti
ovaj komplicirani obrazac vibracija
ovaj komplicirani obrazac vibracija
12:49
into an understanding
of what's being said.
of what's being said.
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u razumijevanje što je rečeno.
12:52
SN: Touch. Touch.
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SN: Dodir. Dodir.
12:56
DE: Now, he's not doing this --
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DE: Sad, on ovo ne čini --
13:00
(Applause) --
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(Pljesak) --
13:07
Jonathan is not doing this consciously,
because the patterns are too complicated,
because the patterns are too complicated,
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Jonathan ne čini ovo svjesno,
jer obrazac je prekompliciran,
jer obrazac je prekompliciran,
13:12
but his brain is starting to unlock
the pattern that allows it to figure out
the pattern that allows it to figure out
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već njegov mozak počinje otključavati
uzorke i prepoznaje
uzorke i prepoznaje
13:17
what the data mean,
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što podatci znače,
13:19
and our expectation is that,
after wearing this for about three months,
after wearing this for about three months,
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a naše očekivanje je da,
nakon nošenja ovoga oko tri mjeseca,
nakon nošenja ovoga oko tri mjeseca,
13:23
he will have a direct
perceptual experience of hearing
perceptual experience of hearing
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imat će direktno
percepcijsko iskustvo sluha
percepcijsko iskustvo sluha
13:28
in the same way that when a blind person
passes a finger over braille,
passes a finger over braille,
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na isti način kako slijepa osoba
prelazi prstima preko braillea,
prelazi prstima preko braillea,
13:32
the meaning comes directly off the page
without any conscious intervention at all.
without any conscious intervention at all.
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značenje dolazi direktno
bez ikakvih svjesnih radnji.
bez ikakvih svjesnih radnji.
13:38
Now, this technology has the potential
to be a game-changer,
to be a game-changer,
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3553
Sad, ova tehnologija bi potencijalno
mogla promjeniti igre,
mogla promjeniti igre,
13:42
because the only other solution
for deafness is a cochlear implant,
for deafness is a cochlear implant,
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jer jedino drugo rješenje
za gluhoću je implant kohleje,
za gluhoću je implant kohleje,
13:46
and that requires an invasive surgery.
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a to zahtjeva invazivnu operaciju.
13:49
And this can be built for 40 times cheaper
than a cochlear implant,
than a cochlear implant,
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5154
A ovo se može izgraditi 40 puta
jeftinije od implantata kohleje
jeftinije od implantata kohleje
13:54
which opens up this technology globally,
even for the poorest countries.
even for the poorest countries.
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te je omogućena tehnologija globalno,
čak i najsiromašnijim zemljama.
čak i najsiromašnijim zemljama.
14:00
Now, we've been very encouraged
by our results with sensory substitution,
by our results with sensory substitution,
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Sad, veoma smo ohrabreni rezultatima
osjetne supstitucije,
osjetne supstitucije,
14:05
but what we've been thinking a lot about
is sensory addition.
is sensory addition.
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a ono o čemu smo mnogo razmišljali
je osjetna nadogradnja.
je osjetna nadogradnja.
14:09
How could we use a technology like this
to add a completely new kind of sense,
to add a completely new kind of sense,
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Kako bi smo koristili tehnologiju poput ove
i dodali posve novu vrstu osjetila,
i dodali posve novu vrstu osjetila,
14:14
to expand the human umvelt?
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proširili ljudski umwelt?
14:17
For example, could we feed
real-time data from the Internet
real-time data from the Internet
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Na primjer, možemo li ubacivati
trenutne podatke s Interneta
trenutne podatke s Interneta
14:22
directly into somebody's brain,
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direktno u nečiji mozak,
14:24
and can they develop a direct
perceptual experience?
perceptual experience?
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i mogu li oni razviti
direktno perceptivno iskustvo?
direktno perceptivno iskustvo?
14:27
So here's an experiment
we're doing in the lab.
we're doing in the lab.
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Ovo je eksperiment
koji radimo u laboratoriju.
koji radimo u laboratoriju.
