TED2006
Amy Smith: Simple designs to save a life
Amy Smith: Jednostavan dizajn za spas života
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
1,709,782 views
Kućna isparavanja izazvana kuhanjem ubijaju više od 2 milijuna djece na godinu u zemljama u razvoju. Inženjerka s MIT-a Amy Smith opisuje uzbudljivo, a jednostavno rješenje: alat za pretvaranje stajskog otpada u čisti ugljen za sagorijevanje.
Amy Smith - inventor, engineer
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Amy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
In terms of invention,
0
640
1215
Kada govorimo o izumima,
00:26
I'd like to tell you the tale
of one of my favorite projects.
of one of my favorite projects.
1
1880
2858
ispričala bih vam priču o jednom
od mojih najdražih projekata,
od mojih najdražih projekata,
00:29
I think it's one of the most exciting
that I'm working on,
that I'm working on,
2
4762
3293
jedan je od najuzbudljivijih
na kojima radim,
na kojima radim,
00:32
but I think it's also the simplest.
3
8080
1720
ali mislim da je i najjednostavniji.
00:34
It's a project that has the potential
to make a huge impact around the world.
to make a huge impact around the world.
4
10160
4456
Taj projekt mogao bi imati snažan
učinak diljem svijeta.
učinak diljem svijeta.
00:39
It addresses one of the biggest
health issues on the planet,
health issues on the planet,
5
14640
3416
Rješava jedan od najvećih zdravstvenih
problema na planetu,
problema na planetu,
00:42
the number one cause of death
in children under five.
in children under five.
6
18080
3012
najbrojniji uzročnik smrti
u djece ispod pet godina.
u djece ispod pet godina.
00:46
Which is ...?
7
21640
1200
Što bi to moglo biti?
00:48
Water-borne diseases?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
Diarrhea? Malnutrition?
8
23680
3080
Bolesti prenošene vodom?
Proljev? Pothranjenost?
Proljev? Pothranjenost?
00:52
No.
9
27200
1200
Ne.
00:53
It's breathing the smoke
from indoor cooking fires --
from indoor cooking fires --
10
28880
3616
Radi se o udisanju dima
uzrokovanog kuhanjem --
uzrokovanog kuhanjem --
00:57
acute respiratory infections
caused by this.
caused by this.
11
32520
2760
akutnim upalama dišnog
sustava koje to udisanje uzrokuje.
sustava koje to udisanje uzrokuje.
01:00
Can you believe that?
12
36040
1200
Možete li vjerovati?
01:02
I find this shocking
and somewhat appalling.
and somewhat appalling.
13
37880
3256
Mene ovo šokira i ostavlja bez riječi.
Zar ne možemo proizvesti čistije gorivo
za sagorijevanje pri kuhanju?
za sagorijevanje pri kuhanju?
01:05
Can't we make
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
cleaner burning cooking fuels?
14
41160
2616
01:08
Can't we make better stoves?
15
43800
1936
Zar ne možemo proizvesti bolje štednjake?
01:10
How is it that this can lead
to over two million deaths every year?
to over two million deaths every year?
16
45760
4016
Kako je moguće da ovo dovede
do preko 2 milijuna smrti svake godine?
do preko 2 milijuna smrti svake godine?
01:14
I know Bill Joy was talking to you
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
about the wonders of carbon nanotubes,
17
49800
4336
Znam da vam je Bill Joy govorio o čarima
karbonskih nanocijevi,
karbonskih nanocijevi,
01:18
so I'm going to talk to you
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes,
18
54160
3816
pa ću vam ja govoriti o čarima
karbonskih makrocijevi,
karbonskih makrocijevi,
01:22
which is charcoal.
19
58000
1216
što je zapravo ugljen.
01:24
(Laughter)
20
59240
1976
(Smijeh)
01:26
So this is a picture of rural Haiti.
21
61240
2176
Ovo je slika ruralnog Haitija.
01:28
Haiti is now 98 percent deforested.
22
63440
3296
98 posto haićanskih šuma je posječeno.
01:31
You'll see scenes like this
all over the island.
all over the island.
23
66760
3096
Ovakve prizore možete vidjeti
po cijelom otoku.
po cijelom otoku.
01:34
It leads to all sorts
of environmental problems
of environmental problems
24
69880
2776
Dovode do raznoraznih problema u okolišu
01:37
and problems that affect people
throughout the nation.
throughout the nation.
25
72680
4256
i problema koji utječu na ljude
u cijeloj zemlji.
u cijeloj zemlji.
Prije nekoliko godina došlo je
do teških poplava
do teških poplava
01:41
A couple years ago
there was severe flooding
there was severe flooding
26
76960
2056
01:43
that led to thousands of deaths --
27
79040
1620
koje su prouzročile tisuće smrti,
01:45
that's directly attributable to the fact
28
80684
1932
a te nesreće je moguće izravno
povezati s činjenicom
povezati s činjenicom
01:47
that there are no trees on the hills
to stabilize the soil.
to stabilize the soil.
29
82640
2976
da na brdima nema stabala
koja bi stabilizirala tlo.
koja bi stabilizirala tlo.
01:50
So the rains come --
30
85640
1256
I tako dođu kiše --
01:51
they go down the rivers
and the flooding happens.
and the flooding happens.
31
86920
2440
preliju se u rijeke i
događaju se poplave.
događaju se poplave.
01:55
Now one of the reasons
why there are so few trees is this:
why there are so few trees is this:
32
90440
3456
Jedan od razloga zašto je
tako malo drveća je ovaj:
tako malo drveća je ovaj:
01:58
people need to cook,
33
93920
1376
ljudi moraju kuhati
02:00
and they harvest wood
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
and they make charcoal in order to do it.
34
95320
4096
pa sijeku drvo kako bi
napravili ugljen za kuhanje.
napravili ugljen za kuhanje.
02:04
It's not that people are ignorant
to the environmental damage.
to the environmental damage.
35
99440
2905
Nije da ti ljudi nisu svjesni
štete koju nanose prirodi.
