TED2016
Uri Hasson: This is your brain on communication
尤里·哈山: 大腦溝通的新發現
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神經學家尤里·哈山（Uri Hasson）博士，研究人類溝通的基礎。他的實驗結果顯示，即使用不同的語言講述同一個想法或故事時，受測者的大腦活動都會極為相似，或稱為「一致」。這些了不起的神經元機制，可讓我們的大腦互相傳遞訊息、分享記憶和知識。他說：「我們之所以能夠溝通，是因為我們具有相同意義的通用代碼。」哈山教授也傳達：與他人產生共鳴，是人類自小單純而喜悅的渴望。他也為我們失去與意見相左的人溝通的能力，及我們的社會受到媒體操縱而感到憂心。
Uri Hasson - Neuroscientist
Why do great thoughts and stories resonate so strongly with so many people, and how do we communicate them? Using fMRI experiments, Uri Hasson is looking for the answers. Full bio
Why do great thoughts and stories resonate so strongly with so many people, and how do we communicate them? Using fMRI experiments, Uri Hasson is looking for the answers. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Imagine that you invented a device
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想像你發明了一種設備
00:14
that can record my memories,
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能記錄我的記憶、
00:16
my dreams, my ideas,
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我的夢想、我的想法，
00:18
and transmit them to your brain.
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並且傳到你的大腦。
00:20
That would be a game-changing
technology, right?
technology, right?
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那將是改變世界的新科技，對吧?
00:23
But in fact, we already
possess this device,
possess this device,
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但事實上，我們已擁有這樣的設備，
00:26
and it's called human communication system
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它被稱為「人類溝通系統」
00:29
and effective storytelling.
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和「有效率的說故事方式」。
00:31
To understand how this device works,
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為瞭解這系統如何運作，
00:34
we have to look into our brains.
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我們得先瞭解大腦，
00:36
And we have to formulate the question
in a slightly different manner.
in a slightly different manner.
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並且稍稍改變提問的方向。
00:40
Now we have to ask
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我們改問：
00:42
how these neuron patterns in my brain
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我大腦中跟記憶、
想法相關的神經元圖像，
想法相關的神經元圖像，
00:44
that are associated
with my memories and ideas
with my memories and ideas
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00:48
are transmitted into your brains.
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是如何被傳輸到你的腦裡呢？
00:51
And we think there are two factors
that enable us to communicate.
that enable us to communicate.
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我們認為人能溝通須有兩大因素。
00:55
First, your brain is now
physically coupled to the sound wave
physically coupled to the sound wave
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首先，你的大腦必須在物理上
和我正在對你講話的聲波耦合。
和我正在對你講話的聲波耦合。
00:59
that I'm transmitting to your brain.
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01:01
And second, we developed
a common neural protocol
a common neural protocol
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其次，我們有共通的神經通訊協定
01:05
that enabled us to communicate.
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使我們能夠溝通。
01:07
So how do we know that?
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我們何以得知的呢?
01:09
In my lab in Princeton,
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在普林斯頓的研究室裡
01:11
we bring people to the fMRI scanner
and we scan their brains
and we scan their brains
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我們對受測者進行
功能性核磁共振儀掃描，
功能性核磁共振儀掃描，
就在他們講述或聆聽真實故事時，
掃描他們的大腦。
掃描他們的大腦。
01:14
while they are either telling
or listening to real-life stories.
or listening to real-life stories.
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01:18
And to give you a sense
of the stimulus we are using,
of the stimulus we are using,
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為讓各位了解我們使用的刺激物，
01:21
let me play 20 seconds
from a story that we used,
from a story that we used,
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我從一段故事中
截取了20秒來播放，
截取了20秒來播放，
01:25
told by a very talented storyteller,
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由非常有才華的說故事人
吉姆·奧格雷迪來向我們講故事。
吉姆·奧格雷迪來向我們講故事。
01:27
Jim O'Grady.
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01:30
(Audio) Jim O'Grady: So I'm banging out
my story and I know it's good,
my story and I know it's good,
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(吉姆·奧格雷迪的聲音) 我要
大聲地說出我的故事，我知道很好笑
大聲地說出我的故事，我知道很好笑
01:33
and then I start to make it better --
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為了讓故事......更生動
01:35
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:38
by adding an element of embellishment.
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我會加點油、添點醋，
01:41
Reporters call this "making shit up."