14:30
A subject is feeling a real-time
streaming feed from the Net of data
streaming feed from the Net of data
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Subjekt osjeti trenutne podatke s Interneta
14:34
for five seconds.
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pet sekundi.
14:36
Then, two buttons appear,
and he has to make a choice.
and he has to make a choice.
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Zatim, pojave se dva dugmeta,
i mora odlučiti.
i mora odlučiti.
14:39
He doesn't know what's going on.
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Ne zna što se dešava.
14:41
He makes a choice,
and he gets feedback after one second.
and he gets feedback after one second.
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Mora odlučiti,
i dobije odgovor nakon jedne sekunde.
i dobije odgovor nakon jedne sekunde.
14:43
Now, here's the thing:
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Sad, stvar je:
14:45
The subject has no idea
what all the patterns mean,
what all the patterns mean,
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subjekt ne zna što ti obrazci znače,
14:47
but we're seeing if he gets better
at figuring out which button to press.
at figuring out which button to press.
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ali vidimo postaje li bolji u otkrivanju
koje dugme pritisnuti.
koje dugme pritisnuti.
14:51
He doesn't know that what we're feeding
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Ne zna da mu prenosimo
14:53
is real-time data from the stock market,
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trenutne podatke s burze,
14:56
and he's making buy and sell decisions.
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i on odlučuje o kupovini i prodaji.
14:59
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:01
And the feedback is telling him
whether he did the right thing or not.
whether he did the right thing or not.
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A odgovor mu govori
je li postupio dobro ili ne.
je li postupio dobro ili ne.
15:04
And what we're seeing is,
can we expand the human umvelt
can we expand the human umvelt
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Ono što vidimo je,
možemo li proširiti ljudski umwelt
možemo li proširiti ljudski umwelt
15:07
so that he comes to have,
after several weeks,
after several weeks,
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tako da on ima,
nakon nekoliko tjedana,
nakon nekoliko tjedana,
15:10
a direct perceptual experience
of the economic movements of the planet.
of the economic movements of the planet.
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direktno perceptivno iskustvo
o ekonomskim promjenama ovoga planeta.
o ekonomskim promjenama ovoga planeta.
15:16
So we'll report on that later
to see how well this goes.
to see how well this goes.
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Kasnije ćemo vidjeti
gdje smo dospjeli s tim.
gdje smo dospjeli s tim.
15:20
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:22
Here's another thing we're doing:
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Još jedna stvar koju radimo:
15:24
During the talks this morning,
we've been automatically scraping Twitter
we've been automatically scraping Twitter
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prilikom govora ovog jutra,
automatski smo pretražili Twitter
automatski smo pretražili Twitter
15:29
for the TED2015 hashtag,
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za TED2015 hashtag,
15:31
and we've been doing
an automated sentiment analysis,
an automated sentiment analysis,
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i radili smo automatsku
sentimentalnu analizu,
sentimentalnu analizu,
15:34
which means, are people using positive
words or negative words or neutral?
words or negative words or neutral?
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što znači, koriste li ljudi pozitivne riječi,
ili negativne ili neutralne?
ili negativne ili neutralne?
15:39
And while this has been going on,
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i dok se to radilo,
15:41
I have been feeling this,
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ja sam osjetio ovo,
15:44
and so I am plugged in
to the aggregate emotion
to the aggregate emotion
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priključen sam na
agregat emocija
agregat emocija
15:48
of thousands of people in real time,
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tisuće ljudi u stvarnom vremenu,
15:52
and that's a new kind of human experience,
because now I can know
because now I can know
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i ovo je novi oblik ljudskog doživljaja
jer sad mogu znati
jer sad mogu znati
15:56
how everyone's doing
and how much you're loving this.
and how much you're loving this.
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kako se svi osjećaju i
koliko vam se ovo sviđa.
koliko vam se ovo sviđa.
16:00
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Smijeh) (Pljesak)
16:06
It's a bigger experience
than a human can normally have.
than a human can normally have.
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Veći je doživljaj no što čovjek
može normalno doživjeti.
može normalno doživjeti.
16:11
We're also expanding the umvelt of pilots.
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Također širimo umwelt pilota.