štete koju nanose prirodi.
02:07
They know perfectly well,
but they have no other choice.
but they have no other choice.
36
102369
2620
Njima je to sasvim jasno,
ali nemaju drugog izbora.
ali nemaju drugog izbora.
02:09
Fossil fuels are not available,
37
105013
2003
Fosilna goriva im nisu dostupna,
02:11
and solar energy doesn't cook the way
that they like their food prepared.
that they like their food prepared.
38
107040
4896
a solarna energija ne omogućuje
kuhanje hrane na način koji oni vole.
kuhanje hrane na način koji oni vole.
02:16
And so this is what they do.
39
111960
2136
Pa onda rade sljedeće.
02:18
You'll find families like this who go out
into the forest to find a tree,
into the forest to find a tree,
40
114120
4176
Naići ćete na obitelji koje odlaze
u šumu pronaći drvo,
u šumu pronaći drvo,
02:23
cut it down and make charcoal out of it.
41
118320
2880
sasjeći ga i napraviti ugljen od njega.
02:27
So not surprisingly,
42
122440
1216
Ne iznenađuje
02:28
there's a lot of effort that's been done
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
to look at alternative cooking fuels.
43
123680
4799
da se puno truda ulaže u
potragu za drugim gorivima za kuhanje.
potragu za drugim gorivima za kuhanje.
02:34
About four years ago, I took
a team of students down to Haiti
a team of students down to Haiti
44
129360
3056
Prije četiri godine odvela sam
tim studenata na Haiti
tim studenata na Haiti
02:37
and we worked with
Peace Corps volunteers there.
Peace Corps volunteers there.
45
132440
2416
i radili smo ondje s volonterima
mirovnih snaga.
mirovnih snaga.
02:39
This is one such volunteer
46
134880
1416
Ovo je jedan takav volonter,
02:41
and this is a device that he had built
in the village where he worked.
in the village where he worked.
47
136320
3616
a ovo je naprava koju je sagradio
u selu gdje je radio.
u selu gdje je radio.
02:44
And the idea was
that you could take waste paper;
that you could take waste paper;
48
139960
2656
Ideja je bila da se može
koristiti stari papir;
koristiti stari papir;
02:47
you could compress it
49
142640
1216
isprešati ga
02:48
and make briquettes
that could be used for fuel.
that could be used for fuel.
50
143880
2656
i napraviti brikete koje bi se
koristilo kao gorivo.
koristilo kao gorivo.
02:51
But this device was very slow.
51
146560
2016
Ali ta naprava bila je vrlo spora.
02:53
So our engineering students
went to work on it
went to work on it
52
148600
3096
Tako da su naši studenti strojarstva
nastavili raditi na njoj
nastavili raditi na njoj
02:56
and with some very simple changes,
53
151720
2096
te s nekoliko vrlo jednostavnih izmjena
uspjeli su utrostručiti količinu
tvari koja može proći kroz napravu.
tvari koja može proći kroz napravu.
02:58
they were able to triple
the throughput of this device.
the throughput of this device.
54
153840
3056
03:01
So you could imagine
they were very excited about it.
they were very excited about it.
55
156920
2536
Pa možete pretpostaviti da su
bili vrlo uzbuđeni zbog toga.
bili vrlo uzbuđeni zbog toga.
03:04
And they took the briquettes back to MIT
so that they could test them.
so that they could test them.
56
159480
3800
Ponijeli su brikete na MIT
kako bi ih testirali.
kako bi ih testirali.
03:08
And one of the things
that they found was they didn't burn.
that they found was they didn't burn.
57
164000
4256
Otkrili su da briketi ne gore.
03:13
So it was a little
discouraging to the students.
discouraging to the students.
58
168280
2776
Pa je to bilo malo obeshrabrujuće.
03:15
(Laughter)
59
171080
1536
(Smijeh)
03:17
And in fact, if you look closely,
60
172640
2376
A u biti, ako pažljivo promatrate,
03:19
right here you can see
it says, "US Peace Corps."
it says, "US Peace Corps."
61
175040
2600
ovdje vidite da piše
"Američka mirovna misija".
"Američka mirovna misija".
03:23
As it turns out, there actually wasn't
any waste paper in this village.
any waste paper in this village.
62
178640
3816
Ispostavilo se da u selu nije
ni bilo zaliha starog papira.
ni bilo zaliha starog papira.
03:27
And while it was a good use
of government paperwork
of government paperwork
63
182480
3216
Iako je to bio dobar način korištenja
vladine papirologije,
vladine papirologije,
03:30
for this volunteer to bring it
back with him to his village,
back with him to his village,
64
185720
2905
za ovog volontera koji ga je
donio u svoje selo,
donio u svoje selo,
03:33
it was 800 kilometers away.
65
188649
2087
to je bilo na 800 kilometara udaljenosti.
03:35
And so we thought perhaps
there might be a better way
there might be a better way
66
190760
2896
Pa smo mislili da možda
postoji bolji način
postoji bolji način
03:38
to come up with
an alternative cooking fuel.
an alternative cooking fuel.
67
193680
2200
da se dosjetimo zamjeni
za ugljen za kuhanje.
za ugljen za kuhanje.
03:41
What we wanted to do
is we wanted to make a fuel
is we wanted to make a fuel
68
196640
2256
Željeli smo napraviti gorivo
koje koristi nešto što je rasprostranjeno
i dostupno na lokalnoj razini.
i dostupno na lokalnoj razini.
03:43
that used something that was
readily available on the local level.
readily available on the local level.
69
198920
3336
03:47
You see these all over Haiti as well.
70
202280
1776
Ovo također možete vidjeti
po cijelom Haitiju.
po cijelom Haitiju.
03:48
They're small-scale sugar mills.
71
204080
1736
To su mali mlinovi za šećer.
03:50
And the waste product from them
72
205840
1496
A njihov otpadni proizvod
03:52
after you extract the juice
from the sugarcane
from the sugarcane
73
207360
2416
nakon što se iscijedi sok iz šećerne trske
03:54
is called "bagasse."
