TED2006
Amy Smith: Simple designs to save a life
Amy Smith: Dissenys simples que salven vides
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El fum de les cuines de foc a l'interior mata més de 2 milions de nens a l'any en els països en desenvolupament. L'Amy Smith de l'Institut Tecnològic de Massachussetts ens detalla una solució simple i emocionant: una eina per convertir el rebuig dels cultius en carbó que crema d'una manera neta.
Amy Smith - inventor, engineer
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Pel que fa a invents,
00:25
In terms of invention,
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00:26
I'd like to tell you the tale
of one of my favorite projects.
of one of my favorite projects.
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m'agradaria explicar-vos la història
d'un dels meus projectes preferits.
d'un dels meus projectes preferits.
00:29
I think it's one of the most exciting
that I'm working on,
that I'm working on,
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És un dels més emocionants
en els que estic treballant,
en els que estic treballant,
però també crec que és el més simple.
00:32
but I think it's also the simplest.
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És un projecte que té el potencial
de beneficiar a tot el món.
de beneficiar a tot el món.
00:34
It's a project that has the potential
to make a huge impact around the world.
to make a huge impact around the world.
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Aborda un dels problemes
de salut més grans del planeta,
de salut més grans del planeta,
00:39
It addresses one of the biggest
health issues on the planet,
health issues on the planet,
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la primera causa de mortalitat
de nens menors de cinc anys,
de nens menors de cinc anys,
00:42
the number one cause of death
in children under five.
in children under five.
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que és... ? Malalties transmesses
per l'aigua? Diarrea? Malnutrició?
per l'aigua? Diarrea? Malnutrició?
00:46
Which is ...?
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00:48
Water-borne diseases?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
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No, és respirar el fum
de cuines d'interior
de cuines d'interior
00:52
No.
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00:53
It's breathing the smoke
from indoor cooking fires --
from indoor cooking fires --
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el que causa infeccions respiratòries
agudes. Us ho podeu creure?
agudes. Us ho podeu creure?
00:57
acute respiratory infections
caused by this.
caused by this.
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01:00
Can you believe that?
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Ho trobo xocant i desastrós.
01:02
I find this shocking
and somewhat appalling.
and somewhat appalling.
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No podem crear combustibles
de cuina més nets?
de cuina més nets?
01:05
Can't we make
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
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No podem fer millors cuines?
01:08
Can't we make better stoves?
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Com pot ser que això provoqui
dos milions de morts cada any?
dos milions de morts cada any?
01:10
How is it that this can lead
to over two million deaths every year?
to over two million deaths every year?
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Sé que el Bill Joy us explicava
01:14
I know Bill Joy was talking to you
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
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les meravelles dels nanotubs de carboni,
així que jo us parlaré
01:18
so I'm going to talk to you
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
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de les meravelles dels macrotubs
de carboni, que és el carbó.
de carboni, que és el carbó.
01:22
which is charcoal.
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01:24
(Laughter)
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Aquí tenim una foto d'Haití rural. Avui,
Haití està desforestat en un 98%.
Haití està desforestat en un 98%.
01:26
So this is a picture of rural Haiti.
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01:28
Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
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Veureu escenes com
aquesta per tota l'illa.
aquesta per tota l'illa.
01:31
You'll see scenes like this
all over the island.
all over the island.
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Comporta tota mena
de problemes mediambientals
de problemes mediambientals
01:34
It leads to all sorts
of environmental problems
of environmental problems
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i qüestions que afecten
a la gent de tota la nació.
a la gent de tota la nació.
01:37
and problems that affect people
throughout the nation.
throughout the nation.
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01:41
A couple years ago
there was severe flooding
there was severe flooding
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Fa un parell d'anys
hi van haver fortes inundacions
hi van haver fortes inundacions
que van causar milers de morts,
01:43
that led to thousands of deaths --
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i això es pot atribuir directament
01:45
that's directly attributable to the fact
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a que no hi ha arbres als turons
per tal d'estabilitzar el sòl.
per tal d'estabilitzar el sòl.
01:47
that there are no trees on the hills
to stabilize the soil.
to stabilize the soil.
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Quan comença a ploure, la pluja
va als rius, i hi ha inundacions.
va als rius, i hi ha inundacions.
01:50
So the rains come --
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01:51
they go down the rivers
and the flooding happens.
and the flooding happens.
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Una de les raons per la qual quasi
no hi ha arbres és aquesta:
no hi ha arbres és aquesta:
01:55
Now one of the reasons
why there are so few trees is this:
why there are so few trees is this:
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la gent necessita cuinar,
i recol·lecten fusta
i recol·lecten fusta
01:58
people need to cook,
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02:00
and they harvest wood
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
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per fer carbó i preparar el menjar.
No és que la gent es desentengui
dels danys mediambientals.
dels danys mediambientals.
02:04
It's not that people are ignorant
to the environmental damage.
to the environmental damage.
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En són conscients,
però no tenen cap altre remei.
però no tenen cap altre remei.