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記者們稱之為「瞎掰」。
01:44
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:47
And they recommend
against crossing that line.
against crossing that line.
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他們建議不要逾越那條線，
01:52
But I had just seen the line crossed
between a high-powered dean
between a high-powered dean
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但我剛看見糕點飛過那條線，
砸在院長大人的臉上。
砸在院長大人的臉上。
01:56
and assault with a pastry.
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01:58
And I kinda liked it."
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我還挺開心的。
01:59
Uri Hasson: OK, so now
let's look into your brain
let's look into your brain
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(烏里·哈森：)
好，我們接下來看看
好，我們接下來看看
02:02
and see what's happening
when you listen to these kinds of stories.
when you listen to these kinds of stories.
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當大腦聽到這類故事，
會怎樣反應。
會怎樣反應。
02:05
And let's start simple -- let's start
with one listener and one brain area:
with one listener and one brain area:
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先從簡單的開始，一位聆聽者
和他大腦的一塊區域：也就是
處理耳朵接收聲音的聽覺皮層區塊。
處理耳朵接收聲音的聽覺皮層區塊。
02:09
the auditory cortex that processes
the sounds that come from the ear.
the sounds that come from the ear.
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02:13
And as you can see,
in this particular brain area,
in this particular brain area,
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如你所見，這特定區域的腦波
會隨著故事的進展而上下波動。
會隨著故事的進展而上下波動。
02:15
the responses are going up and down
as the story is unfolding.
as the story is unfolding.
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02:19
Now we can take these responses
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接下來，我們拿此波形
02:20
and compare them to the responses
in other listeners
in other listeners
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與其他受測者同區的腦波做比較。
02:23
in the same brain area.
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02:24
And we can ask:
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我們會問：
02:26
How similar are the responses
across all listeners?
across all listeners?
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所有受測聽眾的反應有多相似呢？
02:30
So here you can see five listeners.
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各位可以看到這五位受測者的腦波。
02:32
And we start to scan their brains
before the story starts,
before the story starts,
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故事開講前，我們已經
開始掃描他們的大腦，
開始掃描他們的大腦，
02:36
when they're simply lying in the dark
and waiting for the story to begin.
and waiting for the story to begin.
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當時他們正坐在黑暗中，
等待故事開講。
等待故事開講。
02:40
As you can see,
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如你所見，
02:41
the brain area is going up and down
in each one of them,
in each one of them,
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此時五人的腦波上上下下，
02:43
but the responses are very different,
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各不相同，毫不同步。
02:45
and not in sync.
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02:47
However, immediately
as the story is starting,
as the story is starting,
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然而，就在故事開始後，
02:50
something amazing is happening.
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奇妙的事情就發生了。
02:52
(Audio) JO: So I'm banging out my story
and I know it's good,
and I know it's good,
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(吉姆·奧格雷迪的聲音) 我
大聲說出我的故事，我知道很好笑，
大聲說出我的故事，我知道很好笑，
為了讓故事......
02:55
and then I start to make it --
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02:57
UH: Suddenly, you can see
that the responses in all of the subjects
that the responses in all of the subjects
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(烏里·哈森)
突然間，所有人的腦波回應
突然間，所有人的腦波回應
03:00
lock to the story,
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都隨著故事的進展而上上下下，
03:01
and now they are going up and down
in a very similar way
in a very similar way
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波型都很類似。
03:05
across all listeners.
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03:06
And in fact, this is exactly
what is happening now in your brains
what is happening now in your brains
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事實上，各位聽我講話的時候
這種現象也正在你的大腦裏發生；
03:09
when you listen to my sound speaking.
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03:12
We call this effect "neural entrainment."
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我們把這種現象稱為
「神經震盪同步化」效應。
「神經震盪同步化」效應。
03:16
And to explain to you
what is neural entrainment,
what is neural entrainment,
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為了要解釋什麼是
神經震盪同步化，
神經震盪同步化，
03:18
let me first explain
what is physical entrainment.
what is physical entrainment.
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讓我先解釋什麼是
「物理震盪同步化」。
「物理震盪同步化」。
03:22
So, we'll look and see five metronomes.
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我們來看看這五個節拍器，
03:24
Think of these five metronomes
as five brains.
as five brains.
