TED2015
Patience Mthunzi: Could we cure HIV with lasers?
Patience Mthunzi: Kan HIV kureres med lasere?
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At sluge piller som metode til indtagelse af medicin er en hurtig, smertefri, men ofte ikke en fuldstændig effektiv måde at behandle sygdomme på. En potentiel bedre måde? Lasere. I dette spændende foredrag forklarer TED-medlemmet Patience Mthunzi sin idé om, hvordan lasere kan bruges til at få medicin direkte ind i celler inficerede med HIV. Det er stadig tidligt at sige, men kunne en kur mod HIV være at spotte i horisonten?
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientist
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Patience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What do you do when you have a headache?
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Hvad gør du, når du har hovedpine?
00:15
You swallow an aspirin.
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Du tager en hovedpinepille.
00:18
But for this pill to get
to your head, where the pain is,
to your head, where the pain is,
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Men før pillen kan nå op,
hvor smerten er, -
hvor smerten er, -
00:22
it goes through your stomach, intestines
and various other organs first.
and various other organs first.
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- må den igennem din mave, tarme
og adskillelige andre organer.
og adskillelige andre organer.
00:28
Swallowing pills is the most effective
and painless way of delivering
and painless way of delivering
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Piller er den mest effektive
og smertefri måde, at sørge for, -
og smertefri måde, at sørge for, -
00:34
any medication in the body.
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- at enhver type medicin når ud i kroppen.
00:37
The downside, though, is that swallowing
any medication leads to its dilution.
any medication leads to its dilution.
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Bagsiden ved at sluge medicin er dog,
at det fører til fortynding.
at det fører til fortynding.
00:43
And this is a big problem,
particularly in HIV patients.
particularly in HIV patients.
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Og dette er et stort problem,
særligt for HIV-patienter.
særligt for HIV-patienter.
00:48
When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
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Når de tager deres anti-HIV medicin, -
00:51
these drugs are good for lowering
the virus in the blood,
the virus in the blood,
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- reduceres virusset i blodet -
00:56
and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
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- og CD4 celletallene stiger.
00:58
But they are also notorious
for their adverse side effects,
for their adverse side effects,
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Men den er også berygtet
for uheldige bivirkninger -
for uheldige bivirkninger -
01:03
but mostly bad, because they get diluted
by the time they get to the blood,
by the time they get to the blood,
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- og det er problematisk,
at den fortyndes, før den når blodet -
at den fortyndes, før den når blodet -
01:08
and worse, by the time
they get to the sites
they get to the sites
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- og, hvad værre er,
før den når ud til områderne, -
før den når ud til områderne, -
01:11
where it matters most:
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
within the HIV viral reservoirs.
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- hvor det betyder mest:
de virale reservoirer.
de virale reservoirer.
01:17
These areas in the body --
such as the lymph nodes,
such as the lymph nodes,
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Dette er områder i kroppen,
såsom lymfeknuderne, -
såsom lymfeknuderne, -
01:22
the nervous system,
as well as the lungs --
as well as the lungs --
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- nervesystemet og lungerne -
01:25
where the virus is sleeping,
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- hvor virusset ligger i dvale,
01:27
and will not readily
get delivered in the blood
get delivered in the blood
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- og ikke uden videre
når frem til blodet -
når frem til blodet -
01:30
of patients that are under
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
consistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
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- i patienterne under
anti-HIV medicinsk behandling.
anti-HIV medicinsk behandling.
01:36
However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
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Men, ved afbrydelse af behandlingen, -
01:40
the virus can awake
and infect new cells in the blood.
and infect new cells in the blood.
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- kan virus vågne op
og påvirke nye celler i blodet.
og påvirke nye celler i blodet.
01:44
Now, all this is a big problem in treating
HIV with the current drug treatment,
HIV with the current drug treatment,
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Dette er et stort problem i behandlingen
af HIV-patienter med nutidens medicin, -
af HIV-patienter med nutidens medicin, -
01:51
which is a life-long treatment
that must be swallowed by patients.
that must be swallowed by patients.
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- hvilket er en livslang behandling,
der skal sluges af patienterne.
der skal sluges af patienterne.
01:55
One day, I sat and thought,
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En dag sad jeg og tænkte: -
01:57
"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly
within its reservoir sites,
within its reservoir sites,
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- "Kan vi få anti-HIV direkte ind
i reservoir-områderne -
i reservoir-områderne -
02:03
without the risk of drug dilution?"
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- uden at løbe risikoen for fortynding?"
02:06
As a laser scientist,
the answer was just before my eyes:
the answer was just before my eyes:
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Som forsker i laserteknologi
var svaret lige foran mine øjne.
var svaret lige foran mine øjne.
02:11
Lasers, of course.
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Lasere, selvfølgelig.