16:14
So in this case, the vest is streaming
nine different measures
nine different measures
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U ovom slučaju, kroz prsluk prolaze podatci
devet različitih veličina
devet različitih veličina
16:18
from this quadcopter,
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iz ovog quadkoptera,
16:20
so pitch and yaw and roll
and orientation and heading,
and orientation and heading,
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i nagib, i skretanje, i okretanje,
i orjentacija i slušanje
i orjentacija i slušanje
16:23
and that improves
this pilot's ability to fly it.
this pilot's ability to fly it.
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I to poboljšava pilotovu
sposobnost da leti.
sposobnost da leti.
16:27
It's essentially like he's extending
his skin up there, far away.
his skin up there, far away.
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U osnovi to je kao da produljuje
svoju kožu tamo gore daleko.
svoju kožu tamo gore daleko.
16:32
And that's just the beginning.
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I to je samo početak.
16:34
What we're envisioning is taking
a modern cockpit full of gauges
a modern cockpit full of gauges
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Ono što predviđamo je
pilotska kabina sa svim mjerilima,
pilotska kabina sa svim mjerilima,
16:40
and instead of trying
to read the whole thing, you feel it.
to read the whole thing, you feel it.
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i umjesto pokušavanja očitanja
svega toga, možete to osjetiti.
svega toga, možete to osjetiti.
16:44
We live in a world of information now,
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Živimo u svijetu informacija,
16:47
and there is a difference
between accessing big data
between accessing big data
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i postoji razlika između
pristupa hrpi podataka
pristupa hrpi podataka
16:51
and experiencing it.
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i doživljavanju istog.
16:54
So I think there's really no end
to the possibilities
to the possibilities
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Mislim da ne postoji kraj mogućnostima
16:58
on the horizon for human expansion.
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što se tiče ljudskog unaprjeđenja
17:00
Just imagine an astronaut
being able to feel
being able to feel
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Samo zamislite astronauta
koji može osjetiti
koji može osjetiti
17:05
the overall health
of the International Space Station,
of the International Space Station,
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generalno zdravlje u
međunarodnoj svemirskoj stanici
međunarodnoj svemirskoj stanici
17:08
or, for that matter, having you feel
the invisible states of your own health,
the invisible states of your own health,
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ili, na primjer, osjetiti nevidljivi
oblik osobnog zdravlja
oblik osobnog zdravlja
17:13
like your blood sugar
and the state of your microbiome,
and the state of your microbiome,
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poput šećera u krvi
i stanja svog mikrobioma,
i stanja svog mikrobioma,
17:17
or having 360-degree vision
or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
or seeing in infrared or ultraviolet.
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ili imati vid od 360 stupnjeva,
ili vidjeti infracrveno ili ultraljubičasto.
ili vidjeti infracrveno ili ultraljubičasto.
17:23
So the key is this:
As we move into the future,
As we move into the future,
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Ključ je sljedeći:
kako se krećemo prema budućnosti,
kako se krećemo prema budućnosti,
17:26
we're going to increasingly be able
to choose our own peripheral devices.
to choose our own peripheral devices.
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moći ćemo sami odabratI
naše periferne uređaje.
naše periferne uređaje.
17:31
We no longer have to wait
for Mother Nature's sensory gifts
for Mother Nature's sensory gifts
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Ne moramo više čekati na
senzorne poklone prirode
senzorne poklone prirode
17:35
on her timescales,
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po njenom vremenu,
17:37
but instead, like any good parent,
she's given us the tools that we need
she's given us the tools that we need
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umjesto toga, poput svakog dobrog roditelja,
dala nam je oruđe koje trebamo
dala nam je oruđe koje trebamo
17:41
to go out and define our own trajectory.
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kako bi sami odredili svoj put.
17:45
So the question now is,
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Pitanje je sad,
17:47
how do you want to go out
and experience your universe?
and experience your universe?
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kako želite ići iskusiti svoj svemir?
17:52
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
17:54
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
18:11
Chris Anderson: Can you feel it?
DE: Yeah.
DE: Yeah.
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Chris Anderson: Možeš li to osjetiti?
DE: Da.