74
209800
1536
je "bagasse".
03:56
It has no other use.
75
211360
1216
Nema nikakvu namjenu.
03:57
It has no nutritional value,
so they don't feed it to the animals.
so they don't feed it to the animals.
76
212600
3296
Nema hranjivu vrijednost
pa ga ne daju životinjama.
pa ga ne daju životinjama.
04:00
It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill
until eventually they burn it.
until eventually they burn it.
77
215920
4040
Samo stoji u hrpama pored mlina
dok ga konačno ne spale.
dok ga konačno ne spale.
04:05
What we wanted to do was
we wanted to find a way
we wanted to find a way
78
221040
2296
Htjeli smo pronaći način
da ovladamo tim otpadnim izvorom energije
te ga pretvorimo u gorivo
te ga pretvorimo u gorivo
04:08
to harness this waste resource
and turn it into a fuel
and turn it into a fuel
79
223360
2976
04:11
that would be something
that people could easily cook with,
that people could easily cook with,
80
226360
2976
kojim bi ljudi lako mogli kuhati,
04:14
something like charcoal.
81
229360
1240
nešto poput ugljena.
04:16
So over the next couple of years,
82
231600
1616
I sljedećih nekoliko godina
04:18
students and I worked
to develop a process.
to develop a process.
83
233240
3656
radila sam sa studentima kako
bismo razvili postupak.
bismo razvili postupak.
04:21
So you start with the bagasse,
and then you take a very simple kiln
and then you take a very simple kiln
84
236920
3816
Počinjete s bagasseom i uzmete
vrlo jednostavnu peć
vrlo jednostavnu peć
04:25
that you can make out of
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum.
85
240760
3176
koju možete napraviti od starog
spremnika za naftu od 200 litara.
spremnika za naftu od 200 litara.
04:28
After some time, after setting it on fire,
86
243960
2296
Nakon nekog vremena,
nakon što ga zapalite,
nakon što ga zapalite,
04:31
you seal it to restrict the oxygen
that goes into the kiln,
that goes into the kiln,
87
246280
3976
zapečatite ga kako bi se zaustavio
dotok kisika u peć,
dotok kisika u peć,
04:35
and then you end up
with this carbonized material here.
with this carbonized material here.
88
250280
3000
i dobijete ovu ovdje karboniziranu tvar.
04:38
However, you can't burn this.
89
254080
1576
Međutim, ovo ne može gorjeti.
04:40
It's too fine and it burns too quickly
to be useful for cooking.
to be useful for cooking.
90
255680
4695
Presitno je i prebrzo gori
da bi bilo od koristi za kuhanje.
da bi bilo od koristi za kuhanje.
04:45
So we had to try to find a way
to form it into useful briquettes.
to form it into useful briquettes.
91
260399
4257
Pa smo morali pronaći način
da je oblikujemo u upotrebljive brikete.
da je oblikujemo u upotrebljive brikete.
04:49
And conveniently,
one of my students was from Ghana,
one of my students was from Ghana,
92
264680
3416
Prikladno, jedan od mojih studenata
bio je porijeklom iz Gane
bio je porijeklom iz Gane
04:52
and he remembered a dish his mom
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
used to make for him called "kokonte,"
93
268120
3334
i sjetio se jela koje mu je majka
pripremala, zvano "kokonte",
pripremala, zvano "kokonte",
04:56
which is a very sticky porridge
made out of the cassava root.
made out of the cassava root.
94
271478
3458
vrlo ljepljive kaše od korijena kasave.
04:59
And so what we did was we looked,
95
274960
1576
A onda smo tražili
05:01
and we found that cassava
is indeed grown in Haiti,
is indeed grown in Haiti,
96
276560
3096
i otkrili da kasava doista
raste na Haitiju,
raste na Haitiju,
05:04
under the name of "manioc."
97
279680
2136
pod nazivom "manioka".
05:06
In fact, it's grown all over the world --
98
281840
1953
Zapravo, raste po cijelom svijetu --
05:08
yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava,
it's all the same thing --
it's all the same thing --
99
283817
3079
vrste kao juka, tapioka, manioka, kasava,
sve je to ista stvar --
sve je to ista stvar --
05:11
a very starchy root vegetable.
100
286920
2096
vrlo škrobasto korjenasto povrće.
05:13
And you can make a very thick,
sticky porridge out of it,
sticky porridge out of it,
101
289040
3216
Od njega možete napraviti
vrlo gustu, ljepljivu kašu,
vrlo gustu, ljepljivu kašu,
05:17
which you can use to bind together
the charcoal briquettes.
the charcoal briquettes.
102
292280
4136
koju možete iskoristiti da poveže
brikete ugljena.
brikete ugljena.
05:21
So we did this. We went down to Haiti.
103
296440
3176
To smo i učinili. Otišli smo na Haiti.
05:24
These are the graduates
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
of the first Ecole de Charbon,
104
299640
2656
Ovo su diplomci prve "Ecole de Charbon",
05:27
or Charcoal Institute.
105
302320
1696
ili Instituta za ugljen.
05:28
And these --
106
304040
1216
A ovi --
05:30
(Laughter)
107
305280
1216
(Smijeh)
05:31
That's right. So I'm actually
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
an instructor at MIT as well as CIT.
108
306520
5976
Tako je. Pa sam ja zapravo instruktorica
na MIT-u kao i na IZG-u.
na MIT-u kao i na IZG-u.
05:37
And these are the briquettes that we made.
109
312520
2080
A ovo su briketi koje smo napravili.
05:40
Now I'm going to take you
to a different continent.
to a different continent.
110
316040
2400
A sada ću vas odvesti na drugi kontinent.
05:44
This is India
111
319320
1216
Ovo je Indija,
05:45
and this is the most commonly used
cooking fuel in India.
cooking fuel in India.
112
320560
3216
a ovo je najraširenije gorivo
za kuhanje u Indiji.
za kuhanje u Indiji.