02:07
They know perfectly well,
but they have no other choice.
but they have no other choice.
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No tenen combustibles fossils a l'abast,
02:09
Fossil fuels are not available,
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i l'energia solar no els permet
cuinar de la manera com els agrada.
cuinar de la manera com els agrada.
02:11
and solar energy doesn't cook the way
that they like their food prepared.
that they like their food prepared.
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02:16
And so this is what they do.
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I això és el que fan.
Trobareu famílies com aquesta
que van al bosc a buscar un arbre,
que van al bosc a buscar un arbre,
02:18
You'll find families like this who go out
into the forest to find a tree,
into the forest to find a tree,
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el tal·len i en fan carbó.
02:23
cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
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Així que no és sorprenent
que hi hagi molts projectes
que hi hagi molts projectes
02:27
So not surprisingly,
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02:28
there's a lot of effort that's been done
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
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per trobar una alternativa
als combustibles per la cuina.
als combustibles per la cuina.
Fa uns quatre anys vaig portar
un equip d'estudiants a Haití,
un equip d'estudiants a Haití,
02:34
About four years ago, I took
a team of students down to Haiti
a team of students down to Haiti
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on vam treballar amb
voluntaris de Cossos de Pau.
voluntaris de Cossos de Pau.
02:37
and we worked with
Peace Corps volunteers there.
Peace Corps volunteers there.
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02:39
This is one such volunteer
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Aquest és un dels voluntaris,
02:41
and this is a device that he had built
in the village where he worked.
in the village where he worked.
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i això és un aparell que va construïr
al poble on va treballar.
al poble on va treballar.
02:44
And the idea was
that you could take waste paper;
that you could take waste paper;
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I la idea és que es pot agafar
qualsevol paper per llençar.
qualsevol paper per llençar.
es comprimeix, i se'n fan briquetes
que es poden fer servir de combustible.
que es poden fer servir de combustible.
02:47
you could compress it
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02:48
and make briquettes
that could be used for fuel.
that could be used for fuel.
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Però aquest aparell era molt lent.
02:51
But this device was very slow.
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Així que els nostres alumnes
d'ingenieria es van posar a treballar
d'ingenieria es van posar a treballar
02:53
So our engineering students
went to work on it
went to work on it
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i amb alguns canvis molt senzills,
02:56
and with some very simple changes,
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02:58
they were able to triple
the throughput of this device.
the throughput of this device.
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van ser capaços de triplicar
el rendiment d'aquest aparell.
el rendiment d'aquest aparell.
03:01
So you could imagine
they were very excited about it.
they were very excited about it.
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Com us podeu imaginar,
estaven molt emocionats.
estaven molt emocionats.
Van portar les briquetes a al MIT
per tal de poder analitzar-les.
per tal de poder analitzar-les.
03:04
And they took the briquettes back to MIT
so that they could test them.
so that they could test them.
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I el que van descobrir
és que no cremaven.
és que no cremaven.
03:08
And one of the things
that they found was they didn't burn.
that they found was they didn't burn.
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Així que va ser una mica
descoratjador per als alumnes.
descoratjador per als alumnes.
03:13
So it was a little
discouraging to the students.
discouraging to the students.
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03:15
(Laughter)
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I de fet, si mireu bé, aquí,
03:17
And in fact, if you look closely,
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03:19
right here you can see
it says, "US Peace Corps."
it says, "US Peace Corps."
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podeu veure com hi diu, "U.S Peace Corps".
Es veu que realment no hi havia
paper per llençar en aquest poble.
paper per llençar en aquest poble.
03:23
As it turns out, there actually wasn't
any waste paper in this village.
any waste paper in this village.
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I tot i que feia bon ús de
la paperassa del govern
la paperassa del govern
03:27
And while it was a good use
of government paperwork
of government paperwork
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03:30
for this volunteer to bring it
back with him to his village,
back with him to his village,
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que aquest estudiant
portava al poble (Rialles),
portava al poble (Rialles),
aquest era a 800 quilòmetres
de distància.
de distància.
03:33
it was 800 kilometers away.
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Així que vam pensar que
potser hi havia una millor manera
potser hi havia una millor manera
03:35
And so we thought perhaps
there might be a better way
there might be a better way
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03:38
to come up with
an alternative cooking fuel.
an alternative cooking fuel.
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de trobar una alternativa
al combustible de cuina.
al combustible de cuina.
El que volíem era fer un combustible
03:41
What we wanted to do
is we wanted to make a fuel
is we wanted to make a fuel
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03:43
that used something that was
readily available on the local level.
readily available on the local level.
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que fes servir alguna cosa
que es trobés fàcilment a la localitat.
que es trobés fàcilment a la localitat.
Això és veu per tot Haití també.
Són petits molins de sucre.
Són petits molins de sucre.
03:47
You see these all over Haiti as well.
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03:48
They're small-scale sugar mills.