DE: Da.
18:13
Actually, this was the first time
I felt applause on the vest.
I felt applause on the vest.
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Zapravo, ovo je prvi put
da osjetim pljesak na prsluku.
da osjetim pljesak na prsluku.
18:16
It's nice. It's like a massage. (Laughter)
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Lijepo je, poput masaže. (Smijeh)
18:19
CA: Twitter's going crazy.
Twitter's going mad.
Twitter's going mad.
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CA: Twitter je poludio.
Twitter je poludio.
Twitter je poludio.
18:22
So that stock market experiment.
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Onaj eksperiment s burzom.
18:25
This could be the first experiment
that secures its funding forevermore,
that secures its funding forevermore,
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Ovo je moguće prvi eksperiment
koji sam sebi osigurava financije,
koji sam sebi osigurava financije,
18:29
right, if successful?
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ako bude uspješan?
18:31
DE: Well, that's right, I wouldn't
have to write to NIH anymore.
have to write to NIH anymore.
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DE: Pa, to je istina,
ne bi morao više pisati NIH-u.
ne bi morao više pisati NIH-u.
18:34
CA: Well look, just to be
skeptical for a minute,
skeptical for a minute,
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CA: Gledaj, hajde da budem skeptičan na minutu,
18:37
I mean, this is amazing,
but isn't most of the evidence so far
but isn't most of the evidence so far
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ovo je nevjerojatno,
ali nije li većina dokaza dosad
ali nije li većina dokaza dosad
18:40
that sensory substitution works,
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govorila da osjetna supstitucija radi,
18:43
not necessarily
that sensory addition works?
that sensory addition works?
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ne nužno da osjetno unapređenje radi?
18:45
I mean, isn't it possible that the
blind person can see through their tongue
blind person can see through their tongue
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Mislim, zar nije moguće da slijepa osoba
može vidjeti kroz svoj jezik
može vidjeti kroz svoj jezik
18:48
because the visual cortex is still there,
ready to process,
ready to process,
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jer vidni korteks je još tamo,
spreman za procesuiranje,
spreman za procesuiranje,
18:53
and that that is needed as part of it?
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i da je to nužno kao dio toga.
18:55
DE: That's a great question.
We actually have no idea
We actually have no idea
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DE: To je odlično pitanje.
Zapravo ne znamo
Zapravo ne znamo
18:58
what the theoretical limits are of what
kind of data the brain can take in.
kind of data the brain can take in.
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što je teorijska granica koliko
podataka mozak može primiiti.
podataka mozak može primiiti.
19:02
The general story, though,
is that it's extraordinarily flexible.
is that it's extraordinarily flexible.
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Smatra se da je nevjerojatno fleksibilan.
19:05
So when a person goes blind,
what we used to call their visual cortex
what we used to call their visual cortex
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Znači kada osoba oslijepi,
ono što smo zvali njihovim vidnom korom
ono što smo zvali njihovim vidnom korom
19:09
gets taken over by other things,
by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.
by touch, by hearing, by vocabulary.
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zamjene druge stvari, dodir, sluh, vokabular.
19:14
So what that tells us is that
the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.
the cortex is kind of a one-trick pony.
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To nam govori da kora
radi jednu te istu stvar.
radi jednu te istu stvar.
19:18
It just runs certain kinds
of computations on things.
of computations on things.
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Jednostavno provodi neke vrste
računica na stvarima.
računica na stvarima.
19:20
And when we look around
at things like braille, for example,
at things like braille, for example,
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i kada pogledamo uokolo,
na braillea, na primjer,
na braillea, na primjer,
19:24
people are getting information
through bumps on their fingers.
through bumps on their fingers.
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ljudi primaju informacije
putem njihovih pristiju.
putem njihovih pristiju.
19:27
So I don't thing we have any reason
to think there's a theoretical limit
to think there's a theoretical limit
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Mislim da nema razloga da
mislimo kako postoji teorijski limit
mislimo kako postoji teorijski limit
19:30
that we know the edge of.
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čiji rub znamo.
19:33
CA: If this checks out,
you're going to be deluged.
you're going to be deluged.