05:48
It's cow dung.
113
323800
1376
Ovo je kravlja balega.
05:50
And more than in Haiti,
this produces really smoky fires,
this produces really smoky fires,
114
325200
4176
A više nego u Haitiju, ona proizvodi
plamen koji se jako dimi
plamen koji se jako dimi
05:54
and this is where you see
the health impacts
the health impacts
115
329400
2456
i ovdje možemo doista vidjeti
utjecaj na zdravlje
utjecaj na zdravlje
05:56
of cooking with cow dung
and biomass as a fuel.
and biomass as a fuel.
116
331880
4080
kuhanja kravljom balegom
i biomasom kao gorivom.
i biomasom kao gorivom.
06:01
Kids and women
are especially affected by it,
are especially affected by it,
117
336600
2216
Osobito su zahvaćene žene i djeca,
06:03
because they're the ones
who are around the cooking fires.
who are around the cooking fires.
118
338840
3136
zato što se najviše nalaze
uokolo plamena za kuhanje.
uokolo plamena za kuhanje.
06:06
So we wanted to see
119
342000
1216
Željeli smo vidjeti
06:08
if we could introduce
this charcoal-making technology there.
this charcoal-making technology there.
120
343240
3496
može li se ovdje uvesti tehnologija
pravljenja ugljena.
pravljenja ugljena.
06:11
Well, unfortunately,
they didn't have sugarcane
they didn't have sugarcane
121
346760
2416
Oni, nažalost, nisu imali šećernu trsku
06:14
and they didn't have cassava,
122
349200
1381
niti kasavu,
06:15
but that didn't stop us.
123
350605
1200
ali to nas nije omelo.
06:17
What we did was we found what were
the locally available sources of biomass.
the locally available sources of biomass.
124
352400
3816
Pronašli smo lokalno dostupne
izvore biomase.
izvore biomase.
06:21
And there was wheat straw
and there was rice straw in this area.
and there was rice straw in this area.
125
356240
3376
Ovo područje obilovalo je žitnom
i rižinom slamom.
i rižinom slamom.
06:24
And what we could use as a binder
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
was actually small amounts of cow manure,
126
359640
3616
A kao vezivnu tvar mogli smo
iskoristiti male količine balege,
iskoristiti male količine balege,
06:28
which they used ordinarily for their fuel.
127
363280
2240
koju su uobičajeno koristili kao gorivo.
06:31
And we did side-by-side tests,
128
366960
2176
Proveli smo usporedne testove,
06:33
and here you can see
the charcoal briquettes
the charcoal briquettes
129
369160
2576
ovdje možete vidjeti brikete ugljena,
06:36
and here the cow dung.
130
371760
1216
a ovdje balegu.
06:37
And you can see that it's a lot cleaner
burning of a cooking fuel.
burning of a cooking fuel.
131
373000
3256
Vidite da je ovo mnogo čišći način
sagorijevanja goriva za kuhanje.
sagorijevanja goriva za kuhanje.
06:41
And in fact, it heats the water
a lot more quickly.
a lot more quickly.
132
376280
2576
A čak i vodu brže zagrijava.
06:43
And so we were very happy, thus far.
133
378880
2296
Pa smo dotad bili vrlo sretni.
06:46
But one of the things that we found
134
381200
1696
Ali otkrili smo da,
06:47
was when we did side-by-side
comparisons with wood charcoal,
comparisons with wood charcoal,
135
382920
2816
kad smo obavljali usporedne testove
s drvenim ugljenom,
s drvenim ugljenom,
06:50
it didn't burn as long.
136
385760
1616
nije gorjelo jednako dugo.
06:52
And the briquettes crumbled a little bit
137
387400
1905
I briketi su se malo razmrvili
06:54
and we lost energy as they fell apart
as they were cooking.
as they were cooking.
138
389329
3167
pa smo gubili energiju njihovim
raspadanjem tijekom kuhanja.
raspadanjem tijekom kuhanja.
06:57
So we wanted to try to find a way
to make a stronger briquette
to make a stronger briquette
139
392520
3216
Stoga smo htjeli naći način da izradimo
izdržljivije brikete
izdržljivije brikete
07:00
so that we could compete with
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
140
395760
3600
kako bismo se mogli natjecati s
drvenim ugljenom na tržnicama Haitija.
drvenim ugljenom na tržnicama Haitija.
07:05
So we went back to MIT,
141
400320
2016
Pa smo se vratili na MIT,
07:07
we took out the Instron machine
142
402360
2216
uzeli smo Instron stroj
07:09
and we figured out
what sort of forces you needed
what sort of forces you needed
143
404600
2696
i otkrili smo kakve sile su potrebne
07:12
in order to compress
a briquette to the level
a briquette to the level
144
407320
2096
kako bi se stisnulo briket
na takvu razinu
na takvu razinu
07:14
that you actually are getting
improved performance out of it?
improved performance out of it?
145
409440
2858
da zapravo iz njega
dobijete poboljšan učinak.
dobijete poboljšan učinak.
07:17
And at the same time that we had
students in the lab looking at this,
students in the lab looking at this,
146
412960
3296
U isto vrijeme dok su studenti radili
u labosima pročavajući to,
u labosima pročavajući to,
07:21
we also had community partners in Haiti
working to develop the process,
working to develop the process,
147
416280
6936
naši suradnici iz zajednice na Haitiju
su također radili na razvoju postupka,
su također radili na razvoju postupka,
07:28
to improve it and make it more accessible
to people in the villages there.
to people in the villages there.
148
423240
5000
da ga poboljšaju i učine pristupačnim
ljudima u lokalnim selima.
ljudima u lokalnim selima.
07:33
And after some time,
149
429160
1216
Nakon nekog vremena,
07:35
we developed a low-cost press
that allows you to produce charcoal,
that allows you to produce charcoal,
150
430400
4816
razvili smo jeftinu prešu koja vam
omogućuje da proizvedete ugljen,
omogućuje da proizvedete ugljen,
07:40
which actually now burns not only --
151
435240
2680
koji sada gori ne samo --
07:43
actually, it burns longer,
cleaner than wood charcoal.
cleaner than wood charcoal.