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把這五個節拍器想像成五個大腦。
03:27
And similar to the listeners
before the story starts,
before the story starts,
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如同故事開始前的五位聽者一樣，
03:30
these metronomes are going to click,
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這五個節拍器會開始打拍子，
03:32
but they're going to click out of phase.
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但並不同步。
03:35
(Clicking)
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（滴答聲）
03:39
Now see what will happen
when I connect them together
when I connect them together
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現在來看一下，
03:42
by placing them on these two cylinders.
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當我把它們放在這兩個圓筒上，
會發生甚麼事，
會發生甚麼事，
03:45
(Clicking)
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（滴答聲）
03:49
Now these two cylinders start to rotate.
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兩個圓筒開始滾動了。
03:51
This rotation vibration
is going through the wood
is going through the wood
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圓筒滾動的振動，透過木板，
03:54
and is going to couple
all the metronomes together.
all the metronomes together.
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把所有節拍器同步在一起，
03:57
And now listen to the click.
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聽聽看現在的滴答聲。
03:59
(Synchronized clicking)
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（同步的滴答聲）
這就是物理震盪同步化。
04:09
This is what you call
physical entrainment.
physical entrainment.
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04:12
Now let's go back to the brain and ask:
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現在讓我們回到大腦，問一個問題：
04:14
What's driving this neural entrainment?
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是什麽在驅動神經震盪同步化呢？
04:16
Is it simply the sounds
that the speaker is producing?
that the speaker is producing?
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是講者發出的聲音？
04:19
Or maybe it's the words.
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還是所說的字彙？
04:21
Or maybe it's the meaning
that the speaker is trying to convey.
that the speaker is trying to convey.
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還是講者想要表達的意思呢？
04:24
So to test it, we did
the following experiment.
the following experiment.
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我們用以下的實驗來測試。
04:27
First, we took the story
and played it backwards.
and played it backwards.
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我們先將故事倒過來播放，
04:30
And that preserved many
of the original auditory features,
of the original auditory features,
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這保留了很多原有的聽覺特徵，
04:33
but removed the meaning.
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但是故事不再具有意義。
04:35
And it sounds something like that.
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聽起來像這樣：
04:37
(Audio) JO: (Unintelligible)
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（吉姆·奧格雷迪不知所云的聲音）
04:43
And we flashed colors in the two brains
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在兩個大腦裡，我們用閃現的顏色
04:45
to indicate brain areas that respond
very similarly across people.
very similarly across people.
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來顯示相似腦區塊的回應。
04:49
And as you can see,
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如你所見，進入耳朵的聲音，
04:50
this incoming sound induced entrainment
or alignment in all of the brains
or alignment in all of the brains
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誘使所有受測者大腦內
處理聲音的聽覺皮層，全都同步了；
處理聲音的聽覺皮層，全都同步了；
04:54
in auditory cortices
that process the sounds,
that process the sounds,
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04:57
but it didn't spread
deeper into the brain.
deeper into the brain.
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但同步的現象並未深入大腦。
05:00
Now we can take these sounds
and build words out of it.
and build words out of it.
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然後我們把字彙加到聲音上。
05:03
So if we take Jim O'Grady
and scramble the words,
and scramble the words,
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若拼湊重組吉姆·奧格雷迪的用字，
05:06
we'll get a list of words.
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我們會得到一長串詞彙。
05:07
(Audio) JO: ... an animal ...
assorted facts ...
assorted facts ...
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（吉姆·奧格雷迪的聲音）
...動物...事實上...
...動物...事實上...
05:09
and right on ... pie man ...
potentially ... my stories
potentially ... my stories
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就在......餡餅人...
可能......我的故事
可能......我的故事
05:12
UH: And you can see that these words
start to induce alignment
start to induce alignment
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(烏里·哈森：)
大家看到這些字開始對準了，
大家看到這些字開始對準了，
05:15
in early language areas,
but not more than that.
but not more than that.
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但只發生在前期的語言區，
別的區沒對準。
別的區沒對準。
05:18
Now we can take the words
and start to build sentences out of them.
and start to build sentences out of them.
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我們把這些字彙排成句子。
05:23
(Audio) JO: And they recommend
against crossing that line.
against crossing that line.
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（吉姆·雷迪的聲音）
他們建議不要逾越那條線。
他們建議不要逾越那條線。
05:28
He says: "Dear Jim,
Good story. Nice details.
Good story. Nice details.