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03:50
And the waste product from them
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I el que en queda com a rebuig
després que el suc de la canya de sucre
se li hagi extret es diu "bagasse".
se li hagi extret es diu "bagasse".
03:52
after you extract the juice
from the sugarcane
from the sugarcane
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03:54
is called "bagasse."
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No té cap altre ús.
No té valor nutricional,
No té valor nutricional,
03:56
It has no other use.
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03:57
It has no nutritional value,
so they don't feed it to the animals.
so they don't feed it to the animals.
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així que no se'ls dóna als animals.
04:00
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill
until eventually they burn it.
until eventually they burn it.
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S'apila al costat del molí,
fins que un dia es crema.
fins que un dia es crema.
El que volíem fer era trobar una manera
04:05
What we wanted to do was
we wanted to find a way
we wanted to find a way
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d'aprofitar aquest rebuig
i convertir-lo en combustible
i convertir-lo en combustible
04:08
to harness this waste resource
and turn it into a fuel
and turn it into a fuel
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amb el que es pogués
cuinar de forma fàcil,
cuinar de forma fàcil,
04:11
that would be something
that people could easily cook with,
that people could easily cook with,
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com el carbó.
04:14
something like charcoal.
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Així que durant dos anys, amb els alumnes
vam treballar per desenvolupar un procés.
vam treballar per desenvolupar un procés.
04:16
So over the next couple of years,
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04:18
students and I worked
to develop a process.
to develop a process.
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Agafem per la "bagasse"
i utilitzem un forn senzill
i utilitzem un forn senzill
04:21
So you start with the bagasse,
and then you take a very simple kiln
and then you take a very simple kiln
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que es pot fer a partir
d'un barril vell de vint litres.
d'un barril vell de vint litres.
04:25
that you can make out of
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
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Després d'una estona
d'haver-lo encès, es tanca
d'haver-lo encès, es tanca
04:28
After some time, after setting it on fire,
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04:31
you seal it to restrict the oxygen
that goes into the kiln,
that goes into the kiln,
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per tal de restringir l'oxigen
que va dins del forn,
que va dins del forn,
i s'obté aquest material carbonitzat.
04:35
and then you end up
with this carbonized material here.
with this carbonized material here.
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Això però, no es pot cremar.
És massa fi
És massa fi
04:38
However, you can't burn this.
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04:40
It's too fine and it burns too quickly
to be useful for cooking.
to be useful for cooking.
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i crema massa ràpid
per poder ser útil per cuinar.
per poder ser útil per cuinar.
Així que vam haver de trobar
una manera de fer-ne briquetes.
una manera de fer-ne briquetes.
04:45
So we had to try to find a way
to form it into useful briquettes.
to form it into useful briquettes.
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I, per sort,
un dels meus estudiants era de Ghana,
un dels meus estudiants era de Ghana,
04:49
And conveniently,
one of my students was from Ghana,
one of my students was from Ghana,
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i va recordar un plat que li cuinava
la seva mare, anomenat "kokonte",
la seva mare, anomenat "kokonte",
04:52
and he remembered a dish his mom
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
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04:56
which is a very sticky porridge
made out of the cassava root.
made out of the cassava root.
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que són unes farinetes enganxoses,
fetes de l'arrel de la mandioca.
fetes de l'arrel de la mandioca.
04:59
And so what we did was we looked,
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Així que vam mirar i vam trobar
05:01
and we found that cassava
is indeed grown in Haiti,
is indeed grown in Haiti,
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que la mandioca creix a Haití
i s'anomena "manioc."
i s'anomena "manioc."
05:04
under the name of "manioc."
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I de fet, creix arreu del món:
05:06
In fact, it's grown all over the world --
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iuca, tapioca, manioc,
mandioca, és tot el mateix,
mandioca, és tot el mateix,
05:08
yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava,
it's all the same thing --
it's all the same thing --
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05:11
a very starchy root vegetable.
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una arrel amb fècula.
I se'n poden fer farinetes
molt espesses i enganxoses,
molt espesses i enganxoses,
05:13
And you can make a very thick,
sticky porridge out of it,
sticky porridge out of it,
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que és pot utilitzar per empastar
les briquetes de carbó.
les briquetes de carbó.
05:17
which you can use to bind together
the charcoal briquettes.
the charcoal briquettes.
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I això vam fer. Vam anar a Haití.
05:21
So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
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Aquests són els graduats
de la primera "École de Chabon",
de la primera "École de Chabon",
05:24
These are the graduates
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
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o l'institut del carbó. I aquests
05:27
or Charcoal Institute.
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(Rialles)
05:28
And these --
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05:30
(Laughter)
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Sí. Sóc professora al MIT i al CIT.
05:31
That's right. So I'm actually
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
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I aquestes són les briquetes
que vam preparar.
que vam preparar.
05:37
And these are the briquettes that we made.
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Ara us portaré a un continent diferent.
Això és a la Índia,
Això és a la Índia,
05:40
Now I'm going to take you
to a different continent.
to a different continent.