152
438642
3318
zapravo gori duže i čišće
od drvenog ugljena.
od drvenog ugljena.
07:47
So now we're in a situation
where we have a product,
where we have a product,
153
442400
2536
I sada smo u situaciji da imamo proizvod
07:49
which is actually better than what
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace,
154
444960
4296
koji je zapravo bolji od onoga
što možete kupiti na haićanskoj tržnici,
što možete kupiti na haićanskoj tržnici,
07:54
which is a very wonderful place to be.
155
449280
2720
a to je jedno prekrasno mjesto.
07:58
In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees
are cut down every year.
are cut down every year.
156
453960
4736
Samo na Haitiju posiječe se oko
30 milijuna stabala na godinu.
30 milijuna stabala na godinu.
Postoji mogućnost da se
naš postupak uvede u lokalne prakse
naš postupak uvede u lokalne prakse
08:03
There's a possibility
of this being implemented
of this being implemented
157
458720
2496
08:06
and saving a good portion of those.
158
461240
2296
i tako sačuva razmjerno
velika količina drva.
velika količina drva.
08:08
In addition, the revenue generated
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
from that charcoal is 260 million dollars.
159
463560
6416
Osim toga, prihod ostvaren od takvog
ugljena je 260 milijuna dolara.
ugljena je 260 milijuna dolara.
08:14
That's an awful lot
for a country like Haiti --
for a country like Haiti --
160
470000
2536
To je užasno puno
za zemlju poput Haitija --
za zemlju poput Haitija --
08:17
with a population of eight million
161
472560
1856
s populacijom od 8 milijuna ljudi
08:19
and an average income
of less than 400 dollars.
of less than 400 dollars.
162
474440
3200
i prosječnim prihodom
od manje od 400 dolara.
od manje od 400 dolara.
08:23
So this is where we're also moving ahead
with our charcoal project.
with our charcoal project.
163
478680
3856
I to je područje u kojem također grabimo
naprijed našim projektom ugljena.
naprijed našim projektom ugljena.
08:27
And one of the things
that I think is also interesting,
that I think is also interesting,
164
482560
2656
Evo što mi se čini zanimljivim.
08:30
is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley
who's been doing risk analysis.
who's been doing risk analysis.
165
485240
4296
Imam prijatelja na UC Berkeleyu
koji se bavi procjenom rizika.
koji se bavi procjenom rizika.
08:34
And he's looked at the problem
of the health impacts
of the health impacts
166
489560
3056
Proučavao je problem zdravstvenih učinaka
08:37
of burning wood versus charcoal.
167
492640
2096
gorenja drva nasuprot gorenju ugljena.
08:39
And he's found that worldwide,
you could prevent a million deaths
you could prevent a million deaths
168
494760
4096
Otkrio je da se u cijelom svijetu može
spriječiti milijun smrti
spriječiti milijun smrti
08:43
switching from wood
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
to charcoal as a cooking fuel.
169
498880
2976
zamjenom drva ugljenom
kao gorivom za kuhanje.
kao gorivom za kuhanje.
08:46
That's remarkable,
170
501880
1216
To je impresivno.
08:47
but up until now, there weren't ways
to do it without cutting down trees.
to do it without cutting down trees.
171
503120
3456
Ali sve do sad nije postojao način
da to činimo bez sječe drva.
da to činimo bez sječe drva.
Sada imamo način
08:51
But now we have a way
172
506600
1216
koji koristi poljoprivredne otpadne tvari
za proizvodnju goriva za kuhanje.
za proizvodnju goriva za kuhanje.
08:52
that's using an agricultural
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
waste material to create a cooking fuel.
173
507840
3680
08:56
One of the really exciting things, though,
174
511960
2016
Zaista uzbudljiva stvar, naime,
08:58
is something that came out of the trip
that I took to Ghana just last month.
that I took to Ghana just last month.
175
514000
3572
je nešto što je proizašlo iz puta
u Ganu gdje sam bila prošli mjesec.
u Ganu gdje sam bila prošli mjesec.
09:02
And I think it's the coolest thing,
176
517596
3419
Ovo je stvarno cool stvar,
a zahtijeva još manje tehnologije
nego što ste dosad vidjeli,
nego što ste dosad vidjeli,
09:05
and it's even lower tech
than what you just saw,
than what you just saw,
177
521039
2240
ako to uopće možete zamisliti.
09:08
if you can imagine such a thing.
178
523303
2033
09:10
Here it is.
179
525360
1216
Evo ga.
09:11
So what is this?
180
526600
1200
Pa što je to?
09:13
This is corncobs turned into charcoal.
181
528480
2576
To su klipovi kukuruza
pretvoreni u ugljen.
pretvoreni u ugljen.
09:15
And the beauty of this is
that you don't need to form briquettes --
that you don't need to form briquettes --
182
531080
3143
Ljepota u ovome je što ni ne morate
oblikovati briket --
oblikovati briket --
09:19
it comes ready made.
183
534247
1329
već je oblikovan.
09:20
This is my $100 laptop, right here.
184
535600
2856
Ovo je moj laptop od 100 dolara.
09:23
And actually, like Nick,
I brought samples.
I brought samples.
185
538480
3016
A kao i Nick, donijela sam uzorke.
09:26
(Laughter)
186
541520
2216
(Smijeh)
09:28
So we can pass these around.
187
543760
1760
Pa ih možete poslati dalje.
09:32
They're fully functional,
field-tested, ready to roll out.
field-tested, ready to roll out.
188
547520
4084
Potpuno su funkcionalni, ispitani na
terenu, spremni da se pokrenu.
terenu, spremni da se pokrenu.