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他說，「親愛的吉姆，
好故事。很詳細。」
好故事。很詳細。」
05:32
Didn't she only know
about him through me?"
about him through me?"
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「你不知道她是經由我
才認識他的嗎？」
才認識他的嗎？」
05:34
UH: Now you can see that the responses
in all the language areas
in all the language areas
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（烏里·哈森）：如同你們看到的
所有的人、 所有接收語言處理區
的回應都一致，或者很相似。
的回應都一致，或者很相似。
05:37
that process the incoming language
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05:39
become aligned or similar
across all listeners.
across all listeners.
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05:42
However, only when we use
the full, engaging, coherent story
the full, engaging, coherent story
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然而，只有當我們使用完整、
引人入勝、連貫的故事時，
引人入勝、連貫的故事時，
05:46
do the responses spread
deeper into the brain
deeper into the brain
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反應才會進入大腦的深層區域，
05:49
into higher-order areas,
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包括額葉皮層和部分頂葉皮層，
05:50
which include the frontal cortex
and the parietal cortex,
and the parietal cortex,
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05:53
and make all of them
respond very similarly.
respond very similarly.
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從而令所有人
都出現非常相似的反應。
都出現非常相似的反應。
05:56
And we believe that these responses
in higher-order areas are induced
in higher-order areas are induced
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我們認為，聽眾這些相似的
大腦高層次區塊反應
大腦高層次區塊反應
05:59
or become similar across listeners
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是由講者的語意所觸發，
06:01
because of the meaning
conveyed by the speaker,
conveyed by the speaker,
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06:04
and not by words or sound.
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並非文字或聲音本身。
06:06
And if we are right,
there's a strong prediction over here
there's a strong prediction over here
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倘若推論正確，
那麼我們相當有把握，
那麼我們相當有把握，
06:09
if I tell you the exact same ideas
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若以兩種截然不同的語言
講述同樣的想法，
講述同樣的想法，
06:11
using two very different sets of words,
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大腦的反應仍然會近似。
06:14
your brain responses
will still be similar.
will still be similar.
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06:17
And to test it, we did
the following experiment in my lab.
the following experiment in my lab.
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為了測試，我們在實驗室裏
做了以下實驗。
做了以下實驗。
06:21
We took the English story
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我們把這個英語故事
翻譯成俄語。
翻譯成俄語。
06:22
and translated it to Russian.
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06:25
Now you have two different sounds
and linguistic systems
and linguistic systems
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現在有了兩組不同的聲音
和語言系統
和語言系統
06:29
that convey the exact same meaning.
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傳達完全相同的意思。
06:31
And you play the English story
to the English listeners
to the English listeners
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讓英語聽眾聽英語故事，
06:35
and the Russian story
to the Russian listeners,
to the Russian listeners,
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俄語聽眾聽俄語的，
06:37
and we can compare their responses
across the groups.
across the groups.
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比較兩組人的反應。
06:40
And when we did that, we didn't see
responses that are similar
responses that are similar
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當這樣做的時候，我們並沒有在
語言的聽覺皮層看到相似的反應，
語言的聽覺皮層看到相似的反應，
06:44
in auditory cortices in language,
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因為語言和聲音迥異。
06:46
because the language
and sound are very different.
and sound are very different.
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06:49
However, you can see
that the responses in high-order areas
that the responses in high-order areas
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但是，兩組的高階區域
的反應仍然相似。
的反應仍然相似。
06:51
were still similar
across these two groups.
across these two groups.
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06:55
We believe this is because they understood
the story in a very similar way,
the story in a very similar way,
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我們認為，這是因為他們都以
相當類似的方式來明瞭故事內容。
相當類似的方式來明瞭故事內容。
06:59
as we confirmed, using a test
after the story ended.
after the story ended.
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故事結束後的測驗
證實了這一推論。
證實了這一推論。
07:04
And we think that this alignment
is necessary for communication.
is necessary for communication.
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我們認為有效溝通
必須有這樣的較準。
必須有這樣的較準。
07:08
For example, as you can tell,
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舉個例子，你們都聽得出來
07:10
I am not a native English speaker.
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英語並不是我的母語。
07:12
I grew up with another language,
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我在另一種語言環境中長大，
07:14
and the same might be for many
of you in the audience.
of you in the audience.
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你們當中很多人可能也是如此。
07:17
And still, we can communicate.