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CA: Ako ovo uspije,
bit ćete preplavljeni.
bit ćete preplavljeni.
19:36
There are so many
possible applications for this.
possible applications for this.
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Postoji jako puno mogućih primjena ovoga.
19:39
Are you ready for this? What are you most
excited about, the direction it might go?
excited about, the direction it might go?
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Jeste li spremni na ovo? Oko čega ste najviše
uzbuđeni, smjerom kojim ovo može ići?
uzbuđeni, smjerom kojim ovo može ići?
19:43
DE: I mean, I think there's
a lot of applications here.
a lot of applications here.
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DE: Mislim da postoji
jako puno primjena ovdje.
jako puno primjena ovdje.
19:46
In terms of beyond sensory substitution,
the things I started mentioning
the things I started mentioning
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U pogledu dalje od osjetne supstitucije,
ono što sam spomenuo
ono što sam spomenuo
19:49
about astronauts on the space station,
they spend a lot of their time
they spend a lot of their time
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o astronautima u svemirskim postajama,
oni provode puno vremena
oni provode puno vremena
19:54
monitoring things, and they could instead
just get what's going on,
just get what's going on,
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promatrajući stvari, a umjesto toga mogu
jednostavno dobiti što se događa,
jednostavno dobiti što se događa,
19:57
because what this is really good for
is multidimensional data.
is multidimensional data.
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jer ovo je jako dobro za multidimenzijske podatke.
20:00
The key is this: Our visual systems
are good at detecting blobs and edges,
are good at detecting blobs and edges,
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Ključ je u ovome: naš vidni sustav je
dobar u detektiranju mrlja i rubova,
dobar u detektiranju mrlja i rubova,
20:05
but they're really bad
at what our world has become,
at what our world has become,
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ali je jako loš u onome što je svijet postao,
20:07
which is screens
with lots and lots of data.
with lots and lots of data.
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što su zasloni
s puno, puno podataka.
s puno, puno podataka.
20:10
We have to crawl that
with our attentional systems.
with our attentional systems.
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Moramo bauljati kroz to
s našim sustavima za pažnju.
s našim sustavima za pažnju.
20:12
So this is a way of just
feeling the state of something,
feeling the state of something,
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Dakle, ovo je način na koji
jednostavno osjetimo stanje stvari,
jednostavno osjetimo stanje stvari,
20:15
just like the way you know the state
of your body as you're standing around.
of your body as you're standing around.
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kao što znate stanje vašeg tijela
dok stojite.
dok stojite.
20:18
So I think heavy machinery, safety,
feeling the state of a factory,
feeling the state of a factory,
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Smatram da teška mašinerija, sigurnost,
osjećanje stanja tvornice,
osjećanje stanja tvornice,
20:22
of your equipment, that's one place
it'll go right away.
it'll go right away.
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vaše opreme, to je mjesto
na kojem će ovo odmah proći.
na kojem će ovo odmah proći.
20:25
CA: David Eagleman, that was one
mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
mind-blowing talk. Thank you very much.
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CA: David Eagleman, ovo je bio
jedan fantastičan govor. Puno ti hvala.
jedan fantastičan govor. Puno ti hvala.
20:28
DE: Thank you, Chris.
(Applause)
(Applause)
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DE: Hvala tebi, Chris.
(Pljesak)
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Eagleman - NeuroscientistDavid Eagleman decodes the mysteries of the tangled web of neurons and electricity that make our minds tick -- and also make us human.
Why you should listen
As the creator of stacks of compelling research, books and now the 6-part PBS series The Brain, grey matter expert David Eagleman is our most visible evangelist for neuroscience. He has helmed ground-breaking studies on time perception, brain plasticity and neurolaw. His latest research explores technology that bypasses sensory impairment -- such as a smartphone-controlled vest that translates sound into patterns of vibration for the deaf.
Eagleman is also the author of Sum, an internationally bestselling short story collection speculating on life, death and what it means to be human. Translated into 28 languages, Sum has been turned into two separate operas at the Sydney Opera House and the Royal Opera House in London.
David Eagleman | Speaker | TED.com