09:36
(Laughter)
189
551628
1706
(Smijeh)
09:40
And I think one of the things
190
555520
1496
Mislim da jedna od stvari
09:41
which is also remarkable
about this technology,
about this technology,
191
557040
4216
koja je također zapanjujuća
kod ove tehnologije
kod ove tehnologije
09:46
is that the technology
transfer is so easy.
transfer is so easy.
192
561280
2776
jest da je prijenos tehnologije
tako jednostavan.
tako jednostavan.
09:48
Compared to the sugarcane charcoal,
193
564080
2136
U usporedbi s ugljenom od šećerne trske,
09:51
where we have to teach people
how to form it into briquettes
how to form it into briquettes
194
566240
2816
gdje smo morali podučiti ljude
kako da oblikuju brikete
kako da oblikuju brikete
09:53
and you have the extra step
of cooking the binder,
of cooking the binder,
195
569080
2416
i postoji dodatni korak
kuhanja vezivne tvari,
kuhanja vezivne tvari,
09:56
this comes pre-briquetted.
196
571520
1576
ovaj ugljen dolazi već briketiran.
09:57
And this is about the most exciting
thing in my life right now,
thing in my life right now,
197
573120
2953
Ovo je trenutno jedna
od najuzbudljivijih stvari u mom životu,
od najuzbudljivijih stvari u mom životu,
10:00
which is perhaps
a sad commentary on my life.
a sad commentary on my life.
198
576097
3199
što je možda žalostan
komentar na moj život.
komentar na moj život.
10:04
(Laughter)
199
579320
2256
(Smijeh)
10:06
But once you see it,
like you guys in the front row --
like you guys in the front row --
200
581600
2536
Ali jednom kad shvatite,
kao vi u prvom redu --
kao vi u prvom redu --
10:08
All right, yeah, OK.
201
584160
1216
Da, da.
10:10
So anyway --
202
585400
1216
Uglavnom --
10:11
(Laughter)
203
586640
2016
(Smijeh)
10:13
Here it is.
204
588680
1216
Evo ga.
10:14
And this is, I think, a perfect example
205
589920
2456
Ovo je, smatram, savršen primjer
10:17
of what Robert Wright was talking about
in those non-zero-sum things.
in those non-zero-sum things.
206
592400
5216
onoga o čemu je govorio Robert Wright,
o onim stvarima koje se same poništavaju.
o onim stvarima koje se same poništavaju.
10:22
So not only do you have health benefits,
207
597640
2496
Ne samo da imamo zdravstvene dobrobiti,
10:24
you have environmental benefits.
208
600160
2136
nego i dobrobiti za okoliš.
10:27
But this is one
of the incredibly rare situations
of the incredibly rare situations
209
602320
3816
Ali ovo je jedna od nevjerojatno
rijetkih situacija
rijetkih situacija
10:30
where you also have economic benefits.
210
606160
2336
gdje postoje čak i ekonomske dobrobiti.
10:33
People can make their own cooking fuel
from waste products.
from waste products.
211
608520
3056
Ljudi mogu sami proizvesti gorivo za
kuhanje od otpadnih tvari.
kuhanje od otpadnih tvari.
10:36
They can generate income from this.
212
611600
2016
Mogu ostvariti prihod od toga.
10:38
They can save the money
that they were going to spend on charcoal
that they were going to spend on charcoal
213
613640
3136
Mogu uštedjeti novac
koji bi potrošili na ugljen
koji bi potrošili na ugljen
10:41
and they can produce excess
and sell it in the market
and sell it in the market
214
616800
2477
te proizvesti višak koji mogu
prodati na tržnici
prodati na tržnici
10:44
to people who aren't making their own.
215
619301
1955
ljudima koji sami ne proizvode ugljen.
Stvarno je rijetkost
da nema neželjenih posljedica
da nema neželjenih posljedica
10:46
It's really rare
that you don't have trade-offs
that you don't have trade-offs
216
621280
2296
10:48
between health and economics,
or environment and economics.
or environment and economics.
217
623600
3216
u odnosu zdravlja i ekonomije
ili okoliša i ekonomije.
ili okoliša i ekonomije.
10:51
So this is a project
that I just find extremely exciting
that I just find extremely exciting
218
626840
3736
Stoga ovaj projekt smatram
izuzetno uzbudljivim
izuzetno uzbudljivim
10:55
and I'm really looking forward
to see where it takes us.
to see where it takes us.
219
630600
5400
i stvarno se veselim vidjeti
kamo će nas odvesti.
kamo će nas odvesti.
11:02
So when we talk about, now,
the future we will create,
the future we will create,
220
638120
3496
Kada govorimo o budućnosti
koju ćemo stvoriti,
koju ćemo stvoriti,
11:06
one of the things
that I think is necessary
that I think is necessary
221
641640
2016
jedna od neophodnih stvari
11:08
is to have a very clear vision
of the world that we live in.
of the world that we live in.
222
643680
3960
jest imati jasnu sliku svijeta
u kojem živimo.
u kojem živimo.
11:12
And now, I don't actually mean
the world that we live in.
the world that we live in.
223
648160
2786
Time ne mislim zaista svijet
u kojem mi živimo.
u kojem mi živimo.
11:16
I mean the world where women
spend two to three hours everyday
spend two to three hours everyday
224
651920
4096
Mislim na svijet u kojem žene
provode 2-3 sata svakodnevno
provode 2-3 sata svakodnevno
11:20
grinding grain for their families to eat.
225
656040
2440
meljući žitarice za hranu svojoj obitelji.
11:24
I mean the world
where advanced building materials
where advanced building materials
226
659960
2376
Mislim na svijet u kojem
napredni gradivni materijal
napredni gradivni materijal
11:27
means cement roofing tiles
that are made by hand,
that are made by hand,
227
662360
3416
znači crijep od cementa napravljen ručno,
11:30
and where, when you work 10 hours a day,
228
665800
2136
i gdje, ako radite 10 sati dnevno,
11:32
you're still only earning
60 dollars in a month.
60 dollars in a month.