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儘管如此，我們依然可以溝通，
07:19
How come?
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為什麼呢？
07:20
We think we can communicate
because we have this common code
because we have this common code
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我們認為，能溝通是因為
我們有表達語意的共通代碼。
我們有表達語意的共通代碼。
07:23
that presents meaning.
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07:25
So far, I've only talked about
what's happening in the listener's brain,
what's happening in the listener's brain,
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到目前為止，我只談到
聽者大腦裡發生的情況，
聽者大腦裡發生的情況，
07:29
in your brain, when
you're listening to talks.
you're listening to talks.
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以及你聆聽時大腦內的情況。
07:31
But what's happening
in the speaker's brain, in my brain,
in the speaker's brain, in my brain,
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但，講者腦內的情況，
07:34
when I'm speaking to you?
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在我對你們說話時，
我的腦內是什麼情況呢？
我的腦內是什麼情況呢？
07:36
To look in the speaker's brain,
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為了觀察講者的大腦，
07:38
we asked the speaker
to go into the scanner,
to go into the scanner,
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我們請求講者
進入儀器接受掃描，
進入儀器接受掃描，
07:41
we scan his brain
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07:42
and then compare his brain responses
to the brain responses of the listeners
to the brain responses of the listeners
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然後比較他的大腦
和聽者聽故事時的大腦反應。
和聽者聽故事時的大腦反應。
07:46
listening to the story.
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07:48
You have to remember that producing speech
and comprehending speech
and comprehending speech
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要記得，發言和理解話語
的過程是大不相同的。
的過程是大不相同的。
07:52
are very different processes.
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07:54
Here we're asking: How similar are they?
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我們可能會問：它們有多相似呢？
07:58
To our surprise,
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令我們驚訝的是，
07:59
we saw that all these complex
patterns within the listeners
patterns within the listeners
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我們看到，聽者之間的
所有這些複雜波形，
所有這些複雜波形，
08:04
actually came from the speaker brain.
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實際上都源自演講者的大腦。
08:07
So production and comprehension
rely on very similar processes.
rely on very similar processes.
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所以，講話和理解
倚賴非常類似的過程。
倚賴非常類似的過程。
08:10
And we also found
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我們也發現
08:12
the stronger the similarity
between the listener's brain
between the listener's brain
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聽者和講者的大腦越是近似，
08:16
and the speaker's brain,
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他們的溝通就越順暢。
08:17
the better the communication.
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08:19
So I know that if you
are completely confused now,
are completely confused now,
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所以我知道，如果你們
現在完全聽不懂我的話，
現在完全聽不懂我的話，
08:23
and I do hope that this is not the case,
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我希望不會出現這種情況，
08:25
your brain responses
are very different than mine.
are very different than mine.
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那麼，你們的大腦反應
就會與我的非常不同。
就會與我的非常不同。
08:28
But I also know that if you really
understand me now,
understand me now,
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但我也知道，若你此刻
真正理解我所說的，
真正理解我所說的，
08:31
then your brain ... and your brain
... and your brain
... and your brain
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那麼，你的腦、你的腦、和你的腦，
08:34
are really similar to mine.
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就會與我的非常相似。
08:37
Now, let's take all
this information together and ask:
this information together and ask:
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現在，綜合以上所有資訊
我們要問一個問題：
我們要問一個問題：
08:40
How can we use it to transmit
a memory that I have
a memory that I have
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我們該如何利用它，
把我大腦中的記憶
把我大腦中的記憶
傳送到你們的大腦中呢？
08:44
from my brain to your brains?
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08:47
So we did the following experiment.
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我們做了下列實驗。
08:49
We let people watch,
for the first time in their life,
for the first time in their life,
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我們在受測者首次觀看
英國國家廣播公司的
英國國家廣播公司的
08:52
a TV episode from the BBC series
"Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
"Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
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「新世紀福爾摩斯」電視節目時，
掃描他們的腦部。
掃描他們的腦部。
08:56
And then we asked them
to go back to the scanner
to go back to the scanner
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然後我們讓他們回到掃描儀前
08:59
and tell the story to another person
that never watched the movie.
that never watched the movie.
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把故事講給另一個
從沒看過這部電影的人聽。
從沒看過這部電影的人聽。
09:03
So let's be specific.