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05:44
This is India
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i aquest és el combustible
més utilitzat per cuinar: fems de vaca.
més utilitzat per cuinar: fems de vaca.
05:45
and this is the most commonly used
cooking fuel in India.
cooking fuel in India.
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05:48
It's cow dung.
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I més que a Haití, aquest combustible fa
que els focs facin molt de fum,
que els focs facin molt de fum,
05:50
And more than in Haiti,
this produces really smoky fires,
this produces really smoky fires,
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i és on es veu l'impacte en la salut
05:54
and this is where you see
the health impacts
the health impacts
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05:56
of cooking with cow dung
and biomass as a fuel.
and biomass as a fuel.
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de cuinar amb fems de vaca
i amb biomassa com a combustible.
i amb biomassa com a combustible.
Afecta especialment a nens i dones,
06:01
Kids and women
are especially affected by it,
are especially affected by it,
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06:03
because they're the ones
who are around the cooking fires.
who are around the cooking fires.
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perquè són els que es troben
al voltant dels focs de cuina.
al voltant dels focs de cuina.
Així que volíem veure
si podíem introduïr-hi
si podíem introduïr-hi
06:06
So we wanted to see
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06:08
if we could introduce
this charcoal-making technology there.
this charcoal-making technology there.
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aquesta tecnologia de fer carbó.
Desafortunadament,
no teníen canya de sucre
no teníen canya de sucre
06:11
Well, unfortunately,
they didn't have sugarcane
they didn't have sugarcane
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i no tenien mandioca,
però això no ens va aturar.
però això no ens va aturar.
06:14
and they didn't have cassava,
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06:15
but that didn't stop us.
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Vam buscar el tipus
de biomassa més comú.
de biomassa més comú.
06:17
What we did was we found what were
the locally available sources of biomass.
the locally available sources of biomass.
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I hi havia palla de blat i
palla d'arròs en aquella àrea.
palla d'arròs en aquella àrea.
06:21
And there was wheat straw
and there was rice straw in this area.
and there was rice straw in this area.
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I el que podíem fer servir per lligar-ho
06:24
And what we could use as a binder
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
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eren petites quantitats de fems de vaca,
que ja feien servir,
per norma general, com a combustible.
per norma general, com a combustible.
06:28
which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
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I vam fer proves comparatives,
i aquí podeu veure
i aquí podeu veure
06:31
And we did side-by-side tests,
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06:33
and here you can see
the charcoal briquettes
the charcoal briquettes
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les briquetes de carbó
i els fems de vaca.
i els fems de vaca.
06:36
and here the cow dung.
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06:37
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner
burning of a cooking fuel.
burning of a cooking fuel.
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Podeu veure que
és un combustible més net.
és un combustible més net.
I de fet, escalfa l'aigua més ràpid.
06:41
And in fact, it heats the water
a lot more quickly.
a lot more quickly.
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06:43
And so we were very happy, thus far.
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Estàvem contents, de moment.
Però vam descobrir que,
06:46
But one of the things that we found
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06:47
was when we did side-by-side
comparisons with wood charcoal,
comparisons with wood charcoal,
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si ho comparavem amb carbó fet de fusta,
06:50
it didn't burn as long.
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no cremava durant tanta estona.
I les briquetes es desfeien una mica,
I les briquetes es desfeien una mica,
06:52
And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
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i perdíem energia quan
es trencava mentre cuinaven.
es trencava mentre cuinaven.
06:54
and we lost energy as they fell apart
as they were cooking.
as they were cooking.
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Així que vam intentar trobar una solució
per fer una briqueta més forta
per fer una briqueta més forta
06:57
So we wanted to try to find a way
to make a stronger briquette
to make a stronger briquette
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07:00
so that we could compete with
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
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per tal de poder competir amb el carbó
de fusta al mercat d'Haití.
de fusta al mercat d'Haití.
Vam tornar al MIT, vam agafar la màquina "Instron",
07:05
So we went back to MIT,
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07:07
we took out the Instron machine
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i vam recercar quin tipus
de pressió es necesitava
de pressió es necesitava
07:09
and we figured out
what sort of forces you needed
what sort of forces you needed
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per poder comprimir una briqueta
de tal manera que
de tal manera que
07:12
in order to compress
a briquette to the level
a briquette to the level
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es pogués obtenir una millora de rendiment.
07:14
that you actually are getting
improved performance out of it?
improved performance out of it?
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I a la vegada que
els alumnes eren al laboratori,
els alumnes eren al laboratori,
07:17
And at the same time that we had
students in the lab looking at this,
students in the lab looking at this,
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també teníem companys a Haití
desenvolupant el procés,
desenvolupant el procés,
07:21
we also had community partners in Haiti
working to develop the process,
working to develop the process,
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per millorar i fer-ho
més accessible pels pobles.
més accessible pels pobles.
07:28
to improve it and make it more accessible
to people in the villages there.
to people in the villages there.