229
667960
2840
još uvijek uspijete zaraditi
tek 60 dolara na mjesec.
tek 60 dolara na mjesec.
11:37
I mean the world
230
672320
1216
Mislim na svijet
11:38
where women and children spend
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
40 billion hours a year fetching water.
231
673560
6200
gdje žene i djeca utroše 40 milijardi sati
godišnje za donošenje vode.
godišnje za donošenje vode.
11:45
That's as if the entire workforce
of the state of California
of the state of California
232
680520
3736
To je kao da cjelokupna radna snaga
države Kalifornije
države Kalifornije
11:49
worked full time for a year
doing nothing but fetching water.
doing nothing but fetching water.
233
684280
4496
radi puno radno vrijeme cijelu godinu
radeći samo na donošenju vode.
radeći samo na donošenju vode.
11:53
It's a place where,
for example, if this were India,
for example, if this were India,
234
688800
4336
To je mjesto gdje, primjerice,
da smo sad u Indiji,
da smo sad u Indiji,
11:57
in this room, only three of us
would have a car.
would have a car.
235
693160
2440
u ovoj prostoriji samo troje nas
bi posjedovalo automobil.
bi posjedovalo automobil.
12:01
If this were Afghanistan,
236
696360
1216
Da smo u Afganistanu,
12:02
only one person in this room
would know how the use the Internet.
would know how the use the Internet.
237
697600
3616
samo jedna osoba u ovoj prostoriji
znala bi se služiti internetom.
znala bi se služiti internetom.
12:06
If this were Zambia --
238
701240
1200
Da smo u Zambiji --
12:08
300 of you would be farmers,
239
703520
2696
tri stotine vas bili bi seljaci,
12:11
100 of you would have AIDS or HIV.
240
706240
3136
stotinu vas bi imalo AIDS ili HIV.
12:14
And more than half of you would be living
on less than a dollar a day.
on less than a dollar a day.
241
709400
3840
A više od polovice vas bi živjelo
s manje od dolara na dan.
s manje od dolara na dan.
12:19
These are the issues that we
need to come up with solutions for.
need to come up with solutions for.
242
714280
4736
To su problemi za koje moramo
pronaći rješenja.
pronaći rješenja.
12:23
These are the issues that
we need to be training our engineers,
we need to be training our engineers,
243
719040
3856
To su problemi za koje
moramo obučiti naše inženjere,
moramo obučiti naše inženjere,
12:27
our designers, our business people,
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
our entrepreneurs to be facing.
244
722920
3440
naše dizajnere, poslovne ljude,
s tim se moraju suočiti naši poduzetnici.
s tim se moraju suočiti naši poduzetnici.
12:32
These are the solutions
that we need to find.
that we need to find.
245
727280
2696
Ovo su rješenja koja moramo pronaći.
12:34
I have a few areas that I believe
are especially important that we address.
are especially important that we address.
246
730000
6176
Izdvajam nekoliko područja jer vjerujem
da ih je osobito važno riješiti.
da ih je osobito važno riješiti.
12:41
One of them is creating technologies
247
736200
2056
Jedan je stvaranje tehnologija
12:43
to promote micro-finance
and micro-enterprise,
and micro-enterprise,
248
738280
3016
za promicanje mikrofinanciranja
i mikropoduzetništva,
i mikropoduzetništva,
12:46
so that people who are living
below the poverty line
below the poverty line
249
741320
2856
kako bi ljudi koji žive ispod
granice siromaštva
granice siromaštva
12:49
can find a way to move out --
250
744200
1536
pronašli način da se izbave --
12:50
and that they're not doing it
251
745760
1381
a da to ne čine
12:51
using the same traditional
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
basket making, poultry rearing, etc.
252
747165
3611
istim tradicionalnim pletenjem
košara, uzgojem pilića itd.
košara, uzgojem pilića itd.
12:55
But there are new technologies
and new products
and new products
253
750800
2191
Postoje nove tehnologije i proizvodi
12:57
that they can make on a small scale.
254
753015
2240
koje mogu proizvesti na maloj razini.
13:00
The next thing I believe
255
755800
1216
Sljedeće u što vjerujem
13:01
is that we need to create
technologies for poor farmers
technologies for poor farmers
256
757040
4376
jest da trebamo stvoriti
tehnologije za siromašne seljake
tehnologije za siromašne seljake
13:06
to add value to their own crops.
257
761440
2240
kako bi dodali vrijednost svojim usjevima.
13:09
And we need to rethink
our development strategies,
our development strategies,
258
764600
2656
I trebamo ponovo osmisliti
naše strategije razvoja,
naše strategije razvoja,
13:12
so that we're not promoting
educational campaigns
educational campaigns
259
767280
3256
tako da ne promičemo
edukacijske programe
edukacijske programe
13:15
to get them to stop being farmers,
260
770560
2376
kako bi ih odvratili od bivanja seljacima,
13:17
but rather to stop being poor farmers.
261
772960
2776
nego kako bi prestali
biti siromašni seljaci.
biti siromašni seljaci.
13:20
And we need to think
about how we can do that effectively.
about how we can do that effectively.
262
775760
2833
Moramo razmisliti kako to
učinkovito postići.
učinkovito postići.
13:24
We need to work with the people
in these communities
in these communities
263
779560
2656
Moramo raditi s ljudima u tim zajednicama
13:27
and give them the resources
and the tools that they need
and the tools that they need
264
782240
2856
i dati im sredstva i alate koje trebaju
13:29
to solve their own problems.
265
785120
1696
kako bi riješili svoje probleme.
13:31
That's the best way to do it.
266
786840
1381
To je najbolji način.
13:33
We shouldn't be doing it from outside.
267
788245
2291
Ne bismo to trebali činiti izvana.
13:35
So we need to create this future,
and we need to start doing it now.
and we need to start doing it now.
268
790560
4160
Tako da trebamo stvoriti tu budućnost
i trebamo to početi činiti odmah.
i trebamo to početi činiti odmah.
13:40
Thank you.
269
795240
1216
Hvala.