02:12
If they can be used for dentistry,
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Hvis de kan bruges til tandbehandling, -
02:15
for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
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- heling af diabetessår og operationer, -
02:18
they can be used for anything imaginable,
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- kan de bruges til alt tænkeligt, -
02:21
including transporting drugs into cells.
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- også transport af medicin til celler.
02:25
As a matter of fact,
we are currently using laser pulses
we are currently using laser pulses
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Og faktisk bruger vi nu laserpulser -
02:30
to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
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- til at stikke eller bore
ekstremt små huller -
ekstremt små huller -
02:34
which open and close almost
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
immediately in HIV-infected cells,
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- som åbner og lukker sig øjeblikkeligt i
HIV-inficerede celler -
HIV-inficerede celler -
02:39
in order to deliver drugs within them.
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- for at lade medicinen komme ind.
02:42
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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"Hvordan er det muligt?" spørger du.
02:45
Well, we shine a very powerful
but super-tiny laser beam
but super-tiny laser beam
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Vi belyser med en meget kraftfuld,
men lillebitte laserstråle, -
men lillebitte laserstråle, -
02:51
onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
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- på de HIV-inficerede cellemembraner -
02:55
while these cells are immersed
in liquid containing the drug.
in liquid containing the drug.
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- imens disse celler ligger i væske,
der indeholder medicinen.
der indeholder medicinen.
03:00
The laser pierces the cell,
while the cell swallows the drug
while the cell swallows the drug
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Laseren gennemborer cellen,
mens cellen indtager medicinen.
mens cellen indtager medicinen.
03:05
in a matter of microseconds.
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Det tager kun mikrosekunder.
03:07
Before you even know it,
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Før, du ved af det, -
03:09
the induced hole
becomes immediately repaired.
becomes immediately repaired.
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- bliver hullet fuldstændigt repareret.
03:13
Now, we are currently testing
this technology in test tubes
this technology in test tubes
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Vi er nu i gang med at teste
denne teknologi i reagensglas -
denne teknologi i reagensglas -
03:17
or in Petri dishes,
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- eller i petriskåle.
03:19
but the goal is to get
this technology in the human body,
this technology in the human body,
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Men målet er, at få denne teknologi
ud i menneskekroppen -
ud i menneskekroppen -
03:23
apply it in the human body.
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- anvende den i kroppen.
03:25
"How is that possible?" you may ask.
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"Hvordan er det muligt?"
spørger du måske.
spørger du måske.
03:28
Well, the answer is:
through a three-headed device.
through a three-headed device.
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Svaret er: Gennem en trehovedet maskine.
03:33
Using the first head, which is our laser,
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Ved at bruge det første hoved,
som er vores laser, -
som er vores laser, -
03:36
we will make an incision
in the site of infection.
in the site of infection.
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- laver vi et indsnit,
hvor infektionen findes.
hvor infektionen findes.
03:40
Using the second head, which is a camera,
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Med det andet hoved,
som er et kamera, -
som er et kamera, -
03:43
we meander to the site of infection.
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- bugter vi os frem til infektionen.
03:45
Finally, using a third head,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
which is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
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Endelig, med det tredje hoved,
som sørger for at indsprøjte medicinen, -
som sørger for at indsprøjte medicinen, -
03:50
we deliver the drugs directly
at the site of infection,
at the site of infection,
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- sender vi medicinen direkte ind,
hvor infektionen er, -
hvor infektionen er, -
03:53
while the laser is again used
to poke those cells open.
to poke those cells open.
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- mens laseren igen bruges,
til at åbne cellerne.
til at åbne cellerne.
03:58
Well, this might not seem
like much right now.
like much right now.
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Dette virker måske ikke af meget.
04:02
But one day, if successful,
this technology can lead
this technology can lead
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Men en skønne dag, hvis alt går vel,
kan teknologien føre til -
kan teknologien føre til -
04:07
to complete eradication
of HIV in the body.
of HIV in the body.
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- en fuldstændig udryddelse
af HIV i kroppen.
af HIV i kroppen.
04:11
Yes. A cure for HIV.
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Ja. En kur mod HIV.
04:14
This is every HIV researcher's dream --
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Dette er enhver HIV-forskers drøm...
04:17
in our case, a cure lead by lasers.
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I vores tilfælde, en kur skabt af lasere.
04:20
Thank you.
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Tak.
04:21
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Patience Mthunzi - Laser scientistPatience Mthunzi wants to use lasers to deliver medicines more effectively.
Why you should listen
Patience Mthunzi is a research group leader at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa. There, she uses laser "tweezers" to try and separate diseased cells from healthy ones. She's also developed a way to use laser pulses to target drug delivery into cells.
Born in Soweto, Patience got her PhD in physics from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 2012, she was named one of 20 Youngest Power Women in Africa by Forbes magazine; that same year she was given the Order of Mapungubwe for her contribution in the field of biophotonics. She's also a TED Fellow.
Patience Mthunzi | Speaker | TED.com