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I poc després,
07:33
And after some time,
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vam desenvolupar una premsa
barata que produia carbó,
barata que produia carbó,
07:35
we developed a low-cost press
that allows you to produce charcoal,
that allows you to produce charcoal,
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que cremava més temps i de manera
més neta que el carbó fet de fusta.
més neta que el carbó fet de fusta.
07:40
which actually now burns not only --
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07:43
actually, it burns longer,
cleaner than wood charcoal.
cleaner than wood charcoal.
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Així que la situació actual és
que tenim un producte millor
que tenim un producte millor
07:47
So now we're in a situation
where we have a product,
where we have a product,
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07:49
which is actually better than what
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
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que el que es podia comprar
al mercat d'Haití,
al mercat d'Haití,
un lloc meravellós, per cert.
07:54
which is a very wonderful place to be.
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Només a Haití, es talen
uns 30 milions d'arbres cada any.
uns 30 milions d'arbres cada any.
07:58
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees
are cut down every year.
are cut down every year.
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08:03
There's a possibility
of this being implemented
of this being implemented
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I tenim la possibilitat
d'implementar aquest pla
d'implementar aquest pla
i salvar una gran part dels arbres.
08:06
and saving a good portion of those.
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A més, els guanys generats amb el carbó
són de 260 milions de dòlars.
són de 260 milions de dòlars.
08:08
In addition, the revenue generated
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
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És molt per a un país com Haití,
08:14
That's an awful lot
for a country like Haiti --
for a country like Haiti --
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amb una població de vuit milions
08:17
with a population of eight million
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i un salari mig de menys de 400 dòlars.
08:19
and an average income
of less than 400 dollars.
of less than 400 dollars.
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Així que en aquest aspecte també
anem endavant amb el projecte del carbó.
anem endavant amb el projecte del carbó.
08:23
So this is where we're also moving ahead
with our charcoal project.
with our charcoal project.
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08:27
And one of the things
that I think is also interesting,
that I think is also interesting,
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I una altra cosa que també crec que és interessant,
és que tinc un amic a la universitat de
Berkeley que ha fet un anàlisi de risc,
Berkeley que ha fet un anàlisi de risc,
08:30
is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley
who's been doing risk analysis.
who's been doing risk analysis.
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08:34
And he's looked at the problem
of the health impacts
of the health impacts
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I ha estudiat el problema
de l'impacte en la salut
de l'impacte en la salut
08:37
of burning wood versus charcoal.
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de cremar fusta o carbó.
08:39
And he's found that worldwide,
you could prevent a million deaths
you could prevent a million deaths
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I ha vist que a nivell mundial,
es podrien prevenir un milió de morts
si es canviés de fusta a carbó
si es canviés de fusta a carbó
08:43
switching from wood
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
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com a combustible de cuina.
És molt interessant,
És molt interessant,
08:46
That's remarkable,
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però fins ara, no hi havia manera
de fer-ho sense tal·lar arbres.
de fer-ho sense tal·lar arbres.
08:47
but up until now, there weren't ways
to do it without cutting down trees.
to do it without cutting down trees.
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Ara tenim una manera:
08:51
But now we have a way
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08:52
that's using an agricultural
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
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utilitzar el rebuig de l'agricultura
per crear combustible per cuinar.
per crear combustible per cuinar.
08:56
One of the really exciting things, though,
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Una de les coses més emocionants, però,
08:58
is something that came out of the trip
that I took to Ghana just last month.
that I took to Ghana just last month.
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és el que va sorgir del viatge
que vaig fer a Ghana el mes passat.
que vaig fer a Ghana el mes passat.
I crec que és genial,
09:02
And I think it's the coolest thing,
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i és encara més arcaic que tot
el que acabeu de veure,
el que acabeu de veure,
09:05
and it's even lower tech
than what you just saw,
than what you just saw,
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si us ho podeu creure. És això.
09:08
if you can imagine such a thing.
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09:10
Here it is.
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Què és? Són panotxes de blat de moro
transformades en carbó.
transformades en carbó.
09:11
So what is this?
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09:13
This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
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I la millor part és
que no cal fer-ne briquetes
que no cal fer-ne briquetes
09:15
And the beauty of this is
that you don't need to form briquettes --
that you don't need to form briquettes --
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perquè ja venen fetes.
Aquest és el meu portàtil de 100$.
Aquest és el meu portàtil de 100$.
09:19
it comes ready made.
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09:20
This is my $100 laptop, right here.
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I com en Nick, he portat mostres.
09:23
And actually, like Nick,
I brought samples.
I brought samples.
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(Rialles)
09:26
(Laughter)
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09:28
So we can pass these around.
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Les podeu passar.
Són funcionals, provades, i estàn a punt.
09:32
They're fully functional,
field-tested, ready to roll out.
field-tested, ready to roll out.