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具體來說，
09:04
Think about this exact scene,
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想象一下這個場景：
09:06
when Sherlock is entering
the cab in London
the cab in London
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福爾摩斯坐進了
倫敦的一輛計程車，
倫敦的一輛計程車，
09:09
driven by the murderer he is looking for.
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而司機正是他尋找的兇手。
09:12
With me, as a viewer,
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對我而言，做為一個觀眾，
09:14
there is a specific brain pattern
in my brain when I watch it.
in my brain when I watch it.
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當我觀看時，腦中有種特定的圖像。
09:19
Now, the exact same pattern,
I can reactivate in my brain again
I can reactivate in my brain again
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現在，透過講述下列幾個詞語，
我的腦中再度激發出同樣的圖像：
我的腦中再度激發出同樣的圖像：
09:22
by telling the world:
Sherlock, London, murderer.
Sherlock, London, murderer.
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福爾摩斯、倫敦、兇手。
09:27
And when I'm transmitting
these words to your brains now,
these words to your brains now,
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當我把這些字彙傳至你的大腦時，
09:30
you have to reconstruct it in your mind.
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你必須在你的大腦裡重建圖像。
09:33
In fact, we see that pattern
emerging now in your brains.
emerging now in your brains.
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事實上，我們看到那些圖像
正在你腦中湧現。
正在你腦中湧現。
09:37
And we were really surprised to see
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我們當時相當驚訝，
09:40
that the pattern you have
now in your brains
now in your brains
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在我描述的時候，你的腦波
09:42
when I'm describing to you these scenes
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09:44
would be very similar to the pattern
I had when I watched this movie
I had when I watched this movie
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跟我幾個月前看那部片子時
被掃描機掃到的腦波非常相似。
被掃描機掃到的腦波非常相似。
09:48
a few months ago in the scanner.
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09:50
This starts to tell you
about the mechanism
about the mechanism
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這正是我們說故事
和傳遞資訊時的機制。
和傳遞資訊時的機制。
09:52
by which we can tell stories
and transmit information.
and transmit information.
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09:55
Because, for example,
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因為，舉個例子來說，
09:57
now you're listening really hard
and trying to understand what I'm saying.
and trying to understand what I'm saying.
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此刻，你們聽得很辛苦，
嘗試想要理解我所說的話，
嘗試想要理解我所說的話，
10:01
And I know that it's not easy.
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我知道，那並不容易。
10:02
But I hope that at one point
in the talk we clicked, and you got me.
in the talk we clicked, and you got me.
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但我希望在某個頓悟點，
我們同步了，你理解我所說的話了。
我們同步了，你理解我所說的話了。
10:06
And I think that in a few hours,
a few days, a few months,
a few days, a few months,
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我認為，過幾個小時、
幾天，或幾個月後，
幾天，或幾個月後，
10:10
you're going to meet someone at a party,
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你在派對中遇見某人，
10:12
and you're going to tell him
about this lecture,
about this lecture,
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跟他說起這個演講，
10:16
and suddenly it will be as if
he is standing now here with us.
he is standing now here with us.
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突然間，你會覺得，彷彿就像
他和我們一起站在這裏一樣。
他和我們一起站在這裏一樣。
10:20
Now you can see
how we can take this mechanism
how we can take this mechanism
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現在你明白了，
我們如何用這個機制
我們如何用這個機制
10:23
and try to transmit memories
and knowledge across people,
and knowledge across people,
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來傳達人與人之間的記憶、知識，
10:26
which is wonderful, right?
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很棒，對吧？
10:29
But our ability to communicate
relies on our ability
relies on our ability
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但我們之間的溝通
仰賴於我們之間的共通點。
仰賴於我們之間的共通點。
10:32
to have common ground.
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10:34
Because, for example,
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因為，舉例來說，
10:36
if I'm going to use the British synonym
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如果我用英國的同義詞
「出租馬車」取代「計程車」，
10:39
"hackney carriage" instead of "cab,"
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10:42
I know that I'm going to be misaligned
with most of you in the audience.
with most of you in the audience.
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大部分的聽眾就會無法與我同步，
矇了、茫然了。
矇了、茫然了。
10:46
This alignment depends
not only on our ability
not only on our ability
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溝通的同步不僅取決於
我們對基本概念的理解能力，
我們對基本概念的理解能力，
10:48
to understand the basic concept;
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10:50
it also depends on our ability to develop
common ground and understanding
common ground and understanding
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也倚賴我們有建立
共通點和理解的能力，
共通點和理解的能力，
10:55
and shared belief systems.