13:41
(Applause)
270
796480
5256
(Pljesak)
13:46
Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible.
271
801760
2492
Chris Anderson: Hvala, nevjerojatno.
13:49
Stay here.
272
804320
1200
Ostanite ovdje.
13:51
Tell us -- just while we see
if someone has a question --
if someone has a question --
273
806360
2896
Recite nam -- samo dok vidimo
ima li tko pitanje --
ima li tko pitanje --
13:54
just tell us about one of the other things
that you've worked on.
that you've worked on.
274
809280
3416
spomenite nam druge stvari
na kojima ste radili.
na kojima ste radili.
13:57
Amy Smith: Some of the other
things we're working on
things we're working on
275
812720
2496
Amy Smith: Neke od drugih stvari
na kojima smo radili
na kojima smo radili
su načini za jeftino
testiranje kakvoće vode,
testiranje kakvoće vode,
14:00
are ways to do low-cost
water quality testing,
water quality testing,
276
815240
2177
tako da zajednice mogu održavati
svoje vlastite vodne sustave,
svoje vlastite vodne sustave,
14:02
so that communities can maintain
their own water systems,
their own water systems,
277
817441
2735
14:05
know when they're working,
know when they treat them, etc.
know when they treat them, etc.
278
820200
2715
znati kada rade, znati kada
ih popraviti, itd.
ih popraviti, itd.
Također proučavamo jeftine sustave
tretiranja vode.
tretiranja vode.
14:07
We're also looking at low-cost
water-treatment systems.
water-treatment systems.
279
822939
2637
Stvarno uzbudljiva stvar je proučavanje
solarnog načina dezinfekcije vode
solarnog načina dezinfekcije vode
14:10
One of the really exciting things
is looking at solar water disinfection
is looking at solar water disinfection
280
825600
3381
14:13
and improving the ability
to be able to do that.
to be able to do that.
281
829005
2560
i poboljšanja sposobnosti da se to učini.
14:17
CA: What's the bottleneck
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
preventing this stuff getting from scale?
282
832320
3936
CA: Što sprječava ovakve stvari
da prijeđu u masovnu upotrebu?
da prijeđu u masovnu upotrebu?
14:21
Do you need to find entrepreneurs,
or venture capitalists,
or venture capitalists,
283
836280
3256
Trebate li naći poduzetnike ili ulagače,
14:24
or what do you need to take
what you've got and get it to scale?
what you've got and get it to scale?
284
839560
4856
što vam treba da svoja postignuća
pretvorite u masovne proizvode?
pretvorite u masovne proizvode?
14:29
AS: I think it's large numbers
of people moving it forward.
of people moving it forward.
285
844440
2770
AS: Potreban nam je velik broj ljudi
koji bi to promicali.
koji bi to promicali.
14:32
It's a difficult thing --
286
847234
1199
To je zamršena stvar --
14:33
it's a marketplace
which is very fragmented
which is very fragmented
287
848457
2007
tržište koje je veoma usitnjeno
14:35
and a consumer population with no income.
288
850488
2208
i potrošačka populacija bez prihoda.
14:37
So you can't use the same models
that you use in the United States
that you use in the United States
289
852720
3256
Pa ne možete koristiti iste modele
koje koristite u SAD-u
koje koristite u SAD-u
kako biste pomakli stvari naprijed.
14:40
for making things move forward.
290
856000
1536
14:42
And we're a pretty small staff,
291
857560
2016
I mi smo vrlo mala skupina,
14:44
which is me.
292
859600
1216
koja se sastoji od mene.
14:45
(Laughter)
293
860840
1976
(Smijeh)
14:47
So, you know,
I do what I can with the students.
I do what I can with the students.
294
862840
2239
Znate, činim što mogu uz studente.
14:49
We have 30 students a year
go out into the field
go out into the field
295
865103
2239
Trideset studenata godišnje
odlazi na teren
odlazi na teren
14:52
and try to implement this
and move it forward.
and move it forward.
296
867366
2450
i pokušavaju provesti
i unaprijediti ove projekte.
i unaprijediti ove projekte.
14:54
The other thing is you have to do things
with a long time frame,
with a long time frame,
297
869840
3496
Osim toga, morate raditi stvari
s dugotrajnim vremenskim okvirom,
s dugotrajnim vremenskim okvirom,
14:58
as, you know, you can't expect to get
something done in a year or two years;
something done in a year or two years;
298
873360
3936
kao što znate, ne možete očekivati
da ćete nešto obaviti u 1-2 godine;
da ćete nešto obaviti u 1-2 godine;
15:02
you have to be looking
five or 10 years ahead.
five or 10 years ahead.
299
877320
2143
morate gledati 5 ili 10 godina naprijed.
15:04
But I think with the vision to do that,
we can move forward.
we can move forward.
300
879487
3200
Ali s takvom vizijom možemo napredovati.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Amy Smith - inventor, engineerAmy Smith designs cheap, practical fixes for tough problems in developing countries. Among her many accomplishments, the MIT engineer received a MacArthur "genius" grant in 2004 and was the first woman to win the Lemelson-MIT Prize for turning her ideas into inventions.
Why you should listen
Mechanical engineer Amy Smith's approach to problem-solving in developing nations is refreshingly common-sense: Invent cheap, low-tech devices that use local resources, so communities can reproduce her efforts and ultimately help themselves. Smith, working with her students at MIT's D-Lab, has come up with several useful tools, including an incubator that stays warm without electricity, a simple grain mill, and a tool that converts farm waste into cleaner-burning charcoal.
The inventions have earned Smith three prestigious prizes: the B.F. Goodrich Collegiate Inventors Award, the MIT-Lemelson Prize, and a MacArthur "genius" grant. Her course, "Design for Developing Countries," is a pioneer in bringing humanitarian design into the curriculum of major institutions. Going forward, the former Peace Corps volunteer strives to do much more, bringing her inventiveness and boundless energy to bear on some of the world's most persistent problems.
Amy Smith | Speaker | TED.com