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09:36
(Laughter)
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I el que és notable
d'aquesta tecnologia,
d'aquesta tecnologia,
09:40
And I think one of the things
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09:41
which is also remarkable
about this technology,
about this technology,
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és que la transferència
de tecnologia és molt fàcil.
de tecnologia és molt fàcil.
09:46
is that the technology
transfer is so easy.
transfer is so easy.
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Comparat amb el carbó de la canya de sucre,
09:48
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
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on s'ha d'ensenyar a la gent com formar les briquetes
09:51
where we have to teach people
how to form it into briquettes
how to form it into briquettes
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i es necessita un altre pas
per cuinar l'adhesiu,
per cuinar l'adhesiu,
09:53
and you have the extra step
of cooking the binder,
of cooking the binder,
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aquestes briquetes ja vénen fetes.
09:56
this comes pre-briquetted.
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I això és el més emocionant
a la meva vida avui en dia,
a la meva vida avui en dia,
09:57
And this is about the most exciting
thing in my life right now,
thing in my life right now,
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el que potser és un comentari
molt trist sobre la meva vida.
molt trist sobre la meva vida.
10:00
which is perhaps
a sad commentary on my life.
a sad commentary on my life.
198
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(Rialles)
10:04
(Laughter)
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Però una vegada ho hagueu vist,
com vosaltres a primera fila, eh,
com vosaltres a primera fila, eh,
10:06
But once you see it,
like you guys in the front row --
like you guys in the front row --
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Sí, bé. En fi,
10:08
All right, yeah, OK.
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10:10
So anyway --
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(Rialles)
10:11
(Laughter)
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2016
Ja ho veieu. Aquest és un exemple perfecte
10:13
Here it is.
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10:14
And this is, I think, a perfect example
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del que Robert Wright parlava
en aquelles coses de non-zero.
en aquelles coses de non-zero.
10:17
of what Robert Wright was talking about
in those non-zero-sum things.
in those non-zero-sum things.
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Per tant, no només té
beneficis per a la salut,
beneficis per a la salut,
10:22
So not only do you have health benefits,
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sinó també mediambientals.
10:24
you have environmental benefits.
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I és un d'aquests casos increïbles
10:27
But this is one
of the incredibly rare situations
of the incredibly rare situations
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on també hi ha beneficis econòmics.
10:30
where you also have economic benefits.
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La gent pot fabricar el seu propi
combustible amb materials de rebuig.
combustible amb materials de rebuig.
10:33
People can make their own cooking fuel
from waste products.
from waste products.
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10:36
They can generate income from this.
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Poden obtenir-ne un salari.
10:38
They can save the money
that they were going to spend on charcoal
that they were going to spend on charcoal
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Poden estalviar diners que
d'altra manera gastarien en carbó,
d'altra manera gastarien en carbó,
10:41
and they can produce excess
and sell it in the market
and sell it in the market
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i poden produïr més del compte
i vendre'l al mercat
i vendre'l al mercat
a la gent que no el fabrica.
10:44
to people who aren't making their own.
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És molt rar que no hi hagi aspectes negatius
10:46
It's really rare
that you don't have trade-offs
that you don't have trade-offs
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entre la salut i l'economia,
o el mediambient i l'economia.
o el mediambient i l'economia.
10:48
between health and economics,
or environment and economics.
or environment and economics.
217
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10:51
So this is a project
that I just find extremely exciting
that I just find extremely exciting
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Per això trobo que aquest
projecte és tan emocionant,
projecte és tan emocionant,
i tinc ganes de veure on ens porta.
10:55
and I'm really looking forward
to see where it takes us.
to see where it takes us.
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Així que quan parlem
del futur que volem crear,
del futur que volem crear,
11:02
So when we talk about, now,
the future we will create,
the future we will create,
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una de les coses que
penso que són necessàries
penso que són necessàries
11:06
one of the things
that I think is necessary
that I think is necessary
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11:08
is to have a very clear vision
of the world that we live in.
of the world that we live in.
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és tenir una visió molt clara
del món on vivim.
del món on vivim.
I no vull dir el món on nosaltres vivim.
11:12
And now, I don't actually mean
the world that we live in.
the world that we live in.
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11:16
I mean the world where women
spend two to three hours everyday
spend two to three hours everyday
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Em refereixo al món on les dones
es passen dues i tres hores al dia
es passen dues i tres hores al dia
molent el gra perquè
les seves famílies mengin.
les seves famílies mengin.
11:20
grinding grain for their families to eat.
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El món on els materials
de construcció més moderns
de construcció més moderns
11:24
I mean the world
where advanced building materials
where advanced building materials
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11:27
means cement roofing tiles
that are made by hand,
that are made by hand,
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són rajoles de ciment fetes a mà,
i on, treballant 10 hores diàries,
11:30
and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
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11:32
you're still only earning
60 dollars in a month.
60 dollars in a month.
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només és guanyen 60 dòlars al mes.
El món on dones i nens passen milions
d'hores d'hores a l'any buscant aigua.
d'hores d'hores a l'any buscant aigua.