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及相同的信仰體系。
10:57
Because we know that in many cases,
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因為我們知道，在許多情況下，
10:59
people understand the exact
same story in very different ways.
same story in very different ways.
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人們以非常不同的方式，
來解讀完全同樣的故事。
來解讀完全同樣的故事。
11:04
So to test it in the lab,
we did the following experiment.
we did the following experiment.
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因此，我們在實驗室裡
做下列的測試。
做下列的測試。
11:08
We took a story by J.D. Salinger,
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我們採用法學博士塞林格
的一個故事，
的一個故事，
11:11
in which a husband lost track
of his wife in the middle of a party,
of his wife in the middle of a party,
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故事中，一個丈夫
在派對中與妻子失聯，
在派對中與妻子失聯，
11:15
and he's calling his best friend, asking,
"Did you see my wife?"
"Did you see my wife?"
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他打電話給最要好的朋友，問：
「你見到我太太了嗎？」
「你見到我太太了嗎？」
11:19
For half of the subjects,
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半數的受測者被告知：
11:21
we said that the wife was having
an affair with the best friend.
an affair with the best friend.
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那個人的妻子與好友有染；
11:25
For the other half,
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而另外一半則被告知：
11:26
we said that the wife is loyal
and the husband is very jealous.
and the husband is very jealous.
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妻子很忠誠，
是丈夫的忌妒心太重。
是丈夫的忌妒心太重。
11:32
This one sentence before the story started
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故事開始前的一句話
就足以決定大腦的反應，
就足以決定大腦的反應，
11:34
was enough to make the brain responses
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2301
11:37
of all the people that believed
the wife was having an affair
the wife was having an affair
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所有相信妻子不忠的人，
大腦高階區的反應非常相似，
大腦高階區的反應非常相似，
11:40
be very similar in these high-order areas
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11:42
and different than the other group.
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但與另一組人不同。
11:44
And if one sentence is enough
to make your brain similar
to make your brain similar
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3673
如果一個句子足以讓你的大腦
與持相同看法的人相似
與持相同看法的人相似
11:48
to people that think like you
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11:50
and very different than people
that think differently than you,
that think differently than you,
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與持不同看法的人相異，
11:53
think how this effect is going
to be amplified in real life,
to be amplified in real life,
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那麼想想看，在現實生活中
這種效應會被放大到甚麼樣的程度？
這種效應會被放大到甚麼樣的程度？
11:56
when we are all listening
to the exact same news item
to the exact same news item
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當我們日復一日聽著由不同媒體
所報導的相同新聞，
所報導的相同新聞，
11:59
after being exposed
day after day after day
day after day after day
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12:03
to different media channels,
like Fox News or The New York Times,
like Fox News or The New York Times,
246
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3812
例如《福斯新聞》或《紐約時報》，
12:07
that give us very different
perspectives on reality.
perspectives on reality.
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造成我們對事實的觀點
有截然不同的看法。
有截然不同的看法。
12:11
So let me summarize.
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因此，讓我總結一下。
12:13
If everything worked as planned tonight,
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如果今晚一切按計劃進行，
12:15
I used my ability to vocalize sound
to be coupled to your brains.
to be coupled to your brains.
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4299
我可以用我的聲音
與你的大腦產生共鳴。
與你的大腦產生共鳴。
12:19
And I used this coupling
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然後利用這種共鳴，
12:21
to transmit my brain patterns associated
with my memories and ideas
with my memories and ideas
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把我大腦裡的記憶、想法圖像
傳至你的大腦。
傳至你的大腦。
12:25
into your brains.
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12:27
In this, I start to reveal
the hidden neural mechanism
the hidden neural mechanism
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在此，我向各位揭露了
我們神經溝通機制的秘密，
我們神經溝通機制的秘密，
12:31
by which we communicate.
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12:32
And we know that in the future
it will enable us to improve
it will enable us to improve
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我們知道它可以改善
我們的溝通方式。
我們的溝通方式。
12:35
and facilitate communication.
257
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1990
12:38
But these studies also reveal
258
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這些研究也表明，溝通依賴共同點，
12:40
that communication relies
on a common ground.
on a common ground.