11:37
I mean the world
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11:38
where women and children spend
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
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Això representa el mateix que
si tota la gent de Califòrnia
si tota la gent de Califòrnia
11:45
That's as if the entire workforce
of the state of California
of the state of California
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treballés tot un any, només buscant aigua.
11:49
worked full time for a year
doing nothing but fetching water.
doing nothing but fetching water.
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És un lloc on, per exemple,
si això fos la Índia,
si això fos la Índia,
11:53
It's a place where,
for example, if this were India,
for example, if this were India,
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en aquesta sala,
només tres persones tindríen un cotxe.
només tres persones tindríen un cotxe.
11:57
in this room, only three of us
would have a car.
would have a car.
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Si això fos Afghanistan,
12:01
If this were Afghanistan,
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només una persona d'aquesta sala
sabria com fer servir Internet.
sabria com fer servir Internet.
12:02
only one person in this room
would know how the use the Internet.
would know how the use the Internet.
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Si això fos Zambia, 300 persones
de la sala serien pagesos,
de la sala serien pagesos,
12:06
If this were Zambia --
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12:08
300 of you would be farmers,
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100 tindrien la Sida.
12:11
100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
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I més de la meitat de la sala viuria
amb menys d'un dòlar al dia.
amb menys d'un dòlar al dia.
12:14
And more than half of you would be living
on less than a dollar a day.
on less than a dollar a day.
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Aquests són els problemes
que hem de solucionar.
que hem de solucionar.
12:19
These are the issues that we
need to come up with solutions for.
need to come up with solutions for.
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Són els problemes pels que
hem d'entrenar als nostres enginyers,
hem d'entrenar als nostres enginyers,
12:23
These are the issues that
we need to be training our engineers,
we need to be training our engineers,
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12:27
our designers, our business people,
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
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aels nostres dissenyadors,
empresaris, emprenedors.
empresaris, emprenedors.
Són les solucions que cal trobar.
12:32
These are the solutions
that we need to find.
that we need to find.
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12:34
I have a few areas that I believe
are especially important that we address.
are especially important that we address.
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Hi ha algunes àrees que
considero d'especial importància.
considero d'especial importància.
Una d'elles és crear mecanismes per
incentivar micro-finances i empreses,
incentivar micro-finances i empreses,
12:41
One of them is creating technologies
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12:43
to promote micro-finance
and micro-enterprise,
and micro-enterprise,
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per tal de que la gent que viu per sota
el nivell de pobresa tingui una sortida
el nivell de pobresa tingui una sortida
12:46
so that people who are living
below the poverty line
below the poverty line
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12:49
can find a way to move out --
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i que no sigui
12:50
and that they're not doing it
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de la manera tradicional;
fent cistelles, criant bestiar, etc.
fent cistelles, criant bestiar, etc.
12:51
using the same traditional
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
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12:55
But there are new technologies
and new products
and new products
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Hi ha noves tecnologies i nous productes
12:57
that they can make on a small scale.
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que poden fer en petita escala.
13:00
The next thing I believe
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L'altra cosa que crec que cal fer és
crear tecnologies per als pagesos pobres
crear tecnologies per als pagesos pobres
13:01
is that we need to create
technologies for poor farmers
technologies for poor farmers
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per tal d'incrementar
el valor dels seus cultius.
el valor dels seus cultius.
13:06
to add value to their own crops.
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I ens hem de repensar les nostres
estratègies de desenvolupament,
estratègies de desenvolupament,
13:09
And we need to rethink
our development strategies,
our development strategies,
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per tal de no promoure
campanyes educatives
campanyes educatives
13:12
so that we're not promoting
educational campaigns
educational campaigns
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13:15
to get them to stop being farmers,
260
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que facin que ja no vulguin ser pagesos,
13:17
but rather to stop being poor farmers.
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sinó fer que no siguin pagesos pobres.
13:20
And we need to think
about how we can do that effectively.
about how we can do that effectively.
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I hem de pensar com
ho podem fer de manera efectiva.
ho podem fer de manera efectiva.
Necessitem treballar amb
la gent d'aquestes comunitats,
la gent d'aquestes comunitats,
13:24
We need to work with the people
in these communities
in these communities
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i donar-los els recursos
i eines que necessiten
i eines que necessiten
13:27
and give them the resources
and the tools that they need
and the tools that they need
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per solucionar els seus problemes.
És la millor manera.
És la millor manera.
13:29
to solve their own problems.
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13:31
That's the best way to do it.
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No ho hem de fer des de fora.
13:33
We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
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Així que necessitem crear aquest futur
i hem de començar ara mateix.
i hem de començar ara mateix.
13:35
So we need to create this future,
and we need to start doing it now.
and we need to start doing it now.
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Gràcies.
13:40
Thank you.
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13:41
(Applause)
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(Aplaudiments)
13:46
Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible.
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13:49
Stay here.
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Chris Anderson: Digui'ns, mentre
esperem si algú té alguna pregunta,
esperem si algú té alguna pregunta,
13:51
Tell us -- just while we see
if someone has a question --
if someone has a question --
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expliquin's algun
dels seus altres projectes.
dels seus altres projectes.
13:54
just tell us about one of the other things
that you've worked on.
that you've worked on.
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Amy Smith: un parell d'aspectes
que també estem adreçant
que també estem adreçant
13:57
Amy Smith: Some of the other
things we're working on
things we're working on
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és trobar maneres per
fer proves barates a l'aigua,
fer proves barates a l'aigua,
14:00
are ways to do low-cost
water quality testing,
water quality testing,
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perquè les comunitats puguin mantenir
els seus propis sistemes d'aigua,
els seus propis sistemes d'aigua,
14:02
so that communities can maintain
their own water systems,
their own water systems,
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saber quan funcionen,
saber quan tractar-les, etc.
saber quan tractar-les, etc.
14:05
know when they're working,
know when they treat them, etc.
know when they treat them, etc.
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14:07
We're also looking at low-cost
water-treatment systems.
water-treatment systems.
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També estem treballant amb
maneres de tractar l'aigua a baix cost.
maneres de tractar l'aigua a baix cost.
Una de les coses més apassionants
és la desinfecció solar de l'aigua
és la desinfecció solar de l'aigua
14:10
One of the really exciting things
is looking at solar water disinfection
is looking at solar water disinfection
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i la millora d'aquest procés.
14:13
and improving the ability
to be able to do that.
to be able to do that.
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CA: Quina és la trava que no permet
que tot això no es faci més gran?
que tot això no es faci més gran?
14:17
CA: What's the bottleneck
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
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Necessiteu trobar emprendedors, o inversors,
14:21
Do you need to find entrepreneurs,
or venture capitalists,
or venture capitalists,
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o què necessiteu per portar
tot això que teniu al següent nivell?
tot això que teniu al següent nivell?
14:24
or what do you need to take
what you've got and get it to scale?
what you've got and get it to scale?
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AS: Si, crec que és un gran nombre
de persones el que fa que tiri endavant.
de persones el que fa que tiri endavant.
14:29
AS: I think it's large numbers
of people moving it forward.
of people moving it forward.
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És difícil; es un mercat molt fragmentat
14:32
It's a difficult thing --
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14:33
it's a marketplace
which is very fragmented
which is very fragmented
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i tenim una població de consumidors
sense ingressos.
sense ingressos.
14:35
and a consumer population with no income.
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No es poden fer servir els mateixos
models que als Estats Units
models que als Estats Units
14:37
So you can't use the same models
that you use in the United States
that you use in the United States
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14:40
for making things move forward.
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per fer que les coses tirin endavant.
14:42
And we're a pretty small staff,
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I som poca gent, jo.
14:44
which is me.
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14:45
(Laughter)
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(Rialles)
Així que faig el que puc
amb els alumnes.
amb els alumnes.
14:47
So, you know,
I do what I can with the students.
I do what I can with the students.
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Tenim 30 alumnes cada any
treballant en localitats
treballant en localitats
14:49
We have 30 students a year
go out into the field
go out into the field
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implementant les nostres tècniques
i fent que tiri endavant.
i fent que tiri endavant.
14:52
and try to implement this
and move it forward.
and move it forward.
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I l'altra cosa és que
s'han de fer les coses a llarg termini,
s'han de fer les coses a llarg termini,
14:54
The other thing is you have to do things
with a long time frame,
with a long time frame,
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no pots esperar tenir-ho
enllestit en un o dos anys;
enllestit en un o dos anys;
14:58
as, you know, you can't expect to get
something done in a year or two years;
something done in a year or two years;
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s'ha de mirar a 10 anys vista.
15:02
you have to be looking
five or 10 years ahead.
five or 10 years ahead.
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Però crec que amb aquesta visió,
ho podrem tirar endavant.
ho podrem tirar endavant.
15:04
But I think with the vision to do that,
we can move forward.
we can move forward.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amy Smith - inventor, engineerAmy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions.
Why you should listen
Mechanical engineer Amy Smith's approach to problem-solving in developing nations is refreshingly common-sense: Invent cheap, low-tech devices that use local resources, so communities can reproduce her efforts and ultimately help themselves. Smith, working with her students at MIT's D-Lab, has come up with several useful tools, including an incubator that stays warm without electricity, a simple grain mill, and a tool that converts farm waste into cleaner-burning charcoal.
The inventions have earned Smith three prestigious prizes: the B.F. Goodrich Collegiate Inventors Award, the MIT-Lemelson Prize, and a MacArthur "genius" grant. Her course, "Design for Developing Countries," is a pioneer in bringing humanitarian design into the curriculum of major institutions. Going forward, the former Peace Corps volunteer strives to do much more, bringing her inventiveness and boundless energy to bear on some of the world's most persistent problems.
Amy Smith | Speaker | TED.com