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12:43
And we have to be
really worried as a society
really worried as a society
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身為社會一分子的我們必須得擔心，
12:46
if we lose this common ground
and our ability to speak with people
and our ability to speak with people
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我們是否已失去了這種共同點，
是否失去了與他人溝通的能力，
是否失去了與他人溝通的能力，
12:50
that are slightly different than us
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12:52
because we let a few very strong
media channels
media channels
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因為我們放任少數的強勢媒體
控制了麥克風，
控制了麥克風，
12:55
take control of the mic,
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12:57
and manipulate and control
the way we all think.
the way we all think.
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操縱了我們的想法。
13:01
And I'm not sure how to fix it
because I'm only a scientist.
because I'm only a scientist.
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我只是個科學家，
不知如何解決這個問題。
不知如何解決這個問題。
13:04
But maybe one way to do it
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但或許有個可行的方法，
13:06
is to go back to the more
natural way of communication,
natural way of communication,
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就是回復到自然的溝通方式，
13:09
which is a dialogue,
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也就是對話：
13:11
in which it's not only me
speaking to you now,
speaking to you now,
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在談話中不是只有我對你講話，
13:13
but a more natural way of talking,
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而是更自然的談話方式，
13:16
in which I am speaking and I am listening,
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當我在說的時候，我同時也在聆聽，
13:19
and together we are trying to come
to a common ground and new ideas.
to a common ground and new ideas.
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我們一起試著達成共識和新想法。
13:24
Because after all,
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因為，畢竟，
13:25
the people we are coupled to
define who we are.
define who we are.
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能與我們產生共鳴的人
定義了我們是什麼樣的人。
定義了我們是什麼樣的人。
13:29
And our desire to be coupled
to another brain
to another brain
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我們對另一個大腦
產生共鳴的基本渴望
產生共鳴的基本渴望
13:31
is something very basic
that starts at a very early age.
that starts at a very early age.
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在年齡很小的時候就已經開始了。
13:36
So let me finish with an example
from my own private life
from my own private life
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最後，我用自己生活中的
一個例子作為結束，
一個例子作為結束，
13:41
that I think is a good example
of how coupling to other people
of how coupling to other people
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我覺得這是一個很好的例子
13:45
is really going to define who we are.
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說明了「共鳴」定義了我們是誰。
13:48
This my son Jonathan at a very early age.
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這是我兒子喬納森
非常年幼的時候。
非常年幼的時候。
13:51
See how he developed
a vocal game together with my wife,
a vocal game together with my wife,
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看他與內人一起玩聲音的遊戲，
13:55
only from the desire and pure joy
of being coupled to another human being.
of being coupled to another human being.
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僅僅源自渴望與他人
產生共鳴的單純喜悅。
產生共鳴的單純喜悅。
14:01
(Both vocalizing)
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（兩個人發聲）
14:14
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:17
Now, think how the ability of my son
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想想看，我的兒子與他生命中
其他人共鳴的能力，
其他人共鳴的能力，
14:21
to be coupled to us
and other people in his life
and other people in his life
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14:23
is going to shape the man
he is going to become.
he is going to become.
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將會如何形塑出他未來的人格。
14:26
And think how you change on a daily basis
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也想想看，
你平日與生命中其他人的互動，
如何改變了你。
如何改變了你。
14:29
from the interaction and coupling
to other people in your life.
to other people in your life.
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14:34
So keep being coupled to other people.
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所以持續跟其他人產生共鳴。
14:37
Keep spreading your ideas,
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持續分享你的想法，
14:38
because the sum of all of us
together, coupled,
together, coupled,
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因為我們共鳴起來的總力量，
14:41
is greater than our parts.
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遠遠勝過我們分開的個別力量。
14:43
Thank you.
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謝謝。
14:44
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Uri Hasson - NeuroscientistWhy do great thoughts and stories resonate so strongly with so many people, and how do we communicate them? Using fMRI experiments, Uri Hasson is looking for the answers.
Why you should listen
Rather than purging real-world complexity from his experiments, Uri Hasson and his Princeton lab collaborators use messy, real-life stimuli to study how our brains communicate with other brains.
Using fMRI to peer into his subjects’ brain activity, Hasson has discovered that a great storyteller literally causes the neurons of an audience to closely sync with the storyteller’s brain -- a finding that has far-reaching implications for communicators, teachers, performers, and scientists alike.
Uri Hasson | Speaker | TED.com